英語(yǔ)的十一種否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法：英語(yǔ)的十一種否定轉(zhuǎn)移現(xiàn)象摘要： 否定的轉(zhuǎn)移是指英語(yǔ)否定句在句中某一部分（常在謂語(yǔ)部分）， 但在語(yǔ)義上卻是否定另一部分的現(xiàn)象。含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，表示部分否定。否定的轉(zhuǎn)移是指英語(yǔ)否定句在句中某一部分（常在謂語(yǔ)部分），但在語(yǔ)義上卻是否定另一部分的現(xiàn)象。翻譯這類句子時(shí)不要單純依賴語(yǔ)法分析，而應(yīng)從語(yǔ)義上分析，根據(jù)上下文理解句意。例：He doesn t teach because teaching is easy for him.他之所以教書，并不是因?yàn)樗X(jué)得教書輕松。John didn't attend the meetin

2、g because he was ill.約翰沒(méi)有出席會(huì)議, 因?yàn)樗×?。以上句子是否采用?否定轉(zhuǎn)移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準(zhǔn)則。一、在表示“ 看法 ”的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上的否定形式，語(yǔ)義上卻是否定后面的賓語(yǔ)從句。此類動(dòng)詞有：think, believe, suppose, imagine,expect, anticipate, fancy, consider, find（ 感到 ）,guess,be supposed to, calculate,figure, reckon 。I don't believe I've met you before. 我認(rèn)為我沒(méi)有見過(guò)你。I don&#

3、39;t think you will be late. 我認(rèn)為你不會(huì)遲到。I don't suppose he cares, does he? 我看他不在乎，對(duì)吧？He doesn't expect we need worry. 他認(rèn)為我們不必著急。I don t recon she is old enough to go to school. 我認(rèn)為她還沒(méi)到上學(xué)的年紀(jì)。注：上述表示“ 看法 ” 或 “判斷 ”的動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)以下情況時(shí)，其否定不發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移：（ 1 ）用作插入語(yǔ)時(shí)：Li Lei, I think, wont be angry with you. 我想李蕾不會(huì)生你的氣。

4、Tom, I suppose, won t be againstit. 我猜想湯姆不會(huì)反對(duì)。2 ）這些動(dòng)詞跟其他另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞一起做并列謂語(yǔ)時(shí)：t do that. 我相信并且也希望他將不會(huì)那樣做。I believe and hope he won（ 3 ）用于疑問(wèn)句時(shí)：Do you think it is not going to rain?你認(rèn)為天不會(huì)下雨嗎？（ 4 ）主句中添加情態(tài)動(dòng)詞can't, mustn't, wouldn't 時(shí)：You mustn t think he s stupid.你不應(yīng)該認(rèn)為他愚蠢。I wouldn't have imagin

5、ed that you would be here.我不曾想到你會(huì)在這兒。I can t imagine how he could survive that car accident.我想象不出在那次車禍中他是怎樣活命的。（ 5 ） think , expect 作料想講時(shí)：I didn t expect I d meet you here. 我沒(méi)料到會(huì)在這里碰上你。We didn t think he is such a selfish man. 我們沒(méi)料到他是這樣一個(gè)自私的人。（ 6） suppose , think 用于祈使句式或被副詞修飾時(shí)：Don t suppose you have

6、 passed the exam, for this is only a part of the exam.別以為你通過(guò)了考試，這僅僅是考試的一部分。I simply dont think you will give me a hand when I m in difficulty. 我根本不指望你在我困難的時(shí)候能幫助我。I really don t think it s necessary for us to go there now. 我的確不認(rèn)為我們有必要去那兒。I feel strongly that he shouldn t do such a thing. 我強(qiáng)烈地認(rèn)為他不應(yīng)該做那

7、樣的事。（ 7 ）上述動(dòng)詞所接的賓語(yǔ)從句中如有all , every , many , both 等表全體意義的詞或副詞時(shí)：I don t believe both of them are innocent. 我不相信他們兩個(gè)都是清白的。I never expect all the students will do the exercises after classes.我從不抱希望于所有學(xué)生都會(huì)在課外做作業(yè)。We don t consider everybody in our class is interested in this topic.我們并不認(rèn)為班里的每個(gè)人都對(duì)這個(gè)話題感興趣。（

8、8 ）由于 cannothelp,ought not ， neednot ， not at all 等短語(yǔ)的關(guān)系而把I think 隔離：t help thinking of the past. 我應(yīng)該想到你會(huì)禁不I should have thought sometimes you couldn住想起過(guò)去。I think you ought not to walk at night alone, Mrs. Moore.I think you need not be impolite to her ， as well as to her son."I think the angel

9、are not at all in heaven."said."二、在表示“ 感覺(jué) ”的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞上d 否定形式，語(yǔ)義上卻否定表語(yǔ)部分。此類動(dòng)詞有：appear, seem,feel, sound, taste, smell, as if， feel , look ,sound,feel like,looklike.The old streets don t appeardeserted. ( not deserted.) 老街看樣子還沒(méi)被廢棄。I'm not feeling very well today. My head aches. ( not very wel

10、l)我今天感至U不怎么舒服, 頭痛。The food doesnt taste fresh. ( not fresh .) 食物償起來(lái)不鮮。It doesn t seem that they know where to go. 看來(lái)他們不知道往哪去。It doesn t appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow. 看來(lái)我們明天不會(huì)碰上好天氣。3、 seem, prove, happen 與不定式構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定不定式。The president didn't happen to attend that meeting.

11、(happen not to attend )董事長(zhǎng)碰巧沒(méi)參加那次會(huì)議。Your answer doesn t seem to be right. (seem not to be) 你的答案看起來(lái)似乎不正確。Jack doens't seem to like you . (= Jack seems not to like you ) 杰克看來(lái)不喜歡你。The news didn't seem to be true. 這個(gè)消息好象并不是真的。4、 pretend , remember 的賓語(yǔ)為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí)，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定賓語(yǔ),即非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。My Italian fri

12、end didnt pretend to see her tutor in the dining room. (pretend not tosee)我的意大利朋友在餐廳里假裝沒(méi)看見她導(dǎo)師。I couldn 't remember having carried my wallet out.( 否定 having )我t己得不曾帶錢包出門。五、形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。I never knew him to carry money because he never had any use of it. 錢，因?yàn)樗麖牟恍枰X。我知道他身上從不帶We do not consider

13、 melting or boiling to be chemical change. (not to be 和沸騰不是化學(xué)反應(yīng)。) 我們認(rèn)為熔化Seeing a ball flying, we don 認(rèn)為它不會(huì)永遠(yuǎn)飛下去。t expect the ball to fly forever. (not to fly)看到球飛時(shí)，我們I don t think math difficult. 我認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)不難。I don t find the story interesting. 我認(rèn)為這個(gè)故事沒(méi)有趣。I don t expect so. 我認(rèn)為不會(huì)。六、在 “It is / was likely

14、/ probably+從句 ”中，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定從句。It isn't likely that it will rain tomorrow. 看起來(lái)明天不會(huì)下雨。It isn't probable that he will come here today.他今天也許不會(huì)來(lái)這里了。七、形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定狀語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句。Hewasnot ready to believe somethingjust because Aristotle said so. (否定 because 狀語(yǔ) )他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何，就輕信此事。Don't judge a

15、man by his appearance. 不要以貌取人。Don t read in the sun. 不要在陽(yáng)光下看書。Don t talk with your mouth full of food. 不要口里含著食物說(shuō)話。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.螞蟻不只是為自己采食。Let s not talk about it here. 我們別在這里談吧。This great victory has not been won easily. 這個(gè)偉大的勝利贏來(lái)得并不容易。I didn't know his name unt

16、il yesterday. ( not . until )我直到昨天才知道他的名字。He didn't take the boy from the tracks to safety to win his own fame but tobenefit the boy'sparents 他把男孩從鐵軌上抱到安全地帶，不是為了獲得個(gè)人的名譽(yù)，而是為了孩子的父母。注：含有notbecause (of)的句子，情況較復(fù)雜，需根據(jù)邏輯、語(yǔ)境和常識(shí)進(jìn)行判斷是否需要作否定轉(zhuǎn)移，如需轉(zhuǎn)移的話，往往是由否定謂語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)為否定狀語(yǔ)。例如：Hewasnot ready to believe somethin

17、gjust because Aristotle said so. （否定 because 狀語(yǔ) ）他并不因亞里斯多德說(shuō)過(guò)如何如何，就輕信此事。I don t teach because teaching is easy for me. 我教書并不是因?yàn)槲矣X(jué)得教書輕松。The engine didnt stop because the fuel was used up. 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)并不是因?yàn)橛陀猛甓＼嚨?。He didn t go to class because he was sick. 他沒(méi)去上課，因?yàn)樗×?。（這句話不需作否定轉(zhuǎn)移）The manager didnt give a speec

18、h because he felt painful in his throat.經(jīng)理沒(méi)發(fā)表講話，因?yàn)樗韲低?。She didn t call you because she loved you. 這個(gè)句子可能出現(xiàn)兩種理解：A. 她給你打電話并非因?yàn)樗龕勰?。（發(fā)生了否定轉(zhuǎn)移）B.她沒(méi)給你打電話是因?yàn)樗龕勰?。（未發(fā)生否定轉(zhuǎn)移）到底哪種理解正確，我們無(wú)法從邏輯意義上進(jìn)行辨別，這時(shí)我們只有借助語(yǔ)境即上下文來(lái)分析了。即這類句子是否采用“ 否定轉(zhuǎn)移”以譯文意思合乎邏輯為準(zhǔn)則。八、表示信念、看法、愿望的名詞充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句的表語(yǔ)時(shí)，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定主語(yǔ)從句。這類詞有：hope, thought, vi

19、ew, opinion ,wish, expectation, belief, plan 等。It is not our expectation that you will suffer a lot from that.（will not suffer）我彳門希望你不要為那事受太多苦。It is not my opinion that you spend much time on computer games.（do not spend）我的看法是你不要花太多時(shí)間玩電腦游戲。It is not their plan that their homework is done on Sunday.他

20、們計(jì)劃星期天不做家庭作業(yè)。九、含有全體意義的代詞和副詞作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，形式上否定謂語(yǔ)，語(yǔ)義上否定主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，表示部分否定。這類詞有：all, both, every, everybody,everything, everywhere, always, altogether, entirely， wholly 。All the people didn't know the truth. （Not all the people knew the truth.）并非所有的人都知道事情的真相。發(fā)光的不總是金子。All that glitters is not gold.)兩個(gè)孩子并不都聰明。Both the children are not clever. (Not both the chi