02獨立和綜合寫作范文tpo

1、：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO13-55 綜合寫作范文目錄TPO133TPO144TPO155TPO166TPO176TPO187TPO198TPO209TPO2110TPO2211TPO2312TPO2413TPO2514TPO2615TPO2716TPO2817TPO2918TPO3019TPO3120TPO3221TPO3322TPO3423TPO3524TPO3624TPO3726TPO38271當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO3928TPO4028TPO4129TPO4230TPO4331TPO443

2、2TPO4533TPO4634TPO4735TPO4836TPO4937TPO5038TPO5139TPO5240TPO5341TPO5442TPO55432當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO13The reading suggests that some private collectors have been buying and sellingvaluable fossils which is unfortunate for both scientists and teral public. Theprofessor i

3、n the lecture, however, thinks that benefits of the sale of fossils couldactually outweigh the disadvantages.First, the reading points out that the fossils bought by the private collectors could have been donated to museums for people to see. The professor however, argues that the sale of fossils ac

4、tually increases the exposure of the fossils because thanks to those private collectors, schools and other institutions could buy fossils and display them inthe museums.Second, the professor thinks the statement that scientists will lose access to important fossils is not realistic because before an

5、y fossils go into any private collectors, they have to be identified by scientists who will do many tests on the fossils. Therefore, the fossils will have to pass through the hands of experts first and as a result, the scientistswill not miss out on anything important.Third, the reading passage says

6、 that untrained commercial fossil collectors will destroy the fossils. However, the professor in the lecture refutes by saying that if there were no private collectors, some fossils would not have been discovered since not so many fossil collecting operations are run by universities and other instit

7、utions. Therefore, she thinks that it is better off to have more fossils found even if they might not be able to contain important data the scientists would like to learn than to havethem buried underground.3當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO14A method called salvage logging has bee

8、n used to deal with the aftermath of disasters such as forest fires and storms and there are some reasons why it is beneficial to the damaged forest and to the economy. The professor in the lecture however, does notthink so.First, the reading suggests that removing dead trees can make room for new t

9、ree growth. However, the professor says that gradual decomposition of the dead trees actually enriches the soil and makes it suitable for new trees to grow. Removing the trees on the other hand, will result in the soil that lacks sufficient nutrients for treegrowth.Second, the professor admits that

10、the decaying wood could increase the number of insects, but it does not necessarily cause damage all the time. She points out that the spruce bark beetles have been living in the forest for 100 years without causing any major damage. Besides, the decaying wood could not only provide habitats for har

11、mful insects, but also for birds and other insects that are important contributors tothe long-term health of the forest.Third, the professor believes that the economic benefits of salvage logging are relatively small and do not last very long. That is because the wood has to be taken and transported

12、 by helicopters or other vehicles that are expensive to use and maintain. Besides, the jobs created are temporary and need more outsiders with moreexperience and training.4當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO15The cane toad was introduced to Australia in order to protect farmers'

13、crops from harmful insects, but the toad reproduced rapidly and now threatens native animals. Some measures have been proposed to help solve this problem. The professor in thelecture, however, does not like any of the measures.First, one proposed way is to build a national fence. The professor disag

14、rees because young toads and toad eggs will be delivered in rivers and streams. Therefore, they will be carried by the flowing water from one side to the other. Also, it only needs a few toads to get through the fence to establish the population, and so the fence will beineffective.Second, the readi

15、ng suggests that the toads could be captured and killed by volunteers through an organized campaign among Australian citizens. However, the professor says that these untrained volunteers could damage native frogs that are already endangered. That is because it is really hard to tell the difference b

16、etween the canetoad and native frogs, especially when it is young.Third, the professor points out that using a disease-causingto control thepopulations of the cane toad will have bad consequences in Central and SouthAmerica where the toads are originally living, becausetransported by pet collectors

17、or researchers there. When will kill native American cane toads, which is aimportant parts of the local ecosystem.-infected animals will be the animals get there, thedisaster because they are5當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflTPO16The reading passage points out three problems concernin

18、g the preservation and studying of old archaeological artifacts in the United Kingdom. The professor in the lecture, however, says that since 1990, there were new rules and guidelines and sowhat the reading passage indicates is not true.First, the reading points out that those artifacts were lost du

19、ring construction projects. The professor argues that under the new rules, before starting a new construction project, the sites need to be examined by archaeologists to find out if the sites have archaeological value. If they have, the builders, the local government and the archaeologists will get

20、together to make a plan to preserve the sites, plans likeexcavating artifacts carefully.Second, the reading passage suggests that the financial support for research was not enough. But the professor says that all the work there was paid by construction companies like the original examination and som

21、e other work done at the sites.Therefore, the archaeologists were able to do more research at the sites.Third, about the limited number of jobs in archaeology. The professor points out that it actually provides more paid work because archaeologists were hired in different stages of the construction

22、project from doing the examination to processing data andwriting report. Therefore, there would be more and more experienced archaeologists.TPO17The reading suggests that in the U.S., with the growing number of humans, the6當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflnumber of birds will be large

23、ly reduced. The professor in the listening part, however,does not think this is true.First, the reading says that the growing number of human populations will destroy birds' natural habitats such as forests, wetlands and grasslands. The professor argues that it is true that some birds are affect

24、ed, but the urban development actually produces larger and new habitats. She says that some bird species like seagulls begin to occur in these habitats and other birds like the hawks who feed on penguins willoccur as well. Therefore, although some bird species will disappear, others will grow.Second

25、, the professor thinks that the growth of agricultural activities will not harm wilderness areas. In the U.S., less and less land is being used for agricultural development. The development of agriculture will result from the production of new crops， which are able to provide more food per unit， are

26、 produced and so thewilderness areas will not be destroyed.Third, about the chemical pesticides. The professor states that people have been aware of the results of those pesticides and so more and more new and less toxic pesticides are developed. Also, people have developed pest-resistant crops whic

27、h can reduce theneed for pesticides. Therefore, it will do less harm to the birds.TPO18There is a type of evergreen tree called Torreya taxifolia in the state of Florida and it is becoming extinct. Some experts propose several ways to stop its decline. Theprofessor in the lecture, however, does not

28、think they are effective.7當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflFirst, about reestablishing Torreya in the same location where the tree has its own microclimate. The professor thinks this is unlikely to be successful because of what is happening in the coolest and dampest areas within its

29、microclimate. These areas are affected by changing climates of larger regions. That is because global warming has contributed a lot to a temperature increase, or because the wetlands throughout the region have been drained, making the areas become drier. Therefore, the Torreyacannot survive in its o

30、riginal microclimate.Second, the reading suggests that people could move the Torreya to a different location through assisted migration. The professor refutes that by citing an example: There is a kind of tree called the black locus tree which has been translocated to the north. But this tree type s

31、preads astonishingly quickly and kills many local trees and plants that are already on the edge of extinction. So assisted migration could haveunintended consequences.Third, the professor does not think preserving the Torreya in research centers is a good thing because the population of the Torreya

32、that has been kept cannot resist diseases unless they are larger and genetically diverse. However, the research centers will have the capability to keep those trees and so the Torreya will not survive thediseases long term there.TPO19Buzzing is a new advertising technique where people who are also c

33、alled buzzers promote products to people they know or meet and some critics think this technique is pure fraud and should be banned. The man in the listening part, who is a buzzerhimself for phone promoting, does not agree.8當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflFirst, the critics suggest t

34、hat buzzers do not tell the customers the truth. The man, however, thinks this is not true. That is because buzzers are people who really use the products themselves and feel good about the products. They are not just paid advertisers who would just read the lines. Therefore, the customers will get

35、truth fromthose buzzers and he himself used the phone and felt good about its service.Second, he does not agree that people will become less critical about the productsbeing promoted. Instead, people are going to ask a lot of questions, about the price or services. And if they cannot get a satisfied

36、 answer, they will not buy the products.Third, the man doubts that buzzing is bad for social relationships. He points out that if a product is bad, the companies will not recruit buzzers to promote it in the first place. He says that if customers do try the phone, they are going to love it. Therefor

37、e, peoplewill be more trustful and open to each other.TPO20There was a policy known as “Let it burn” in the United States stating that forest fires should burn themselves out quickly without any prevention. But then in 1988, forest fires in Yellowstone Park caused huge damage. People who were agains

38、t this policy proposed several kinds of damage. The professor in the lecture, however, thinks thatthe fires could be a good thing.Firstly, about vegetation. The professor points out that forest fires actually enable newplant species to grow there and plant species are more diverse than before becaus

39、e certain plants that cannot grow there are now able to grow. For example, there are9當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflsome smaller plants that can grow in unshaded places; also seeds that cannotgerminate unless they are exposed to high heat are able to sprout as well.Secondly, the rea

40、ding passage suggests that the fire would cause damage to wildlife there. The professor argues that animal population recovers quickly and there are new opportunities for animal species. For instance, when smaller trees start to grow there, they provide new habitats for small animals such as rabbits

41、 or hares, which will attracttheir predators to come. As a result, the food chains will become stronger than before.Thirdly, forest fires can affect local economy to some extent if the fires happen every year but they dont. Actually there is a combination of factors for this massive fire to happen s

42、uch as extremely strong wind and less rainfall but we dont see fire like thatvery often. Therefore, visitors will come next year or the year after.TPO21Genetic modification is a process aiming at changing an organism's genes and its characteristics and it is being used to improve trees.It is sai

43、d that this has a lot ofbenefits. The professor in the lecture, however, thinks that this is problematic.For one thing, she does not think this process can ensure the survival of the trees because non-modified trees population is diverse which means that some species of plants are able to be resista

44、nt to harsh conditions such as bad weather or insects. The genetically modified trees, on the other hand, are genetically more uniform, meaning that if they are exposed to conditions that they are not designed for, they will die. So if they are exposed to unknown pests or something like that, they w

45、ould becompletely wiped out.10當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflFor another, the reading passage suggests that those trees could provide huge economic benefits. The professor argues that it has some hidden causes. First, the companies will charge a lot of money to farmers for the seeds

46、. Second, after they grow the trees, they cannot just collect the fruit because by law, they have to pay thecompanies money every time they want to grow the plants.Third, the professor points out that this is going to cause more damage to the wild trees because the genetically modified trees are gro

47、wing aggressively and they are planted among natural trees. Those trees will outcompete the natural trees for foodand water, and will eventually crowd out the natural trees there.TPO22Some people propose that a kind of fuel called ethanol fuel could replace gasoline inthe United States, but some cri

48、tics are against that view. The professor in the lecture, however, thinks that ethanol fuel could be used as an alternative to gasoline.First, the professor points out that the use of ethanol fuel will not add to global warming. He admits that ethanol releases carbon dioxide, but plants such as corn

49、 that produces this fuel can counteract this affect. That is because plants could absorb carbon dioxide. Therefore, the growing of plants will actually reduce the amount ofcarbon dioxide being released to the atmosphere.Second, the reading suggests that the production of ethanol will reduce the food

50、sources for animals. The professor argues it by saying that there is a kind of substance in the plants known as cellulose that can produce ethanol and will not be eaten by11當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflanimals. So, the amount of food source for animals will not be affected.Third,

51、the professor thinks that ethanol fuel can compete with gasoline in terms of price. He admits that currently the government's subsidies can reduce the price of the fuel, but it wont be needed in the future. That is because if more and more people use this fuel, the producers will increase its pr

52、oduction which will actually reduce the price. He then mentions a study showing that if the demand of ethanol could be three times greater than it is now, the cost of making this fuel will drop dramatically byforty percent.TPO23There is a kind of tree species called the yellow cedar and its populati

53、on has beendeclining for a century. Some scientists propose theories about the causes, but the professor in the lecture doesn't think they are adequate enough.First, the reading passage suggests that this tree species is killed by an insect called the cedar bark beetle. The professor argues that

54、 some healthy cedar trees are resistant to insects. For example, some of the barks are saturated with chemicals that are poisonous to the insects. So the trees cannot suffer from insect parasites. He also adds that this kind of beetle may affect trees that are already damaged or sick and so thiscann

55、ot be responsible for the declination of this tree species.Second, about brown bears who do clawing to the trees. The professor admits that this can affect some trees, but it cannot affect the entire species. That is because the declination of this tree species is happening all across the western co

56、ast of the NorthAmerica, both on the mainland and on islands that is off the coast. But the bears are12當(dāng)你真心渴望一樣?xùn)|西的時候，整個宇宙都會起來幫助你完成它。：TOEFLFIONA：kotoeflnot living on those islands. Therefore, they cannot be responsible for the overalldecline.Third, the reading indicates that the decline is happening

57、because the roots are suffering from frost. However, the professor says that it is missing one important fact: most of the trees died at lower elevation where the climate is warmer. So if the trees are died because of roots getting frozen, the trees should die in higher elevation where the climate i

58、s cooler. Therefore, the changes of climate only make the treesbecome more sensitive, but it is not what is killing them.TPO24Scientists found fossils of Tyrannosaurus Tex, a dinosaur, which might containremains of blood vessels, red blood cells and collagen matrix. The professor in the lecture, however, thinks this is skeptical.Firstly, the reading passage suggests that the