長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功79917

1、長難句分析與翻譯十大基本功 第一章 五大短語 第一章 五大短語 介詞短語 介詞是學(xué)習(xí)英語的難點(diǎn)之一，特別在閱讀過程中是一個(gè)"攔路虎"。介詞短語是構(gòu)成長難句的一個(gè)重要因素。介詞短語可用作定語、狀語、表語和補(bǔ)足語。介詞可與動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞等連用。 這里特別指出一種介詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，with(without)構(gòu)成的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，這種復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)的形式有： ·with+名詞十分詞 ·with+名詞+介詞 ·with+名詞+形容詞 ·with+名詞+動(dòng)詞不定式 這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中起狀語、定語作用，或用來對句子或某一成分作補(bǔ)充說明。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，with沒有實(shí)

2、際詞意。在翻譯時(shí)可把名詞和其后的介詞短語或形容詞當(dāng)作主語和表語的關(guān)系來處理；把名詞和其后的分詞或動(dòng)詞不定式當(dāng)作主語和謂語關(guān)系來處理。 (一)with+名詞十分詞的結(jié)構(gòu) 這種結(jié)構(gòu)在英語中可稱為"分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)"。它在句中可作定語或狀語。在科技文章中常用來對句子或某個(gè)成分作補(bǔ)充說明。 (1) If something is moving，with nothing touching it，it will go on forever，coasting at a uniform speed in a straight line 正在運(yùn)動(dòng)的某一物體，如果沒有受到任何外力觸動(dòng)，它將永遠(yuǎn)繼續(xù)

3、作勻速直線運(yùn)動(dòng)。(條件狀語) (2)The light we see，with its colors ranging from deep red to deep violet，serves us in our daily lives 我們看到的從深紅色到深紫色的光，在日常生活中為我們服務(wù)。(作非限定性定語，修飾light。) (3)With more experimenting being doing every year，much of photosynthesis will certainly be known before very long 隨著每年所進(jìn)行的實(shí)驗(yàn)增多，可以肯定，不久將會

4、對光合作用了解得更多。(條件狀語) (4)The article deals with microwaves，with particular attention being paid to radio location 這篇文章是研究微波的，其中特別注意無線電定位問題。(withlocation是分詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作補(bǔ)充說明。) (5) The bottom layer is solid bedrock，with its upper edges slowly decomposing，or decay- ing，and flaking off 底層是堅(jiān)硬的基巖，它最上面的邊緣在慢慢地分解、腐蝕

5、和剝落。(非限定性定語，修飾Solid bedrock。) (6)Ice，of relative density 09，floats in water with nineteenth submerged 冰的比重為09，它浮在水面上時(shí)，910淹沒在水里。(方式方法狀語) (二)with+名詞+介詞的結(jié)構(gòu) (1)Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible 麥克斯韋指出，即使看不見物體內(nèi)部的分子運(yùn)動(dòng)，物體也可能是熱的。(讓步狀語) (2)Under a microscope

6、，a cell looks like a bit of clear jelly with a thin wall round it 在顯微鏡下，細(xì)胞看上去如一滴透明的膠狀物體，周圍有一層很薄的壁。(withit作定語，用來修飾jelly。) (3)Mechanics is that branch of physical science which considers the motion of bodies，with rest as a special case of motion 力學(xué)是自然科學(xué)的一個(gè)分支，它研究物體的運(yùn)動(dòng)，而把靜止看成是運(yùn)動(dòng)的一種特殊情況。(with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)起補(bǔ)充說明

7、作用。) (4)Carbon，with 6 protons and 6 neutrons in its nucleus，has 6 electrons 碳有6個(gè)電子，而在其原子核內(nèi)尚有6個(gè)質(zhì)子和6個(gè)中子。(with 6protonsin用來對carbon作補(bǔ)充說明，有非限定定語意味。) (5) The rocket engine，with its steady roar like that of a waterfall or a thunderstorm，is an impressive symbol of the new space age 火箭發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)以其類似于瀑布或大雷雨的持續(xù)轟鳴給人以深

8、刻印象，成為太空新時(shí)代的象征。(withroar like是非限定性定語，修飾engine。) (6)In each case the crystals，small or large，are naturally bounded by square or rectangular crystal faces of different sizes，but with each face always at right angles to each adjacent face 在每種情況下，各個(gè)晶體不論大小都是天然地由一些正方形的或矩形的晶面作為自己的界面，這些晶面大小不一，但每一晶面總是垂直于每一相鄰

9、面。(withfaceat是復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，作定語，修飾crystal faces。) (三)with+名詞+形容詞的結(jié)構(gòu) (1)We have discussed fluorescence，which is sensitive to radiations with energies equal to or greater than those of visible photons 我們已經(jīng)討論過熒光，熒光對等于或大于可見光光子能量的輻射是很敏感的。(with十名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，起定語作用，修飾radiations。) (2)In simple harmonic motion，where th

10、ere is no damping，the energy of the vibrating particle changes from kinetic to potential and back，with the total energy constant 在沒有阻力的簡諧運(yùn)動(dòng)中，振動(dòng)質(zhì)點(diǎn)的能量由動(dòng)能變?yōu)閯菽?，或由勢能變?yōu)閯?dòng)能，但總能量不變。(with+名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)在句中有結(jié)果狀語的意味。) (3)An uncharged object contains a large number of atoms，each"which normally contains an equa

11、l number of electrons and protons，but with some electrons temporarily free from atoms 不帶電的物體含有大量原子，每個(gè)原子通常含有等量的電子和質(zhì)子，但是有一些電子暫時(shí)脫離了原子的束縛。(with+名詞+形容詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，對句子起補(bǔ)充說明作用。) (4) And with water present the chances of finding some sort of life on Mars are much brighter 由于水的存在，在火星上找到某種生命的可能性的前景就光明得多了。 (with wat

12、er present作原因狀語。) (四)with+名詞十動(dòng)詞不定式的結(jié)構(gòu) (1)In outer space，with no swaddling atmosphere to diffuse it，sunlight is infinitely more powerful than on earth 在外層空間，由于沒有大氣保護(hù)層對陽光的保護(hù)作用，那里的陽光要比地球上強(qiáng)烈得多。(swaddling"襁褓"，這里有"保護(hù)"的含義。with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作原因狀語。) (2)At present，about 80 different metals are k

13、nown to manBut with so many metals to choose from，the question arises：which metal shall we use? 目前，人們已知的金屬大約有80種。由于有這么多的金屬可供選擇，于是便產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)問題：我們將采用哪種金屬呢?(with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)用作原因狀語。) 介詞短語在句中分析與翻譯的實(shí)例 1You can already buy small Video telephones，with buildn-screen and cameras，that transmit Still images over regular

14、 telephone lines to anyone else with a Video telephone 現(xiàn)在已能買到小型的電視電話機(jī)，機(jī)上裝有屏幕和攝像機(jī)，可以通過平常的電話線把靜止的圖像傳送給任何一個(gè)有電視電話的人。(withcameras用作獨(dú)立定語，修飾telephones。) 2The scientific worker attempts to formulate these problems in accurate terms and to solve them in the light of all the relevant facts that can be collect

15、ed by observation and experiment 科學(xué)工作者力圖精確地描述這些問題，然后根據(jù)通過觀察和實(shí)驗(yàn)收集到的有關(guān)事實(shí)來解決這些問題。(介詞短語in accurate terms作方式方法狀語，說明to formulate。in the lightexperiment作方式方法狀語，說明to solve。) 3The atom is analogous to a miniature solar system，with a nucleus as the"sun''and electrons as the"planets''r

16、evolving in orbits around the nucleus 原子類似于一個(gè)小型太陽系，原子核可看作"太陽"，電子可看作是沿軌道繞著核旋轉(zhuǎn)的"行星"。(analogous to，"與相似"。with a nucleus as，and(with)electrons as是with引出的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，用來對solar system作補(bǔ)充說明。) 4The unit of heat on the cgssystem is the calorie， which is established as the amount of heat

17、 required to raise one gramme of water by one degree centigrade 熱的厘米·克·秒制單位是卡，將1克水升高攝氏1度所需的熱量定為1卡。(cgssystem =centimeter-gramsecond system，"厘米·克·秒制"。介詞短語on.system作定語，修飾unit。by所引導(dǎo)的介詞短語是raise要求的，這里by表示數(shù)量增減的絕對值。例如：increase by 10，"增加10"；decrease by two orders of m

18、agnitude，"減小兩個(gè)數(shù)量級"。) 5Sometimes the individual crystals，with plane faces and sharp edges and comers，are visible to the naked eye，and sometimes they can be seen only under a microscope 單晶有時(shí)用肉眼就能看得到，有時(shí)只有在顯微鏡下才能看得見，這種單晶有著平的晶面和銳利的棱角。(with plane faces.corners是介詞短語用作獨(dú)立定語，修飾crystals。) 6Modern Jap

19、an and other Oriental countries are emerging with the irresistible urge for better standards"living and a novel， powerful role in the world's economy 在不可阻擋地迫切要求提高生活水平和在世界經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮新的、強(qiáng)有力的作用的驅(qū)使下，現(xiàn)代的日本和其他東方國家正在崛起。(witheconomy有條件狀語的意味，用來修飾emerging。) 7Liquids，however，are highly incompressible；that i

20、s，very large pressures，of the order of thousands of tons per square inch，are required to diminish their volumes appreciably 但是，液體是非常不易壓縮的；要明顯地壓縮液體的體積，就需要巨大的壓力，其數(shù)量級達(dá)每平方英寸幾千噸。(介詞短語of the orderinch是獨(dú)立定語，修飾pressures。) 8One suggestion has been the use of mixtures of two different types of insecticide，wit

21、h the idea that one of them should eliminate the individuals resistant to the other 有一種設(shè)想是使用兩種不同類型的混合殺蟲劑，其想法是如果害蟲對其中之一有抗藥性，那么另一種就能殺死它。(介詞短語with the ideathe other 作two types of insecticide的定語，對它作補(bǔ)充說明。that引導(dǎo)的從句作idea的同位語。resistand to the other是形容詞短語作individuals定語。) 9The side of Mercury which is turned

22、away from the sun remains in eternal darkness，with a temperature only a few degrees above absolute zero 水星背向太陽的那一面，卻永遠(yuǎn)處于黑暗之中，那里的溫度僅比絕對零度高幾度。(with a temperature above對the side of Mercury補(bǔ)充說明。) 10No distinction can be drawn between pure and applied science in terms of differences in the training or co

23、mpetence of workers，or in organization，or in method，or even in the immediate outcome of the work 不能根據(jù)工作人員的訓(xùn)練程度和資格、組織機(jī)構(gòu)、研究方法甚至研究工作的直接成果等方面的差別來劃分理論科學(xué)與應(yīng)用科學(xué)的界線。(betweenscience作定語，修飾distinction。In terms of作狀語，說明can be drawn。) 不定式短語 動(dòng)詞不定式是學(xué)習(xí)英語的難點(diǎn)之一，也是構(gòu)成長句的一個(gè)重要因素。不定式有自己的賓語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語，組成不定式短語。在分析句子時(shí)要把不定式短語看作一個(gè)整

24、體。不定式在句中可作主語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。 不定式短語在句中分析與翻譯的實(shí)例 1. You will remember that the materials which combine to make a mixture do not completely lose their individual qualities. They do not do so because their molecules are not broken up and built into new molecules with new qualities. 你們要記住，組成?昆合物的各種物質(zhì)完全沒有

25、失去它們各自的性質(zhì)。它們之所以這樣，是因?yàn)樗鼈兊姆肿硬]有分解，沒有形成具有新性質(zhì)的新分子。(不定式短語to make a mixture 是謂語combine的結(jié)果狀語。) 2. The moon's pull causes water in the oceans to be a little deeper at the point closest to the moon and also at a point farthest from the moon, on the opposite side of the earth. 月球的引力會引起近月點(diǎn)處和地球另一端的遠(yuǎn)月點(diǎn)處海洋的海水

26、略深一些。(cause sthTo do sb，"引起作"。to be a little deeper作water賓語補(bǔ)足語。) 3. It is also a familiar fact that a force is rettulred to slow down or stop a body which is already in motion, and that a sidewise force must be exerted on a moving body to deviate it from a straight line. 要使一個(gè)已經(jīng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體慢下來或使其停

27、止運(yùn)動(dòng)就需要作用力；要使該物體偏離直線運(yùn)動(dòng)，就需要橫向作用力，這也是大家所熟悉的事實(shí)。(it是形式主語，代替that引出的兩個(gè)主語從句。不定式短語to deviateline是目的狀語，其中it代替the moving body。) 4. Though only 107 elements have been discovered, they combine in enough different ways to make the millions and millions of different things in the world. 雖然只發(fā)現(xiàn)了107種元素，但是這些元素以不同的方式化合

28、在一起就會形成世界上無數(shù)的千差萬別的東西。(不定式短語to make作結(jié)果狀語，說明enough。) 5. Since we have already associated flow of charge or current with the existence of potential difference, it becomes of interest and importance to establish a quantitative relation between these two quantities. 因?yàn)槲覀円呀?jīng)把電荷的流動(dòng)即電流與電位差的存在聯(lián)系起來，因而在這兩個(gè)量之間確立

29、一種數(shù)量關(guān)系就成為重要而值得注意的問題了。(不定式短語to establishquantities是主語，it是形式主語。) 6. Apart from the enormous outflow of funds from the oil-consuming countries, a more basic concern is the capability of the major exporters of crude oil to achieve a continuing production target roughly doubling output every ten years to

30、 meet the required oil demand if present trend continues. 且不談?dòng)糜蛧馁Y金大量外流，更令人擔(dān)心的重要問題是：如果目前的這種趨勢繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去，那么主要原油出口國是否有能力每10年大致將產(chǎn)量翻一番以滿足對石油的需求。 (a part from，"除了，且不說"。ofoil作capability的定語，不定式短語to achievecontinue也作定語，修飾capability。這個(gè)不定式短語中包含有：現(xiàn)在分詞短語roughly doublingcontinue。這個(gè)短語中又包含有不定式短語作目的狀語to meetc

31、ontinue和if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語，這兩個(gè)狀語都用來修飾doubling。) 7. Television makes it possible for us to see a distant scene as a transmitter at the television stadio telecasts the scene to our receiver. 當(dāng)電視臺的發(fā)射機(jī)把場景播送到我們的接收機(jī)時(shí)，電視就使我們能看到遠(yuǎn)處的場景。 (it是形式賓語，真正的賓語是for us to see a distant scene。) 8. This failure of an object to reg

32、ain its original size and shape as soon as the deforming force is retnoved is called elastic lag. 一旦形變力除去之后，物體不能恢復(fù)原來的大小和形狀，這種現(xiàn)象稱為彈性滯后。(failure是名詞，在句中作主語。不定式短語to regainshape作failure定語。) 分詞短語 分詞是學(xué)習(xí)英語的難點(diǎn)之一，也是構(gòu)成長難句的一個(gè)重要因素。學(xué)習(xí)分詞時(shí)要建立幾個(gè)正確的概念： (1)現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)，過去分詞表示被動(dòng)。 例：All moving bodies have energy(主動(dòng)) A lifte

33、d weight has energy(被動(dòng)) (2)現(xiàn)在分詞要與動(dòng)名詞分開。從詞形上看，它們都是相同的，只有從它們所起的作用才能區(qū)分開。分詞用作定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。動(dòng)名詞用作主語、賓語和表語。 (3)怎樣理解分詞作狀語時(shí)的"伴隨行為"。 分詞短語作狀語時(shí)可用來對句中謂語所表示的行為或狀態(tài)作進(jìn)一步的說明。在這種情況下，分詞所表示的行為或狀態(tài)與謂語所表示的行為或狀態(tài)同屬于一個(gè)主體，即同一主語產(chǎn)生的兩個(gè)不同的行為，或所處的兩種不同的狀態(tài)。謂語動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的行為或狀態(tài)為主，分詞所表達(dá)的行為或狀態(tài)為輔。分詞的行為對謂語的行為作進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充說明，使謂語的行為表達(dá)得更清楚、更具體。在時(shí)間

34、上，分詞的時(shí)態(tài)視謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)而定：謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在，分詞時(shí)態(tài)即現(xiàn)在；謂語動(dòng)詞是過去，分詞時(shí)態(tài)即過去。分詞短語一般置于謂語動(dòng)詞之后，用逗號與句中其他成分隔開。這種"伴隨行為"要比其他分詞作狀語時(shí)用得更多。"伴隨"這一概念比較含混，不如"補(bǔ)充說明"清晰明白。例： We can not live without air for we breathe it continually，taking it into our bodies and blowing it out again through our noses and mouths 沒有

35、空氣我們就不能生存，因?yàn)槲覀円粩嗟睾粑?，把空氣吸人體內(nèi)，又從口鼻呼出。 for引導(dǎo)的狀語從句中，從邏輯上看主語We有三個(gè)行為：一是breathe，謂語所表達(dá)的行為是主要行為；二是taking，三是blowing，第二、第三分詞所表達(dá)的行為是次要行為，它是用來對主要行為breathe作進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說明，解釋。所謂"呼吸"，"把空氣吸人體內(nèi)，又從口鼻呼出"就是"呼吸"。分詞作狀語時(shí)的"伴隨"作用，實(shí)際上就是對謂語動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的行為作進(jìn)一步"補(bǔ)充說明"，使之更明白、更清晰。 (4)分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞短語

36、作狀語時(shí)，它的邏輯主體就是句中的主語。 如：Lifting something，you do work(你舉起某物體時(shí)，你就是在做功。)分詞Lifting的邏輯上的主體就是句中主語you。但是如果分詞短語中的邏輯主體與句中主語不一致時(shí)，分詞短語就要有自己的邏輯主體。這種帶邏輯主體的分詞短語作狀語時(shí)稱為"分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)"。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中只起狀語作用?？捎脕肀硎緯r(shí)間、原因、條件和補(bǔ)充說明等。例： Aluminium being very soft，we can press it easily into any shapes desired 鋁很軟，因此，我們能很容易地把它壓成所要

37、求的任意形狀。(Aluminiumsoft不是句子，它是分詞短語，分詞短語中邏輯主體是Aluminium，句中的主語是we，這也是分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，在句中作原因狀語。) (5)現(xiàn)在分詞完成時(shí)態(tài)：現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時(shí)態(tài)表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前。完成分詞短語在句中只作時(shí)間狀語，通常譯為："在之后"。 如：Having taking the picture，the television camera turns it into electricity電視攝像機(jī)對一幅圖像完成攝像之后，就把這一圖像變成了電(信號)。 分詞短語在句中分析與翻譯的實(shí)例 1. Copper h

38、as less resistance than aluminium for the same size wire, but aluminium, being much lighter in weight, has less resistance per unit of weight. 對于同樣粗細(xì)的電線來說，銅比鋁的電阻小，但由于鋁的重量很輕，所以單位重量的鋁的電阻較小。(being.weight是分詞短語，在句中作狀語，有原因的意味。) 2. According to Einstein's theory, one pound of any element or compound of

39、 elements, if completely turned into energy by breaking up the atoms, would release the same amount of heat as the burning of 1 500 000 tons of coal. 根據(jù)愛因斯坦的理論，任何1磅元素或元素的化合物，通過原子裂變?nèi)绻寄芡耆優(yōu)槟芰?，那么它們所釋放出的熱能相?dāng)于150萬噸煤燃燒時(shí)所產(chǎn)生的熱量。(if引出的為分詞短語作條件狀語，條件狀語的邏輯主體是one poundelements。) 3. Radio telescopes have one big

40、 advantage over conventional telescopes in that they can operate in all weather conditions and can pick up signals coming from very distant stars. 射電望遠(yuǎn)鏡與普通望遠(yuǎn)鏡相比有一個(gè)顯著的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，即它能全天候工作，并且能接收到從遙遠(yuǎn)的星體傳來的信號。 4. The tilt of the earth's axis never changes with regard to the stars, the north pole pointing alw

41、ays to the Pole Star, so that at two points in the earth's orbit, midway between the summer and winter positions, its axis is pointing neither towards nor away from the sun. 對恒星來說，地軸的傾斜度是永遠(yuǎn)不變的，北極總是指向北極星，所以在地球軌道的兩點(diǎn)即夏季和冬季位置之間，地軸既不指向太陽也不背向太陽。(north pole pointing.Star是分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)，起狀語作用，對changes進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說明。) 5

42、. We can replace temperate trees, but the tropical rain forest is the unpreatable climax of millenia of evolution, forming the most diverse assemblages of plant species and associated animal life which man will ever know. 溫帶森林我們可以再造，但是熱帶雨林卻是經(jīng)過數(shù)千年以上的進(jìn)化形成，因而不能再造，因?yàn)樗鼈冃纬闪烁鞣N植物和相應(yīng)的動(dòng)物生活的多樣性的群體。人們對此將有所認(rèn)識。 (

43、forming.life是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作狀語有"原因"的意味，它主要用來說明不能再造熱帶雨林的原因。ever用于肯定句，表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用。例："If you are ever in the town you must visit us) 6. Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this tendency, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for t

44、he future of science - and not only pure science, but applied science as well. 由于理論科學(xué)與應(yīng)用科學(xué)是互相依存的，人們不難看出，如果這種趨勢繼續(xù)發(fā)展下去，那么就會給科學(xué)的未來帶來相當(dāng)大的危害，不僅給理論科學(xué)帶來危害，對應(yīng)用科學(xué)也是一樣。(if引出的分詞短語作條件狀語，其主體是tendency。) 7. Being under industrialized, the developing countries are largely dependent on imports to supply the equipmen

45、t needed to produce the raw materials they export. 由于工業(yè)不發(fā)達(dá)，發(fā)展中國家在很大程度上要依賴進(jìn)口設(shè)備才能生產(chǎn)供出口的原料。(Being在句中作原因狀語。) 8. There is no method known to science today that can make it possible for us to magnify a drop of water enough to see one single atom- atoms are so very, very small. 今天的科學(xué)還不知道有什么方法能把一滴水放大到足以使我們能

46、看到單個(gè)原子的程度，因?yàn)樵臃浅７浅Ｐ　?(過去分詞短語knowntoday和that引出的定語從句都用來修飾主語method。) 9. Nothing- education, home environment, other interests, wise discouragement- is likely to restrain the obsessed gambler and even when it is he alone who suffers the consequences, his diseases is a cruel one, resulting in a wasted, u

47、nhappy life. 教育、家庭環(huán)境、其他興趣、明智的勸阻-任何東西都不能使賭徒們回心轉(zhuǎn)意，正是他們自己飽嘗苦果，這種疾病是殘酷的，其后果是使他慘淡地虛度一生。 (Nothing是主語，謂語是is。破折號之間的字用來對主語nothing的說明。hiswho是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型，強(qiáng)調(diào)主語he。resulting in"結(jié)果"，"終歸"，"導(dǎo)致"，是現(xiàn)在分詞短語，在句中作結(jié)果狀語。) 10. By many careful experiments it has been found that any two different substanc

48、es when rubbed together, or even when brought into close contact, become somewhat electrified. 通過多次仔細(xì)的實(shí)驗(yàn)已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)，任意兩個(gè)不同物體在一起摩擦?xí)r，甚至緊緊接觸時(shí)，就會在某種程度上帶電。(句中兩個(gè)when均引出分詞短語，作時(shí)間狀語。) 11. It is now known that semiconductors have very few free electrons at low temperatures but that the number of these "conduction" electrons increase very rapidly at higher temperatures, thus reducing the resistance of the material. 現(xiàn)在大家都知道，在低溫下半導(dǎo)體中幾乎沒有自由電子，但是在較高的溫度下，這些"傳導(dǎo)"的電子數(shù)迅速增