英語 閱讀理解主旨大意題推理判斷題

1、.閱讀理解第一講 如何做好主旨大意題.閱讀材料的特點：.如何做好中考中的閱讀理解呢？1、瀏覽全文，了解文章大意。注意每一段的第一句和最后一句2、帶著問題細讀全文，標示細節(jié)出處。3、遇到生詞，靈活處理。4、檢查答案，避免疏漏。能在原文找到答案能在原文找到答案3%-5%生詞生詞詞不離句詞不離句.完成選擇時，看其是否與文中內(nèi)容相矛盾，有無文中信息支持點看它是否完全符合題目的要求如果讓你判斷其標題的話，要看文章表達的是人還是事，從而推斷其標題內(nèi)容所有的選項必須以文章為基礎(chǔ)，不要隨意發(fā)揮想像或聯(lián)想.如何做好主旨大意題？.一、主旨大意題一、主旨大意題 （做題要領(lǐng)）1. 1. 干擾項干擾項 可能屬文中某個具

2、體事實或細節(jié)?？赡軐傥闹心硞€具體事實或細節(jié)。2. 2. 干擾項干擾項 可能屬從文中某些可能屬從文中某些 ( (不完全的不完全的) ) 事實或細節(jié)事實或細節(jié)片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。片面推出的錯誤結(jié)論。3. 3. 干擾項干擾項 可能屬非文章事實的主觀臆斷?？赡軐俜俏恼率聦嵉闹饔^臆斷。( (正確答案正確答案) ) 是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來的；是根據(jù)文章意思全面理解而歸納概括出來的；但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。但不能太籠統(tǒng)、言過其實或以偏概全。.技巧解析技巧解析：主旨大意題主要考查對文章主題或中心思想的領(lǐng)會和理解：主旨大意題主要考查對文章主題或中心思想的領(lǐng)會和理解能力。能力。尋找主題句尋

3、找主題句往往是做好此類題的關(guān)鍵。因此，在做題時，要注往往是做好此類題的關(guān)鍵。因此，在做題時，要注意意每段的主題句每段的主題句。抓住主題句，就不難確定文章的中心思想。抓住主題句，就不難確定文章的中心思想。尋找主題句的方法：1.認真閱讀文章的首尾段或每段的首尾句子。2.文章的主題作者往往有意識地反復論述。3.抓住反復出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞.Example : There are many different ways to travel to Paris from London. One of the quickest and most popular ways isby train

4、. From Waterloo Railway Station, you can travel allthe way to Paris. The journey takes about three hours. The train, called the Eurostar, is very modern, and the seats are comfortable. You can also travel to France by ship. Another way to travel to Paris is by plane. 80. The passage mainly tells us

5、about_.A. different ways traveling from London to ParisB. international flights from London to ParisC. buses stopping at Ferry Terminal Seven in Dover主題句出現(xiàn)在段首：主題句出現(xiàn)在段首： 在議論文和說明文中，一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是在議論文和說明文中，一個主題句常常是一個段落的開頭，其后的句子則是論證或說明細節(jié)。論證或說明細節(jié)。. Every 30 seconds there is an earthquake. But do

6、nt worrybecause most are so weak that they cannot be. felt. Only a few big ones hurt people. Many earthquakes happened in China, such as the big one in Sichuan last month. Thousands of people died in it. So its important to know what to do when one hits. Here are some tips on how to stay safe in ane

7、arthquake.If you are indoors during an earthquake, hide (躲藏) under a desk. Stay away from windows and anything that could fall on you. 69. The best title of this passage is _. A. How dangerous the earthquake is B. How to be safe during an earthquake C. Dont be afraid of the earthquake主題句也可能出現(xiàn)在段尾：主題句

8、也可能出現(xiàn)在段尾： 作者先擺出事實依據(jù)，或者提出問題，然后層層推進，提出解決方法，然后后文再進一步詳述。本段的中心思想在結(jié)尾句得到體現(xiàn)，是全文的主題句，下文按照主題句進行展開 . Weve talked about snails (蝸牛) and their slow move. But much of the time snails dont move at all. They are in their shells (殼) sleeping. Hot sun will dry out a snails body. So at the least sign of hot sun, a sna

9、il draws its body into his shell. A snail will die in a heavy rain. So when it rains, a snail does the same thing, too. A snail can sleep for as long as it needs to. It spends all the winter months in its shell, asleep. In the spring the snail wakes up. Its body, about three inches long, comes out f

10、rom the shell. When hungry, the snail looks for food. Its eyes, at the end of the top feelers (觸角), are very weak. But its sense (感覺) of smell is very strong. It helps the snail to find food and the new greens. A snails mouth is no bigger than the point of a pin (大頭針). Yet it has 256,000 teeth! The

11、teeth are very small, and you cant see them. If you put a snail in a hard paper box, it will eat its way out! And if a snail wears out its teeth, it will grow new ones.文章的主題也可能以高頻詞的形式出現(xiàn)。文章的主題也可能以高頻詞的形式出現(xiàn)。本文并沒有出現(xiàn)明確的主題句，但細看之下會發(fā)現(xiàn)，文章中“snail”這個詞出現(xiàn)的頻率高達13次，是整篇文章中出現(xiàn)頻率最高的詞匯。snail既是文章說明的對象，又是文章的主題。. In spite

12、 of the fact that cars from Germany and Japan are flooding the American market, Ford, General Motors and Chrysler are employing more workers than ever before. The flood of cheaper for-eign cars has not cast American autoworkers their jobs as some experts predicted. Ford operates as far as Asia, and

13、General Motors is considered Australians biggest employer. Yet General Motors has its huge American work force and employs hundreds of people every day to meet the needs of an insatiable(不能滿足的）不能滿足的）society. Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the paragraphA. GM is one

14、of the largest car producers.B. Ford operates not only in the U.S.A., but also in Asia.C. The foreign cars have not taken away the jobs of American autoworkers.D. The flood of the cheaper foreign cars is terrible for American autoworkers.解題的方法技巧：.在一篇短文或一個段落中，主題句的情況有三種：.（山東濱州）65.The passage is writte

15、n to .A. show you how computer works B. introduce a French KitchenC. teach you how to cook French food D. tell you the importance of language learning主題句.Many people believe that life has smiled to Yang Mi: at the age of 4, she got her first TV play role; at 16, she became a model for a fashion maga

16、zine; at 18, she went to her dream college Beijing Film Academy. Last year, the 24-year-old actress played a bad girl Luo Qingchuan in the time-travelling TV play, Palace. The play became a big success and made Yang very famous.Could she be any luckier? Yang doesnt think luck had anything to do with

17、 her success. “Every chance is gained （獲得）from the efforts Ive made,” said Yang. People now think shes very hard-working. She still remembers the time when people gave her the cold eyes.At the age of 79She became the ambassador for the Climate Group.Yang Mi is successful now because she 80 .80. 【解析】

18、主旨大意題 通讀全文可知：楊冪的成功是通過努力的工作。 is (very) hard-working / works (very) hard /makes efforts / has made efforts 主題句.（河南中考）55. What does the passage tell us?主題句.（篇尾）If you sleep on your side, you have usually got a well-balanced （平衡的） personality. You know your strengths and weaknesses. Youre usually carefu

19、l. You have a confident personality. You sometimes feel worried, but you dont often get unhappy. You always say what you think, even if it makes people angry.主題句主題句.（第三段）If you sleep on your stomach, you are a person who likes to keep secrets. You worry a lot and youre always easily becoming sad. Yo

20、u never want to change your ideas, but you are satisfied with your life the way it is. You usually live for today not for tomorrow. （第四段）If you sleep on curled up （蜷縮）, you are probably a very nervous person. You have a low opinion of yourself and often protect yourself from being hurt, so you are v

21、ery defensive. Youre shy and you dont usually like meeting people. You like to be on your own.主題句主題句.（河北卷）任務(wù)型閱讀79.找出并寫下第三段的主題句：_.閱讀理解如何做好推斷題？. 推理判斷題解起來最有難度，因為這類試題對學生的要求更高，它不僅要求考生讀懂文章，還要求考生要讀透文章，并結(jié)合自己的一些課外知識方能做出準確的判斷。 .推斷題的特點：.推斷題推斷題主要有以下幾種類型主要有以下幾種類型：.一針對細節(jié)和事實的邏輯推理一針對細節(jié)和事實的邏輯推理 1.1. 簡單的數(shù)字推理題簡單的數(shù)字推理題

22、 2.2. 細節(jié)推理題細節(jié)推理題 這類題目主要是推斷文章出處、事發(fā)地點、這類題目主要是推斷文章出處、事發(fā)地點、人物關(guān)系等。人物關(guān)系等。 3.3. 事實推理題事實推理題 推理推理= =事實事實+ +邏輯邏輯 .二針對上下文之間邏輯關(guān)系的推斷二針對上下文之間邏輯關(guān)系的推斷1.1. 利用句子之間承接與轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系推斷。利用句子之間承接與轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系推斷。 Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them make me lose my delight in dreams. .Most people do not seem to

23、accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying little habit, like sneezing (打噴嚏). I can never understand this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life because there is far less of it, but to me it is important.Q: What is the authors attitude toward dr

24、eaming? A. He likes it B. He thinks it puzzling. C. He used to like it D. He dislikes it.2.2. 利用段落的銜接與過渡詞推斷。利用段落的銜接與過渡詞推斷。We have saved as a final set of emotions the two most important emotions (情感) towards other people: love and its opposite, hate. Love can be seen everywhere. Yet surprisingly, lo

25、ve has been the subject of less scientific research than other emotions, such as anger and fear. The reason for this may be two fold. First, love is a very complex (復雜的) emotion, difficult to describe and measure. Secondly, unlike many extreme emotions, extreme love is generally not a problem; thus

26、less medical attention has been paid to it.Q: In the previous passage, the author has probably been discussing _.A. the two most important human emotions-love and hateB. some emotions that are only produced by animalsC. some other sets of human emotions than of love and hateD. none of the above. 3.

27、抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理抓住特定信息進行逆向或正向推理 After a busy day of work and play, the body needs to rest. Sleep is necessary for good health. During this time, the body recovers from the activities of the day. The rest that you get while sleeping makes it possible for your body to prepare itself for the next day. Q

28、: The text suggests that not getting enough sleep might make you _. A. suffer from poor health B. feel tired and nervous C. dream more often D. breathe quickly.三針對作者觀點和態(tài)度的推斷三針對作者觀點和態(tài)度的推斷1.1.注意作者使用對比的寫作手法注意作者使用對比的寫作手法Family researchers offer a variety of reasons for these evolving roles and attitudes

29、. They see the 1960s as a turning point. Great cultural changes led to more open communication and a more democratic process that encourages everyone to have a say. “My parents were on the before side of that change, but todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side,” explains Mr. Ballmer

30、. “Its not something easily accomplished by parents these days, because life is more difficult to understand or deal with, but sharing interests does make it more fun to be a parent now.”Q:By saying “todays parents, the 40-year-olds, were on the after side.” the author means that todays parents A. f

31、ollow the trend of the change B. can set a limit to the change C. fail to take the change seriously D. have little difficulty adjusting to the change. 2.2.注意仔細琢磨作者表達情感及對某事的注意仔細琢磨作者表達情感及對某事的態(tài)度的用詞方式。態(tài)度的用詞方式。 肯定：certainly, no doubt, surely, 不太肯定：possibly，maybe, it is said that 情感色彩：great, terrific, won

32、derfully, sadly, shame.推理判斷題的主要題型推理判斷題的主要題型 ( (一一) )推斷人物性格特征推斷人物性格特征 ( (二二) )、推測文段前后的內(nèi)容、推測文段前后的內(nèi)容 ( (三三) )、推斷文章出處和來源、推斷文章出處和來源 ( (四四) )、推斷作者寫作意圖、推斷作者寫作意圖 ( (五五) )、推斷隱含意義或文章的觀點或結(jié)論、推斷隱含意義或文章的觀點或結(jié)論.(一）推斷人物性格特征一）推斷人物性格特征設(shè)題形式有設(shè)題形式有:lWhat do we know about somebody in the text?lWhat kind of man somebody is

33、 ?lSomebody can be said to be_.注意注意:l把握字里行間的意思把握字里行間的意思, 尤其是人物的尤其是人物的語言語言；l注意表達注意表達情感、態(tài)度和觀點情感、態(tài)度和觀點的詞語。的詞語。 .Passage 1：A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday. Thats right, said the old man. Ninety-nine years ol

34、d, and I havent an enemy in the world. Theyre all dead.”“Well, sir,” said the interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.”The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, “I cant see why you shouldnt. You look fit and healthy to me!”Q: What

35、kind of man would you say the old man was? He was ill. B. He was very proud and sure of his health.A.C. He was unconscious. D. He was very polite to young people.Passage 1：A well-known old man was being interviewed and was asked if it was correct that he had just celebrated his ninety-ninth birthday

36、. Thats right, said the old man. Ninety-nine years old, and I havent an enemy in the world. Theyre all dead.”“Well, sir,” said the interviewer, “I hope very much to have the honor of interviewing you on your hundredth birthday.” The old man looked at the young man closely, and said, “I cant see why

37、you shouldnt. You look fit and healthy to me!”Q: What kind of man would you say the old man was? He was ill. B. He was very proud and sure of his health.A.C. He was unconscious. D. He was very polite to young people.B.（二）、推測文段前后的內(nèi)容（二）、推測文段前后的內(nèi)容 提問方式提問方式 lIf you were to continue the passage, what wou

38、ld you write about? lThe next paragraph would most probably deal with _ lThe next part would most likely discuss _. 注意：注意：做這類題時應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路（如文章可能按做這類題時應(yīng)把握作者的寫作思路（如文章可能按事件事件發(fā)展的經(jīng)過發(fā)展的經(jīng)過描寫，也可能按描寫，也可能按因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系因果關(guān)系、對比關(guān)系來敘來敘述），從而做出比較科學的、合情合理的猜測。述），從而做出比較科學的、合情合理的猜測。 . Passage 2: We are in the computer ageWe

39、 often see computers at workThey are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（數(shù)據(jù)處理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing day More and cleverer computers will continue to

40、 appearThey will run faster，have more functions and work much more skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or later computers will replace us However.Passage 2: We are in the computer ageWe often see computers at work

41、They are especially useful in automatic control，data processing（數(shù)據(jù)處理）and solving complicated problemsAnd they are finding their way into the homeThe part played by computers is becoming even more important with each passing dayMore and cleverer computers will continue to appearThey will run faster，h

42、ave more functions and work much more skillfullyThey will take over more tasks from us，helping to change the face of our worldSome people even think that sooner or later computers will replace usHowever. Q: Which of the following statements will best continue the third paragraph？ A. Computers will s

43、oon stop developing B. Many people like computers very much C. Computers are as clever as man D. I do not think computers will replace us completelyD.（三）、推斷文章出處和來源（三）、推斷文章出處和來源設(shè)題形式有設(shè)題形式有:lThe passage is most likely to be found in_ lThe passage is most likely to be taken from_. lWhere would this pass

44、age most probably appear? lThe passage is most likely a part of _. .Passage 3: Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. “To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片) wi

45、th water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (緩解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask y

46、our doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”Q: This text is most probably taken from a_. A. textbook B. newsreel(新聞片) C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine.Passage 3: Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medic

47、ine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them. “To reduce pain, take two tablets(藥片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (緩解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime

48、. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours. For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.”Q: This text is most proba

49、bly taken from a_. A. textbook B. newsreel(新聞片) C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicineA.解題技巧解題技巧 這類問題應(yīng)從文章的這類問題應(yīng)從文章的內(nèi)容內(nèi)容或或結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)來判斷其出處來判斷其出處:A.報紙報紙:前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱。前面會出現(xiàn)日期、地點或通訊社名稱。B.廣告廣告:因其格式特殊因其格式特殊,容易辨認。容易辨認。 C.產(chǎn)品說明產(chǎn)品說明:器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品器皿、設(shè)備的使用說明會有產(chǎn)品名稱或操作方式名稱或操作方式,而藥品的服用說明會告知服用而藥品的服用說明會告知服用時間、次數(shù)、藥

50、量等。時間、次數(shù)、藥量等。 D.網(wǎng)站：文中會出現(xiàn)網(wǎng)站：文中會出現(xiàn)click（點擊），（點擊），online（在線）（在線）, web（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）, website（網(wǎng)址）等字（網(wǎng)址）等字眼。眼。.四、推斷作者寫作意圖四、推斷作者寫作意圖 設(shè)題形式設(shè)題形式:lThe purpose in writing this text is to _. lWhat is the purpose of writing this article?lThe author writes this passage to_.lThe author mentionin this passage in order to

51、 _.Passage 4：Give your children permission to succeed. Theyre waiting for you to believe in them. I always knew my parents loved me. But trust me: That belief will be more complete, that love will be more real, and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words on their hearts; “D

52、ont worry; youll do something great.” Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back. Q: The main purpose of the text is to _. A. describe childrens thinking B. answer some questions children have C. stress the importance of communication D. advise parents to enc

53、ourage their children.Passage 4：Give your children permission to succeed. Theyre waiting for you to believe in them. I always knew my parents loved me. But trust me: That belief will be more complete, that love will be more real, and their belief in themselves will be greater if you write the words

54、on their hearts; “Dont worry; youll do something great.” Not having that blessing from their parents may be the only thing holding them back. Q: The main purpose of the text is to _. A. describe childrens thinking B. answer some questions children have C. stress the importance of communication D. ad

55、vise parents to encourage their childrenD.寫作意圖寫作意圖:lto entertain readers（娛樂讀者（娛樂讀者, 常見于常見于故事類的文章；故事類的文章；)lto persuade readers（說服讀者接受某（說服讀者接受某種觀點如議論類；或種觀點如議論類；或勸說勸說購買某種產(chǎn)品購買某種產(chǎn)品或服務(wù)或服務(wù), 常見于廣告類的文章）常見于廣告類的文章）lto inform readers（告知讀者某些信息，（告知讀者某些信息，多見于科普類多見于科普類新聞報道類新聞報道類文化類或文化類或社會類的文章）社會類的文章） .五、推斷隱含意義或文章的觀

56、點或結(jié)論五、推斷隱含意義或文章的觀點或結(jié)論這類題干中通常含有這類題干中通常含有infer(推斷）推斷）, conclude（總結(jié)），（總結(jié)）， suggest（表明）（表明）, imply（暗示）（暗示）, 等標志性詞語等標志性詞語常見的提問方式有：常見的提問方式有： lIt can be inferred / concluded from the passage / text that .lWe can infer / conclude from the passage that .l The writer suggests that . lThe story implies that .

57、.Passage 5： Luke saw a crowd of people in the park. He went over to see what they were looking at. In the middle of the crowd was a woman. She was painting a picture of a small boy. Luke looked at the picture and said,” I wish she would paint my picture”Q: What can we infer from the passage?A. No on

58、e was watching the woman paint.B. The woman was painting in the park.C. Luke thought the woman was a good artist.Passage 5： Luke saw a crowd of people in the park. He went over to see what they were looking at. In the middle of the crowd was a woman. She was painting a picture of a small boy. Luke l

59、ooked at the picture and said,” I wish she would paint my picture”Q: What can we infer from the passage?A. No one was watching the woman paint.B. The woman was painting in the park.C. Luke thought the woman was a good artist.C.Passage 6：Just as crying can be healthy, not crying holding back tears of

60、 anger, pain or suffering can be bad for physical (身體的) health. Studies have shown that too much control of emotions can lead to high blood pressure, heart problems and some other illnesses. If you have a health problem, doctors will certainly not ask you to cry. But when you feel like crying, dont