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1、The Islamic university of GazaFaculty of nursingPsychology for nursesNURS 13254th editionPrepared by:Dr. Abdal karim Radwan Faculty of nursingSep. 2013 ( 7 10) " * * * " : " " ( 21). . . "1860" . . . Contents· Preface· Chapter 1 (Dimensions of Psychology)-Defi

2、nition of psychology -Aspects of psychology Past history-Goals of psychology - Specialties of psychology· Chapter 2 (Methods of Psychology)- Hypothesis - Types of psychology research Data collection -Measurement techniques -Sampling Researcher bias - Ethics· Chapter 3 (The Biological Found

3、ations of Behavior)- Nervous system - Brain - Neurotransmission· Chapter 4 (Sensation and Perception)- Sensation - Perception - Stimulus - Perceptual Development · Chapter 5 (Nature of Consciousness) -Consciousness - Sleep - Dreams - Sleep disorders - Induced states of consciousness·

4、Chapter 6 (Behavior and Learning )- Classical conditioning - Operant conditioning - Observational learning· Chapter 7 (Cognition and learning )- The cognitive view of learning - Cognitive social theory- Stages of cognitive development.- Cognitive therapy · Chapter 8 (Memory and Forgetting)

5、- Classification of memory-Two method theory- the nature of forgetting· Chapter 9 ( Personality Structure and Development)- Psychoanalytic theory- Defense mechanisms- Psychosocial development stages. Chapter 10 (The Dynamics of Motivation).- factors affecting motivations.- Types of motivators.-

6、 Maslows hierarchy of human needs- Client centered therapy Chapter 11 (Emotions)- Functions of emotions- Physiology of emotions- Behavioral expression of emotions.- Subjective content of emotions Chapter 12 (Stress and Coping) ReferencesChapter 1Dimensions of PsychologyDefinition of psychology: “It

7、is the study of behavior and mental processes” It has three main goals:1- To describe behavior and mental processes.2- To explain behavior and mental processes.3- To predict the mental characteristics in specific circumstances. * Why it is important for Nurses to study this course?1. Helps the stude

8、nt to understand their own behavior and others behavior, and reasons for that behavior. 2. Helps the students to develop insights into the nature of the psychological process and suggests how applied in the problem solving of personal and social problems. 3. Helps you in your future work as dealing

9、with different types of patients & difficult people.4. Helps you to be more perceptive in evaluating psychological informations, you read or hear about.5- helps you to assess and relieve stress in the different clinical situations.*Aspects of psychology:I -Psychology is a science -Psychology may

10、 not seem to you as much of a science like chemistry or biology, because psychologists study things that cant be put in a tube or under a microscope. -Psychologists try to understand behaviors, and relations between variables and issues that deal with sensations or perception.*Example: -Why twins de

11、velop different personalities? -Why women are more emotionally expressive than men are?- Psychology is a science deals with (why and how).- Psychologists use systematic method to gather data, analyze them and interpret the meaning of their findings and developing principles or theories about why thi

12、ngs happen as they do. - A theory is an attempt to fit all known, relevant facts into a logical explanation.- Theories can serve as framework for collecting more data.- Like any other study, psychology is ongoing field of study. - The findings of different investigators lead to new problems, new dir

13、ections and new possibilities, and this make psychology so existing and there is always more to learn. II Psychology is a means to promoting human welfare: by two issues: a) Basic science aims to understanding a subject without regards to whether that understanding will have immediate practical effe

14、ct e.g. emotions, attitudes, motivations, and thoughts. -Some people have trouble seeing the potential benefits of basic science and thinks it is a wasting of time and money. b) Applied science: In which the research findings are used to solve practical problems or improve the quality of life e.g. p

15、oor academic achievement of students, decrease productivity of the workers.Past history of Psychology: · Wilhelm Wundt (1832- 1920) German professor at the University of Leipzig participated in establishing psychology as a separate science. He felt that mental process could be investigated with

16、 objective technique similar to other scientific fields, he built the first psychology laboratory in 1879 for the purpose of doing psychological research. · Edward Tichener (1867- 1927) one of Wundt's students believed that the job of psychologists is to analyze human consciousness into its

17、 component parts (sensations and feelings), his perspective is known as structuralism. · William James (1842- 1910) American psychologist published the most influential text book in psychology "principles of psychology", he believed that human mind was constantly evolving as it adapte

18、d to new information of the environment, and so helps people to survive, his perspective is known as functionalism. . · N.B.: the first man who named this science as psychology from Islamic scientists is "Al- Ghazaly"Modern psychology:There are 5 different perspective dominate psychol

19、ogy in the twenties century, They are not opposed to one another, each of them complementing the other in explaining people thoughts & behavior.1) Neuro-biological Perspective: proposes that behaviors is influenced by physiology of the brain and nervous system mainly, with normal behavior occurr

20、ing when the body is in a state of equilibrium, and abnormal behavior being a consequence of physical pathology. research and treatment focused on four main areas: A Nervous system disorders, in particular neurotransmitter disturbance at the synaptic gap between neuronsover fifty neurotransmitters h

21、ave been identified, six of which are implicated in mental illness. B Structural changes to the brain-perhaps following trauma or in degenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease. The first detailed anatomy of brain was by Thomas Willis in 1964, he explained that, structures of brain itsel

22、f had an influence on behavior.C Endocrine or gland dysfunction, as in hypothyroid - this has a similar presentation to clinical depression, and hormonal changes are considered to be a contributing factor in postnatal depression. D Genetic transmission of mental illness - twin's studies found th

23、e higher lifetime risks of developing schizophrenia 46% than general population 1%. According to Neuro-biological perspective the treatment of choice is psycho Pharmacotherapy (medications).Critique of the Neuro-biological model Among treatments that emerge from the biomedical model are medications

24、that alter neurotransmitters. However, evidence that a particular intervention is an effective treatment is not proof of a causal link with the illness. 2) Psychoanalytic Perspective: Asserts that behavior is driven by unconscious processes, and influenced by childhood/developmental conflicts.Sigmun

25、d Freud developed the first psychological explanation of human behavior- psychoanalytic theory- in the late nineteenth century. Its central tenets are intra-psychic ( unconscious) forces, developmental factors and family relationships determine human behavior. Freud's theory proposes that person

26、ality development progresses through four stages throughout childhood. At each stage the child's behavior is driven by the need to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives via the mouth, anus or genitals. Failure of the child to satisfy these needs at any one of the stages will result in psychologic

27、al difficulties that are carried into adulthood. Psychoanalysis is the treatment of choice .Critique of psychoanalytic theory: Although the notions of unconscious motivations and defense mechanisms are helpful in interpreting behaviors, critiques of psychoanalytic theory include:1. psychoanalyst Eri

28、k Erickson disagreed with Freud's theory of psychosexual stages of development and proposed instead a psychosocial theory in which development occurred throughout the lifespan, not just through childhood, as in Freud's model . 2. The unconscious nature of Freud's concepts and stages rend

29、ers them difficult to test and therefore there is little evidence to support Freudian theory. 3. Feminists, too. Object to Freud's interpretation of the psychological development of women, arguing that there is scant evidence to support the hypothesis that women view their bodies as inferior to

30、men's bodies. 3) Behaviorist perspective: Looks for explanations in the external environmental stimuli that shape and control the persons actions. Behaviors are learned depending on whether they are rewarded or not, by association with another event or by imitation. It is a school of psychology

31、founded in the United States by JB Watson in the early twentieth century, as opposed to examining the mind, which was the prevalent psychological method at the time in Europe. The model proposes a scientific approach to study behavior, a feature that is lacking in psychoanalytic theory.The focus is

32、on observable behavior and conditions that elicit and maintain the behavior (classical conditioning) or factors that reinforce behavior (operant conditioning) or vicarious learning through watching and imitating the behavior of others (modeling). Three basic assumptions underpin behavior theory:

33、3; Personality is determined by prior learning .· Human behavior is changeable throughout the life-span.· Changes in behavior are caused by changes in the environment. Behavioral psychotherapy is the treatment of choice. Critique of behavioral theory: Behaviorism provided the first scienti

34、fically testable theories of human development However:1. Their explanations are less convincing when applied to psychosis or organic brain disorders. 2. Most behaviorist research has been conducted on animals under laboratory conditions, so to extrapolate findings to humans is mechanistic and does

35、not allow for intrinsic human qualities like creativity or the ability to love, think or solve problems. 3. Behavioral theory falls short in explaining the success of an individual brought up in an adverse environment, or how mental illness can occur in a person whose environment is apparently healt

36、hy or advantaged 4) Cognitive perspective: Explains behavior by looking at a persons particular ways of reasoning and thinking and interaction with his influencing environment.Cognitive theory proposes that people actively interpret their environment and cognitively construct their world. Therefore,

37、 behavior is a result of the interplay of external events (the stimuli and reinforcements that regulate behavior), and internal events (one's perceptions and thoughts about the world. In other words, how one thinks about a situation will influence how one behaves in that situation. Thoughts feel

38、ings behaviorAlbert Bandura states that human behavior results from the interaction of the environment with the individual's perception and thinking. Self-efficacy, or the belief that one can achieve a certain goal, is the critical component in the achievement of that goal. Aaron T Beck (1921) s

39、ays: Problem behavior, results from cognitive distortions or faulty thinking. For example, a depressed person will selectively choose information that maintains a gloomy perspective. And has a negative schema about oneself or one's situation or future. Cognitive psychotherapy is the treatment of

40、 choice in this perspective. Critique of cognitive psychology: The therapeutic techniques derived from cognitive theory are practical and effective, and can be self-administered by the client under the direction of a therapist. As in phobias, obsessions and compulsions, and in stress management. Cog

41、nitive theory is criticized as: 1- Being unscientific (as are psychoanalytic and humanistic theories) because mental processes cannot objectively be observed and subjective reports are not necessarily reliable. 2- The insight that one's thinking is the cause of one's problems will not itself

42、 bring about behavior change.3- Contrary to the proposal that thoughts cause feelings, which cause behavior, the relational model of Ivey and Ivey in which thoughts, feelings and behavior interact with each other and with meaning. So, cognitions may not necessarily be the initiating factor as propos

43、ed by cognitive theory. 5) Humanistic Perspective: Focuses on the development of a concept of self and the striving of the individual to achieve personal goals. Charlotte Biihler, Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and their colleagues in USA established the Association for Humanistic Psychology in 1962. w

44、hich brought psychology back to a close relationship with philosophy. Humanistic psychology opposed the mechanistic approach of behaviorism and psychoanalysis for the way in which they minimized human experience and qualities such as choice and creativity . Client-centered therapy is the counseling

45、model that Rogers developed to assist the individual to overcome harmful effects as poor parenting, other social pressures and take responsibility for their life. Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) In his theory of human needs presented a triangular figure with physiological needs at the base and self-actua

46、lization at the apex. Maslow, premised his theory on the notion that human behavior is motivated by a drive for self-actualization. Client centered counseling is the best approach for helping distressed people. Critique of humanistic psychology: humanistic psychology appeals as a positive, optimisti

47、c view with its focus on personal growth, not disorder. However, this can also be a criticism, as: 1- Theory humanistic psychology is naïve and incomplete. If humans are driven by a need to achieve their best. how does this account for disturbed states like depression or antisocial behavior ? 2

48、- Humanistic concepts can be difficult to define objectively, thereby posing a challenge for scientific investigation of the theory.3- There is little recognition of unconscious drives in explaining behavior, which limits the ability to understand abnormal behavior.Applying different perspectives:In

49、 1989 Charles Whitman, a student in the university of Texas, climbed a building and proceed to fire people below and killing thirteen and injuring thirty two, the night before he had shot his mother and stabbed his wife to death. Psychologists tackles the issue from other angles and contributing dif

50、ferent explanations for his bizarre aggressive behavior: · Neurobiological perspective suggested that brain tumor an autopsy revealed predispose extreme violence.· Behavioral psychologists explained his aggression was encouraged by rewards as social approval of being tough and dominating o

51、thers.· Cognitive psychologists explained that Whitman think that strong man is a aggressive, when he often seen his father beating his mother.· Psychoanalytics looked to unconscious childhood conflict when Whitman's parents separated and he lived with his poor mother.· Humanistic

52、 psychologists focused on how Whitman's progress to self-actualization was blocked, and respond to frustration with aggression. Goals of Modern psychology 1-Description: -Understanding of human behavior must begin with careful description of how people think, feel and act in specific situation.

53、Psychologists try to observe the behavior of interest, or collect data from eyewitnesses, and record what happened precisely. 2-Explanation:-Involves “ why and how” that behavior happened based on the different psychological perspectives. 3-Predication: -The ability to say in advance how someone is

54、likely to act. Psychological study designed to test a theory usually involves making a prediction that people will behave in a certain way in a certain circumstances, if the prediction is upheld -theory is supported. Contemporary fields of SpecializationPsychology is made up of highly specialized sub-fields , each has its own subjects, theories and sometimes even research methods. Which incl