習(xí)題與答案五

1、組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué)習(xí)題與答案五 是非題11.Covering epithelia cover the external and internal surfaces of the body, including the linings of vessels and other small cavities. 2.Epithelium usually has a free surface and a basal surface, both of which possess the same structure but different function.3.The core of the micro

2、villi contains fine actin filaments, which interconnected with the terminal web. 4.The core of a microvillus is composed of nine outer doublet microtubules and two central singlet microtubules.5.Between opposing cell membrane, where the gap junction occurs, numerous connexons span. Ions and small mo

3、lecules can pass freely between opposed epithelial cells via the gap junction.6.Between  the  epithelium  and  the underlining connective tissue is the basement membrane.7.The basement membrane provides for a strong connection, increases the basal surface area and serves as a sem

4、i-permeable membrane.8.Blood vessels and nerves never pass through the basement membrane and penetrate into epithelial tissues. 9.Plasma     membrane    infoldings  promote transportation of water and ions without energy consume.10.Specializations  of

5、0; the  basal  surface of epithelium are basement membrane, desmosome, hemidesmosome, and plasma membrane infolding.11.Epithelial tissues line most body cavities and tracts and also specialize to form glands.Glands are mainly composed of glandular epithelia. 12. The secretions of exocrine

6、gland are discharged through a duct system and the secretions of endocrine glands are directly released into the bloodstream. 13. The cells in connective tissue usually have polarity. 14. The only significant function of connective tissue is to provide structural support for other tissues.

7、 15. Adipose tissue is also termed the areolar tissue. 16. Hyaluronic  acid  is  the  principal constituent of ground substance in soft connective tissues. 17. The fine structure of the fibroblast is typical of a cell involved in secreting steroid hormones. 18.

8、0;Mesenchyme  is the embryological precursor of all connective tissues, including soft and skeletal tissuses. 19. Mast cells exhibit the property of metachromasia when stained with certain blue basic dyes.20. Elastic fibers are also called yellow fibers because they are yell

9、ow in fresh state.56. Lipid is contained in a large membrane bound vesicle in adipocytes.21. Reticular tissue is mainly composed of fibroblasts and reticular fibers. 22.Cartilage and bone tissues belong to connective tissue proper.23.Three  types  of  cartilage  can  be

10、 distinguished by reference to the differences in quantity and type of cells.24.Chondrocytes in fibrocartilage are completely enclosed by cartilage matrix and occupy small laculae.25.The inner layer of perichodrium is rich in osteoprogenitor cells, which are responsible for appositional growth of ca

11、rtilage. 26.Osteoblasts secrete fibers and organic ground substance and embed themselves into the bone matrix, thus the osteoid tissue is formed. 27.Osteocytes  and  their  processes  are suspended in tissue fluid within lacunae and canaliculi, thus the nutrients and metabolites

12、can be exchanged between the blood and the osteocytes. 28.Osteoclasts secrete lysosomal enzymes, which break down the collagen and organic ground substance, thus the bone matrix is absorbed.29.The structural form of bone matrix is bone lamellae, which are present in the compact bone but not in the s

13、pongy bone. 30.In the bone tissue, the collagenous and elastic fibers are embedded in the amorphous ground substance, and characteristically arranged in lamellae. 31. Osteons consist of Haversian lamellae and a central Volkmanns canal in which blood vessels and nerves pass through. 32.Blood is a spe

14、cialized form of connective tissue proper, consisting of blood cells and plasma.33.For examining the morphology of blood cells, blood smear is usually used and stained with Wright or Giemsa stain. 34.The special shape of erythrocytes facilitates gaseous exchange.35.The biconcave shape of red blood c

15、ells is maintained by microtubules and microfilaments.36.The  young  erythrocytes  in  the bloodstream often containing ribosomes are termed reticulocytes.37.According to having granules in their cytoplasm or not, leukocytes are classified into two groups: granulocytes and agranu

16、locytes. 38.The cytoplasm of basophils has specific granules containing heparin and histaminase.39.Monocytes  are  capable  of crossing capillary walls, and differentiate into lymphocytes.40.All cells in blood are end cells, which no longer divide.41. Erythrocytes functions within blo

17、od vessels, while leukocytes function mainly outside the vessels. 42.The skeletal muscle fibers branch and make gap junctions with neighbors.43.Perimysium is made up of connective tissue separating single muscle fibers.44.The cross striations form as a result of the dark and light bands of all myofi

18、brils in a skeletal muscle fiber coinciding positionally at any particular level.45.The thin filaments of steletal muscle are anchored in the Z lines.46.The smooth muscle fibers have no cross striations under the LM, but have cross striations when observed under the EM.47.The cardiac muscle fibers c

19、ontain a number of mitochondria indicating the great energy consumption. 48.The cardiac muscle fibers in the atrium are also a kind of endocrine cells.49.The sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac muscle is not well developed, so its contraction is not dependent on extracellular Ca2+.50. According 

20、to  the  sliding  filament hypothesis, contraction of the sarcomere result from thin filaments sliding pass the thick filaments towards the M line. 51.The central and peripheral processes of a pseudounipolar neuron are both axons structurally.52.Neurofibrils collect together to form n

21、erve fibers.53.The longer the axon, the bigger the cell body of the parent neuron.54.Microtubules and microfilaments are present in the perikarya, but do not extend into the axon and axon hillock.55.The dendritic spines are the sites to form synaptic contacts and receive information.56.Synaptic 

22、; transmission  involves that neurotransmitters are released into synaptic cleft and then bind to the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane producing action potential.57.In general, the shorter the internodes, the more the nodes of Ranvier and therefore,the greater the conduction velocity.58.N

23、euroglial cells can only be found in the gray matter but not in the white matter ofthe CNS.59.Nuclei of the neurons are not seen in the preparation of nerves because they are present in the CNS and ganglia of the PNS.60. The nervous tissue does not contain connective tissue, and the connective tissu

24、e in the brain is brought in by the blood vessels.Answers1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. T 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T 13. F 14. F 15. F 16. T17. F 1

25、8. T 19. T 20. T 21. F 22. F   23. F 24. F 25. T 26. T 27. T 28. T 29. T 30. F31. F 32. F   33. F 34. T 35. T 36.&#

26、160;F 37. T 38. F 39. F 40. F 41. F 42. T  43. F 44. F 45. T 46. T 47. F 48. T 49. T 50. F 51. T   52. T 53. F 54. T 55.

27、 F 56. T 57. T 58. F 59. F 60. T 61. T    是非題21.Inflammation of the cornea causes severe pain because corneal epithelium is rich in naked nerve endings.2.The iris divides the anterior compartment of the eye into anterior and

28、posterior chambers.3.The inner surface of the ciliary body is covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, which plays a role in vision regulation.4.In the central fovea, all the layers of the retina are absent except the cone cells. 5. In the retina, there are five main types of cells: pigment epitheli

29、al cells, photoreceptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells and Mullers cells. 31.Skin is the largest organ of the body, consisting of epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.6.Skin can be divided into the thick and thin types based on its thickness.7.Epidermis consists of two types of cells. They are non

30、-keratinized cells and keratinized cells.8.The cells of the basal layer of epidermis contain a lot of ribosomes, tonofibrils and keratohyalin granules. 9.Skin of the black contains many more melanocytes than skin of the white.36.Melanocytes  contain  fewer  melanin granules than epide

31、rmal epithelial cells in the deep layer. 10. The sympathetic nerves mediate the contraction of arrector pili muscles. 11.Islets of Langerhans are most numerous in the head region of the pancreas.12.A  cells  and  B  cells  are  readily distinguishable from one another i

32、n EM or histochemically stained preparations.13.Pancreatic exocrine tissue contains acini that secrete enzymes and other acini that secrete mucus.14.The HCO3- in pancreatic juice is secreted by the lining cells of the minute ducts raining the exocrine acini.15.The liver cells around the central vein

33、 obtain blood supply last and are damaged by some harmful substances first. 16.There are many microvilli on the surfaces of the hepatocytes facing to the perisinusoidal space and bile canaliculi. 17.The lumen of each bile canaliculus is called the space of Disse.18.Plasma membrane of hepatocytes is

34、the wall of the bile canaliculi.19.Although  some  hepatocytes  exhibit polyploidy, most have the usual haploid number of chromosomes.20. Both fat-storing cells and Kupffer cells can be seen in the hepatic sinusoids. 21.The endothelial cells of blood vessels in the body are always fla

35、ttened.22.Under the LM, capillaries can be divided into three types: continuous, fenestrated and sinusoidal capillaries.23.There are 40-70 layers of elastic membranes in the tuinca media of the large artery, so that it is called the elastic artery.24.The smooth muscle fibers of the arteries can prod

36、uce ground substance, elastic and collagenous fibers.25.The valves of the veins aid the flow of blood toward the heart and prevent flow in the reverse direction.26.The Purkinje fibers are specialized neurons and conduct impulses much faster than ordinary cardiac muscle fibers.27.The coronary arterie

37、s are medium-sized type and represent the vasa vasorum of the heart.28.The wall of the aorta contains many layers of elastic membranes but no smooth muscle cells.29.The arterioles of highly vascular tissues such as endocrine glands have a fenestrated endothelial lining.30. Major distributing arterie

38、s such as the femoral arteries are defined as muscular arteries. 31.The  antigen  presenting  cells  are distributed in the lymphoid tissue and connective tissue but not in the epithelial tissue.32.The main difference between primary and secondary lymphoid nodules is the absence

39、or presence of the germinal center. 33.After   stimulated   by   antigens T-lymphocytes divide and differentiate into plasma cells.34.The effector cells of both T and B cells actively take part in recirculation of lymphocytes.35.The paracortical zone of the lymph node i

40、s diffuse lymphoid tissue.36.The red pulp of the spleen is rich in blood cells because of high permeability of the splenic sinusoids. 37.The parenchyma of the spleen can divided into the cortex and medulla.38.The high endothelial postcapillary venules are usually located in the diffuse lymphoid tiss

41、ues.39.NK cells are a class of lymphocytes, which attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells without previous antigen stimulation.40. The palatine tonsil is covered by stratified squamous epithelium, which is infiltrated with lymphocytes. 41.The fine structure of the thyroid gland involves the synt

42、hesis and secretion of steroid hormones.42.The release of all hormones produec in the thyroid is controlled by thyroid stimulating hormone.43.The thyroid is unusual among the endocrine glands in that it stores large quantities of hormone precursors outside the cells.44.In an actively secreting thyro

43、id gland, the follicles tend to be smaller in diameter, the follicular cells become columnar and the colloid is decreased in volume.45.All the hormones secreted by the adrenal gland are steroid hormones.46.The zona reticularis secretes cortisol and sex hormones.47.Individual cells of the adrenal med

44、ulla secrete either noradrenaline or adrenaline but not both.48.The posterior pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus via a small mass of connective tissue known as the pituitary stalk.49.The target organs of oxytocin are ovary, uterus and mammary glands.50.Pituitary hormones that modulate the ac

45、tivity of other endocrine glands are known as trophic hormones and are all secreted by the anterior lobe.51.In the anterior pituitary, the basophil cells are larger and more numerous than the acidophil cells.Answer1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T   6.&#

46、160;F 7. F 8. T 9. F 10. F 11. T 12. T  13. F 14. T 15. F 16. T17. T 18. T 19. F 20. T 21. F 22. F   23. F 24. F 25

47、. T 26. T 27. T 28. F 29. T 30. F31. F 32. T 33. F 34 F 35. T 36. F 37. F 38. T 39. T 40. T  41. F 42. F 43. T 44. T45.&

48、#160;F 46. T 47. T 48. F 49. F 50. T 51. F  是非題31.The term mucosa or mucous membrane is used generally to describe a lining epithelium, which secretes mucus.2.The minor glands in the wall of the digestive tract are always located in th

49、e lamina propria.3.The main function of the esophageal epithelium is protection.4.The main function of the stomach surface epithelium is to secrete mucus forming mucus-HCO3- barrier.5.There  is no  skeletal  muscle in the muscularis externa of the digestive tract.6.Peristalsis  i

50、n a  tubular  viscera  is dependent on the presence of at least two distinct layers of smooth muscle disposed at right angles to one another.7.At the esophageo-gastric junction there is a gradual transition from esophageal to gastric mucosa.8.The muscular wall of the small intestine c

51、onsists of an inner circular and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle.9.Nerve plexus can be found between the two layers of smooth muscle of the muscularis in the digestive tract to control the contraction of the muscularis mucosae and externa.58.Large intestinal mucus is principally involved i

52、n lubricating the passage of food residue and feces; it may also act as an important antibacterial mechanism.10.Ileum and colon are rich in the lamina propria in lymphoid tissues that frequently extend into the submucosa. 11.  Because the appendix is closed-ended, its contents are not renewed r

53、apidly and it frequently becomes inflammated. 12.Respiratory epithelium is an alternative term for pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.13.The nasal vestibules are lined by respiratory epithelium.14.In the trachea, a continuous layer of smooth muscle separates the lamina propria from the su

54、bmucosa.15.In the tracheal wall, the disposition of cartilage in C-shaped rings permits the trachea to expand in diameter and to increase in length during inspiration.15.The basement membrane underlying the tracheal epithelium is so thick that it is easily resolved in light microscopy.17.Submucosal

55、serous and mucous glands are rarely found in primary bronchi.18.The smooth muscle of the bronchioles and terminal bronchioles is disposed in a completely circular layer.19.The term Clara cells is applied to the goblet cells in the epithelium of the terminal bronchioles.20.Pulmonary capillaries are o

56、f fenestrated type which enhances gaseous exchange with the alveoli.21.The alveolar lining cells contain numerous cytoplasmic pores known as alveolar pores which facilitate gaseous exchange with the pulmonary capillaries. 22.Erythrocyte production in bone marrow is stimulated by the hormone erythrop

57、oietin, secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.23.The kidney is involved in maintenance of blood pressure by the production of angiotensinogen, a powerful vasoconstrictor agent.24.The lumen of the renal tubule is continuous with Bowmans space.25.Most of the glomerular filtrate is absorbed in the

58、distal convoluted tubule.26.The function of the Henles loop is to generate an osmotic pressure in the renal interstitium such that water may be reabsorbed from the collecting tubules.27.The finding of a large number of mitochondria in the cells of the proximal convoluted tubule suggests that much ac

59、tive absorption takes place in this site.28.Collecting tubules, Henles loops and vasa recta make up the bulk of the renal medulla.29.The reabsorption of sodium ions from the distal convoluted tubule is coupled to the secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.30.The  cells of the  macula

60、0; densa  are sensitive to the concentration of potassium ions in the proximal convoluted tubule.31.The male urethra is lined by transitional epithelium. 32.The testis is an organ that produces male germ cells and secretes male sex hormones. 33.Each testis is encapsulated by a dense connective

61、tissue layer called tunica vaginalis.34.The seminiferous tubules are lined with a stratified epithelium that consists of spermatogenic cells and Sertoli or supporting cells.35.Seminiferous tubules drain into the rete testis from which spermatozoa pass to the epididymis via the efferent ductules.36.S

62、permatogenesis is a process, in which spermatogonia successively divide and eventually differentiate into spermatids.37.Spermiogenesis is a complex process in which spherical spermatids divide and become into tadpole-like spermatozoa.38.The acrosome only covers the anterior two-thirds of the nucleus of spermatozoa. 39.The human spermatozoon has a pear-shaped nucleus with its diploid chromosomes.40.The second meiosis of male gametes completes just before fertilization.41. It takes about 64 days for spermatogon