小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總

1、2014 小升初英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法匯總一、名詞表示某一事物，有具體的和抽象的之分。分為可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞。強(qiáng)調(diào)：不可數(shù)名詞都默認(rèn)為單數(shù)，所以總是用 is 或者 was；最好不要根據(jù) some、any、a lot of等詞去作判斷，以免受誤導(dǎo)。1、可數(shù)名詞如何變“復(fù)數(shù)形式”：a一般情況下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；讀音：清輔音后讀s，濁輔音和元音后讀z。b以 s. x. sh. ch 結(jié)尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；讀音：iz。c以“輔音字

2、母+y”結(jié)尾，變 y 為 i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；讀音：z。d以“f 或 fe”結(jié)尾，變 f 或 fe 為 v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；讀音：z。e以“o”結(jié)尾的詞，分兩種情況1）有生命的+es2) 無(wú)生命的+s讀音：z讀音：z如：mango-mangoes如：photo-photostomato-tomatoesradio-radioshero-heroesf. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)： man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen

3、,policewoman-policewomen,snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish,people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese2、不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)。如果要計(jì)算不可數(shù)名詞所表達(dá)的數(shù)量，就得在數(shù)詞和不可數(shù)名詞之間加上“量詞+of”。例如：a glass of water, a piece of paper, a bottle of juice判斷步驟：如是 am、is 或 was原形讀句子讀該單詞認(rèn)識(shí)該單詞理解意思看

4、be 動(dòng)詞第 1 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)如是 are 或 were加 s 或 es練一練：1、寫(xiě)出下列各詞的復(fù)數(shù)。I _ him _ this _her _watch_mango_child _ photo _ diaryday_ foot_ dress _ tooth_sheep _box_ strawberry _ thief _ engineer_ peach_sandwich _man_woman_ leaf_people_2、用所給名詞的正確形式填空。（1）Are there two（2）I can see some（3）How many( box ) on the table?( peo

5、ple ) in the cinema.( day ) are there in a week?（4）Herere five（5）This( bottle ) of( violin ) is hers. Those( juice ) for you.( grape ) are over there.二、冠詞冠詞是一種虛詞，不能獨(dú)立使用，通常放在名詞的前面，分為“不定冠詞”和“定冠詞”兩種。1、不定冠詞：a、an。用在單數(shù)名詞前，表示“一個(gè)，一件”。an 用在以元音“音素”開(kāi)頭的單詞前。如：an e-mail, an orange, an old man, an English watch, a

6、n hour2、定冠詞：the。用在單數(shù)或者復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。the 沒(méi)有具體意思，有時(shí)翻譯為這、那。它的基本用法：（1）用來(lái)表示特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。如：The map on the wall is new.（2）表示說(shuō)話(huà)者雙方都知道的人或事物。如：Look at the picture, please.（3）表示再次提到前面談過(guò)的人或事物。如：This is a stamp. The stamp is beautiful.（4）用在表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物前。如：the sun 太陽(yáng) the moon 月亮 the earth 地球（5）用在由普通名詞構(gòu)成的專(zhuān)有名詞前。如：the Gre

7、at Wall 長(zhǎng)城（6）用在江河、湖海等專(zhuān)有名詞前。如：the Changjiang River 長(zhǎng)江第 2 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)（7）此外，序數(shù)詞、形容詞最高級(jí)、樂(lè)器名稱(chēng)等詞前面和一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中一般都用定冠詞 the。如：the first day, the best boy, play the piano, in the same class確定用 a、an 還是 the 時(shí)可根據(jù)漢語(yǔ)意思。練一練：1、用 a 或 an 填空。 _ “U”_ ice-cream_ goalkeeper_teapot_apple_office_unit_English book_hour_umbrella2、根

8、據(jù)需要，填寫(xiě)冠詞 a，an 或 the。（1）Who is _girl behind _tree?（2） _old man has two children, _ son and _daughter.（3）This is _ orange. _ orange is Lucys.（4）He likes playing _guitar. We have _same hobby.（5）We all had_good time last Sunday.（6）She wants to be_doctor.三、數(shù)詞我們學(xué)過(guò)兩類(lèi)：基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞。基數(shù)用于表示數(shù)量多少，而基數(shù)詞用于表示次序，常在日期中出現(xiàn)。區(qū)

9、別：基數(shù)詞前面沒(méi)有“the”；序數(shù)詞前一定要有“the”。1、超過(guò)二十以上的兩位數(shù)需要在個(gè)位和十位之間加上“-”。如：21 twenty-one2、三位數(shù)以上的則需要在百位數(shù)后再加上 and。如：101 a/one hundred and one3、用基數(shù)詞來(lái)修飾可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，一定別忘了它的復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：十八個(gè)男孩 eighteen boys4、用基數(shù)詞修飾不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，如是復(fù)數(shù)，變它的量詞為復(fù)數(shù)。如：兩碗米飯 two bowls of rice第 3 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)5、序數(shù)詞一般加“th”，特殊的有：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, tw

10、elfth 以及二十及二十以外的整十：twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth “第幾十幾”：前面整十不變，后面“幾”改為序數(shù)詞。如：88 eighty-eighth練一練：1、請(qǐng)翻譯下列短語(yǔ)。（1）60 名學(xué)生（3）九杯涼水（5）12 月 31（7）第九周（9）11+72、把下列基數(shù)詞改成序數(shù)詞。（2）15 本英語(yǔ)書(shū)（4）4 個(gè)孩子（6）6 月 2 日（8）40 年前（10）上學(xué)第一天one-fourteen-two-twenty-three-thirty-five-nine-eighty-one四、代 詞代詞有兩種：人稱(chēng)代詞和物主代詞。1、人稱(chēng)代詞分為：第一、第二、第三

11、人稱(chēng)，且有單復(fù)數(shù)之分。2、人稱(chēng)代詞的主格在句中做主語(yǔ)，一般用在動(dòng)詞前（疑問(wèn)句除外）；賓格在句中做賓語(yǔ)，多用于動(dòng)詞、介詞后。3、形容詞性物主代詞起形容詞的作用，后面一定要跟名詞，表示該名詞是屬于誰(shuí)的。4、名詞性物主代詞=形容詞性物主代詞+名詞。如：This is my bag. = This is mine. That is her ruler. = That is hers.一般看后面有沒(méi)有名詞，如有，就用形容詞性物主代詞；如無(wú)，就用名詞性物主代詞。第 4 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)請(qǐng)牢記下表：練一練：1、按要求寫(xiě)出相應(yīng)人稱(chēng)代詞。I（賓格）_she（形容詞性物主代詞）_we（名詞性物主代詞）he（復(fù)數(shù)）

12、_us（單數(shù)）_theirs（主格）_ its（賓格）_2、想一想，把下表補(bǔ)充完整。3、用所給詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1）That is not _ kite. That kite is very small, but _ is very big. ( I )2）The dress is _. Give it to _. ( she )3）Is this _ watch? ( you ) No, its not _ . ( I )4）_ is my brother. _ name is Jack. Look! Those stamps are _. ( he )5）_ dresses are red

13、. ( we ) What colour are _? ( you )第 5 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)人稱(chēng)代詞物主代詞單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格形容詞性名詞性形容詞性名詞性第一人稱(chēng)meusour第二人稱(chēng)youyou第三人稱(chēng)hethemhistheirheritits單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)人稱(chēng)代詞主格Iyouhesheitweyouthey賓格meyouhimheritusyouthem物主代詞形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs6）Show _ your kite, OK? ( they )7）I have a

14、 beautiful cat. _name is Mimi. These cakes are _. ( it )8）Are these _ tickets? No, _ are not _. _ arent here. ( they )9）Shall _ have a look at that classroom? That is _ classroom. ( we )10）_ is my aunt. Do you know _ job? _is a nurse. ( she )11）Where are _? I cant find _. Lets call _ parents. ( they

15、 )12）Dont touch _. _is not a cat, _ is a tiger! ( it )13）_ sister is ill. Please go and see _. ( she )14）The girl behind _ is our friend. ( she )五、形容詞、副詞1、形容詞表示某一事物或人的特征，副詞表示某一動(dòng)作的特征。形容詞和副詞有三種形式：原形、比較級(jí)、最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)：+er 最高級(jí)：the +est兩個(gè)重要特征：asas 中間一定用原形，than 的前面一定要+er。2、形容詞、副詞比較級(jí)的規(guī)則變化如下：（1）一般直接+er。如：tall - t

16、aller, fast - faster 單音節(jié)詞如果以-e 結(jié)尾，只加-r。如：late -later（2）重讀閉音節(jié)詞如末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，須雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)字母，再加-er。如：big - bigger, fat- fatter（3）以輔音字母加-y 結(jié)尾的詞，變 y 為 i，再加-er。如：heavy - heavier, early - earlier（4）雙音節(jié)和多音節(jié)詞的比較級(jí)應(yīng)在原級(jí)前加 more 構(gòu)成。如：beautiful - more beautiful,careful - more careful, quietly - more quietly, interesting -

17、more interesting（5）有些不規(guī)則變化的，須逐一加以記憶。如：good/well better, bad/ill worse, many/much more, far farther/further, old older/elder練一練：第 6 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)1、寫(xiě)出下列形容詞、副詞的比較級(jí)。bigshortlightearlygoodthinstronglatelongheavyhighwelltallyoungfarfastoldfatlowslow2、用括號(hào)內(nèi)所給單詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1) I can swim as _ ( fast ) as the fish, I t

18、hink.2) Look! His hands are _ ( big ) than mine.3) I think you do these things_ ( well ) than your classmates.4) Whose bag is _ ( heavy ), yours or mine?5) Does Jim run as _（slow ) as David? Yes, but Mike runs_ ( slow ) than them.6) You have seven books, but I have _ ( many ) than you. I ha ve ten.7

19、) I jump _ ( far ) than some of the boys in my class.8) Im very_ ( thin ), but shes _ ( thin ) than me.9) It gets _and_ ( warm ) when spring comes here.六、介 詞1、一種虛詞。不能單獨(dú)作句子成分，它只有跟它后面的賓語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)，才能在句子中起作用。有：in, on, under, with, behind, about, near, before, after, for, to, up, down, from, in front of,

20、out of,fromto, at the back of2、表示時(shí)間的介詞有：at, on, in。（1）at 表示“在某一個(gè)具體的時(shí)間點(diǎn)上”，或用在固定詞組中。如：at tenoclock, at 9:30 a.m., at night, at the weekend（2）on 表示“在某日或某日的時(shí)間段”。如：on第 7 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)Friday, on thefirst of October, on Monday morning（3）in 表示“在某一段時(shí)間（月份、季節(jié)）里”。如：inthe afternoon,in September, in summer, in 20053、i

21、n 一詞還有其他的固定搭配，如：in blue（穿著藍(lán)色的衣服），in English（用英語(yǔ)表達(dá)），take part in（參加）。練一練：1、選用括號(hào)內(nèi)恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~填空。1) Whats this _ ( at, on, in ) English?2) Christmas is _ ( at, on, in ) the 25th of December.3) The man_ ( with, on, in ) black is Su Hais father.4) He doesnt do well _ ( at, on, in ) PE.5) Look at those birds _ (

22、 on, in ) the tree.6) We are going to meet _ ( at, on, in ) the bus stop _ ( at, on, in ) half past ten.7) Is there a cat_ ( under, behind, in ) the door?8) Helens writing paper is _ ( in, in front of ) her computer.9) We live _ ( at, on, in ) a new house now.10) Does it often rain _ ( at, on, in )

23、spring there?2、圈出下列句子中運(yùn)用不恰當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，并將正確的答案寫(xiě)在橫線(xiàn)上。1) Jim is good in English and Maths.3) They are talking to their plans.May?5) Womens Day is at the third of March.7) Did you water trees at the farm?English?9) I usually take photos in Sunday morning.2) The films were in the ground just now.4) How many stu

24、dents have their birthdays on6) I can jog to school on the morning.8) Can you come and help me on my10) What did you do on the Spring第 8 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)Festival?七、動(dòng) 詞這里所說(shuō)的動(dòng)詞是指各種動(dòng)詞總稱(chēng)，其中包括 be 動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞、助動(dòng)詞、行為動(dòng)詞（就是我們平時(shí)總說(shuō)的那種動(dòng)詞）。動(dòng)詞、名詞和形容詞不太容易區(qū)分，如不能一眼看出，可用如下方法：先用“一（量詞）”（如：一個(gè)、一張等）和這個(gè)詞連起來(lái)說(shuō)，如說(shuō)得通，一般認(rèn)為是名詞；說(shuō)不通再用“很”去判斷，就

25、是把“很”和為個(gè)詞連起來(lái)說(shuō)，說(shuō)得通一般就是形容詞；都說(shuō)不通就是動(dòng)詞。（目前我們學(xué)過(guò)的，以后可能不同）（另外一些很明顯的，如人稱(chēng)代詞、數(shù)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞等一下就可以知道）1、be 動(dòng)詞（ am, is, are, was, were ）1）amwas, is was, are-were 口訣：我用 am, 你用 are, is 用在他她它，所有復(fù)數(shù)全用 are。2）肯定和否定句 I am (not) from London. He is(not) a teacher. She is(not) in the dining room.My hair is(not)long. Her eyes are(n

26、ot) small.3）一般疑問(wèn)句 Am I a Chinese? Yes, you are. No, you arent. Are they American? Yes, they are.No, they arent.Is the cat fat? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.4）be 動(dòng)詞的否定形式：am not（沒(méi)有縮寫(xiě)形式），are not = arent ，is not = isnt 。用恰當(dāng)?shù)?be 動(dòng)詞填空。練一練：1、用 be 動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。1）I _ a boy. _ you a boy? No, I _ not.3）The dog _ tall

27、and fat.teacher.5）_ your brother in the classroom?第 9 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)2）The girl_ Jacks sister.4）The man with big eyes _ a6）How _ your father?7）Mike and Liu Tao _ at school.9）Whose socks _ they?11）The jeans _ on the desk.12）Here _ a scarf for you.14）The black gloves _ for Su Yang.Ling.16）The two cups of mil

28、k _ for me.18）Gao shans shirt _ over there.20）_ David and Helen from England?22）There _ some apples on the tree.bottle?24）There _ some bread on the plate.8）Whose dress _ this?10）Who _ I?13）Here _ some sweaters for you.15）This pair of gloves _ for Yang17）Some tea _ in the glass.19）My sisters name _Na

29、ncy.21）There _ a girl in the room.23）_ there any apple juice in the25）You, he and I _ from China.26）There _ a boy, two girls, three men and ten women in the park.2、助動(dòng)詞（ do, does, did ）do, does 用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，其過(guò)去式 did 用于一般過(guò)去時(shí)。它們通常用在疑問(wèn)句和否定句中。它們的否定形式：do not = dont, does not = doesnt, did not = didnt。注意：在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)

30、中，does 用于第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)，其余一律用助動(dòng)詞 do；助動(dòng)詞 do, does, did后面一定要用動(dòng)詞原形。練1、用適當(dāng)?shù)闹鷦?dòng)詞填空。1) _you like this magazine?2) The girl_like bread for breakfast.3) -What _ she _ at the weekends? -She usually plays games with her friends.4) -Wha_ you do last Sunday? -I wrote to my friend.5) -Did you see a Beijing opera? -No, I

31、_.6) He _not visit a farm last National Day holiday.7) They_ not like playing volleyball.第 10 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)8) - _Jim have a picnic with his family every Saturday? -Yes, he.9)_Helen and Yang Ling go to school on foot every day?10) -How many kites _we have? -We have ten.2、找出下列句子中的錯(cuò)誤，將序號(hào)填入題前括號(hào)內(nèi)，并改正。() 1)Did

32、 you had a big lunch with your family last Spring Festival?ABC() 2)-What do the boy have in his pencil-box? -He has a rubber.ABC() 3)They doesnt like the film.ABC() 4)Do Jim get up at six everyday?ABC() 5)Dont giving the ball to Liu Tao.ABC3、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也是一類(lèi)特殊的動(dòng)詞，平時(shí)我們不把它說(shuō)成是動(dòng)詞。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞可以和行為動(dòng)詞同時(shí)出現(xiàn)在同一個(gè)句子中。我們現(xiàn)在

33、學(xué)過(guò)的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有：can、could、shall、should、will、would、may、might 、must。注意：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后動(dòng)詞總是用原形。（不受其他任何條件影響）其否定形式：can not = cant, must not = mustnt, 練一練：選擇填空。注意：may not 和 shall not（無(wú)縮寫(xiě)形式）() 1) The sign on the wall means you _stay away from the building.A. mustB. cantC. shouldnt() 2) How many books _ you see on the desk?

34、 A. mayB. canC. should() 3) It means you _ make noise in the library. A. shouldB. shouldntC. can() 4) - _you like a glass of milk? - Yes, please. A. MayB. CouldC. Would第 11 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)() 5) - _you see the sign over there? - Sorry, I cant. A. Can B. Cant C. Should() 6) _ we go to the park by bus?A. MayB

35、. MustC. Shall4、行為動(dòng)詞就是我們平時(shí)上課時(shí)說(shuō)的動(dòng)詞，表示某一動(dòng)作或行為。如：sweep、live 等。行為動(dòng)詞我們已學(xué)過(guò)它們的四種形式：原形、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)+s/es、現(xiàn)在分詞（也叫動(dòng)名詞）+ing、過(guò)去式+ed。（1）動(dòng)詞第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)變化規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“s”，如：play plays, visit visits, speak speaks ；B、以“s”，“x”，“sh”，“ch”結(jié)尾時(shí)，加“es”，如：catch catches, watch watches ；C、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾時(shí)，變“y”為“i”再加“es”，如：carry carries, study st

36、udies 。（2）現(xiàn)在分詞（動(dòng)名詞）構(gòu)成規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“ing”，如：go going, do doing, look looking ；B、以不發(fā)音的“e”結(jié)尾的單詞，去“e” 加“ing”，如：take taking, make making, have having ；C、以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的詞，如末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母，需要雙寫(xiě)這個(gè)字母再加“ing”，如：put putting, stop stopping, run running, get getting, swim swimming, sit sitting, begin beginning,jog jogging, forg

37、et forgetting 。（3）過(guò)去式構(gòu)成規(guī)則：A、一般直接加“ed”，如：plant planted, visit visited, pick picked ；B、以不發(fā)音字母“e”結(jié)尾，直接加“ed”，如：like liked, hope hoped, taste tasted ；C、以“輔音字母+y”結(jié)尾時(shí)，變“y”為“i”再加“ed”，如：try tried, carry carried, study studied ；D、有些動(dòng)詞要雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)字母，再加“ed”，如：stop stopped ；E、還有很多動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式是不規(guī)則的，請(qǐng)記憶：是-am(be)-was-being；是-

38、are(be)-were-being；是-be-was, were-being；成為-become-became-becoming； 開(kāi)始-begin-began-beginning；第 12 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)彎曲-bend-bent-bending；吹-blow-blew-blowing；捕捉-catch-caught-catching；買(mǎi)-buy-bought-buying；選擇-choose-chose-choosing；能-can-could-；來(lái)-come-came-coming；切-cut-cut-cutting；做-do, does-did-doing；畫(huà)-draw-drew-d

39、rawing；飲-drink-drank-drinking；吃-eat-ate-eating；感覺(jué)-feel-felt-feeling；發(fā)現(xiàn)-find-found-finding；飛-fly-flew-flying；忘記-forget-forgot-forgetting；得到-get-got-getting；給-give-gave-giving；走-go-went-going；成長(zhǎng)-grow-grew-growing；有-have, has-had-having；聽(tīng)-hear-heard-hearing；受傷-hurt-hurt-hurting；保持-keep-kept-keeping；知道-

40、know-knew-knowing；學(xué)習(xí)-learn-learned, learnt-learning；允許，讓-let-let-letting；躺-lie-lay-lying；制造-make-made-making；可以-may-might-；意味-mean-meant-meaning；會(huì)見(jiàn)-meet-met-meeting；必須-must-must-；放置-put-put-putting；讀-read-read-reading；騎、乘-ride-rode-riding；響、鳴-ring-rang-ringing；跑-run-ran-running；說(shuō)-say-said-saying；看見(jiàn)-

41、see-saw-seeing；將-shall-should-；唱歌-sing-sang-singing；坐下-sit-sat-sitting；睡覺(jué)-sleep-slept-sleeping；說(shuō)-speak-spoke-speaking；度過(guò)-spend-spent-spending 。練一練：1、寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)。drink _go _stay _make _look _have_pass _carry _come _watch _plant _fly_study _brush _do _teach_ take_see_2、寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞。put _give _fly _ge

42、t _dance _sit_ run第 13 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)_plant _take _swim _ask _stop _take_write _have _smoke _ think_ want_tell_3、寫(xiě)出下列動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式。isam _fly _plant _are _drink _play _go_make _does _dance _worry _ask _taste_eat _draw _put _throw _kick _pass_do _4、用動(dòng)詞的適當(dāng)形式填空。（1）I _to school from Monday to Friday. My brother often

43、 _to school with me.Yesterday we_to school together. We like _to school very much.( go )（2）They usually _lunch at home. But last week, they _lunch at school.( have )（3）That_my English book. It _new. But now it _not here. It _there amoment ago. ( be )（4）My sister likes _very much. She often _at our s

44、chool festival. Last term, she_a lot ofsongs in the school hall. She _beautifully.( sing )（5）What _ he usually _on Sunday? He usually _his homework. Look!He _his homework now. _he _his homework last Sunday?Yes, he_. ( do )（6）Do people usually_ moon cakes at Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, they do. Did you

45、_moon cakes第 14 頁(yè) 共 33 頁(yè)last Mid-autumn Festival? Yes, I did. I _a lot of delicious moon cakes. ( eat )八、there/here be 結(jié)構(gòu)1、there be 結(jié)構(gòu)表示“某時(shí)、某地存在著什么事物或人”，包括 there is、there are、there was、there were。here be 結(jié)構(gòu)與它類(lèi)似，用法也完全相同，只不過(guò)是表示“這里存在著什么事物或人”。2、和 have、has、had 的區(qū)別：（1）There be 句型表示：在某地有某物（或人） ；而 have、has、h