大學(xué)英語6-7_what is soc med

1、Unit SevenWhat is Social Medicine?.Do you believe?Before we begin, answer these 3 questions:1.Should doctors feel a compelling duty to help the huge numbers of people who suffer diseases caused by poverty, malnutrition, and a lack of education?.2. Whether or not you could do it,do you admire doctors

2、 who make helping the poortheir lifes work?.3.Do you think a doctor should become involved in politics to help his patients?(Do you feel that a doctor may need to leave medicine for politics under certain conditions?).The 3 Authors of this articlebelieve the answers to these 3 questions are: “yes, y

3、es, & yes”.They themselves have dedicated their professional lives to serving the poor.And throughout the article, you see how deeply they admire doctors who both serve the poor and work for political reform.One last question,.can you think of any examples of doctors whose concern for the welfar

4、e of the people turned them into political advocates?Can you name people who were trained to use medicine to heal sick individuals but turned to politics to heal society?.From Dr. to AdvocateDr. Jiang Yanyong (b. October 4, 1931) the Beijing doctor who publicized the politically motivated under-repo

5、rting of the SARS epidemic in China. .From Dr. to Political Reformer.Ernesto “Che” Guevara.Lead-in questions1. What is sociology? What is medicine? Do you know anything about social medicine?2. Why do we need to look at the social factors related to the patients? 3. Which aspect of social medicine a

6、re you most interested in?4. Can you list some important figures in social medicine?.A Closer Look(Paragraph 1 is the stylistic start but it does not seem to be the main thesis or unifying paragraph in this article.) It says, Health care in the U.S. is a mess.Big business- insurance and pharmacy com

7、panies- have taken over.Patients are paying more money now for health care, and getting less and less to show for it poorer outcomes than in many other countries.Paragraphs 2, 3, & 4 contain the real thesis (paragraph 2), defining characteristics of social medicine (3), and the presentation plan

8、 for the rest of the paper (4).ParaphrasingParagraph 2: But big business hasnt completely killed Medicine in the U.S.There is hope. It comes from a history of progressive activism.In the 1800s, that activism led to “the systematic study of the relationship between society, disease, and medicine”That

9、s social medicine- even if exact definitions vary.3All definitions of social medicine point to 3 central characteristics or beliefs:1. Social and economic conditions effect health, disease, and medical practice.2. Society has a duty to focus on public health.3. Society must promote health through bo

10、th individual efforts and public/government efforts.4: The PlanA.Discuss origins of social medicine in Europe, andB.its spread to the U.S. & Latin America.C.Then, how can this example of progressive activism help us deal with the problems of modern health issues and health care.Rudolf Ludwig Kar

11、l Virchow firo, viro(* 13. Oktober 1821 in Schivelbein, Pommern; 5. September 1902 in Berlin)Die Medizin ist eine soziale Wissenschaft, und die Politik ist nichts weiter als Medizin im Groen.“ Virchow beteiligte sich an der Mrzrevolution 1848.Part II (Paras4-8) How Social and Economic Conditions Imp

12、act Health and Disease1. Rudolph Carl Virchow (13 October 1821 5 September 1902) one of the founders of social medicine; the father of modern pathology“Report on Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia”one of the neglected classics of social medicinea term he did much to popularize. His analysis of the epi

13、demic emphasized the economic, social, and cultural factors involved in its etiology, and clearly identified the contradictory social forces that prevented any simple solution. Instead of recommending medical changes (i.e., more doctors or hospitals), he outlined a revolutionary program of social re

14、construction; including full employment, higher wages, the establishment of agricultural cooperatives, universal education, and the disestablishment of the Catholic Church. concept of “artificial epidemics” arising in periods of social disruption.Drawing comparisons with 2. the struggle against AIDS

15、 to illustrate Virchows concept of “artificial epidemics not only is it a fight against an infectious diseasebut its also a struggle for the rights of women, children, sex workers, and sexual minorities-a struggle to deliver clinical care to some of the worlds poorest people. Generic medications hop

16、e to help millions versusthe rights of pharmaceutical corporations to their “intellectual property” which trumps public health.3. organized medicine has traditionally been slow to accept the fact that social factors play an important role in disease.4. early inspiration of social medicine came from

17、European health statisticsHealth and disease were correlated respectively with wealth and poverty. Unfortunately, this remains true today and health inequalities are an active area of research and activism. .Dr. Thomas Hodgkin (17981866)considered one of the most prominent pathologists of his time a

18、nd a pioneer in preventive medicine. He is now best known for the first account of Hodgkins disease, a form of lymphoma and blood disease, in 1832. Hodgkins work marked the beginning of times when a pathologist was actively involved in the clinical process.(Henry) Norman Bethune (March 4, 1890 Novem

19、ber 12, 1939; Chinese: 白求恩; pinyin: Bi Qin) Remembered for his service as a frontline surgeon supporting the Republican government during the Spanish Civil War and for his service with the Communist Eighth Route Army (Ba Lu Jun) during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Dr. Bethune effectively brought mo

20、dern medicine to rural China and frequently treated sick villagers just as often as wounded soldiers.A well-regarded socialist and WWI veteran, he wrote that wars were motivated by profits, not principles.“The last time I checked my medical textbooks, the specific therapy for malnutrition was, in fa

21、ct, food.” -Dr. H. Jack Geiger, 1965 Geiger has been part of human rights missions for PHR, the UN, and the AAAS to former Yugoslavia, Iraq and Kurdistan, the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and South Africa. Most of his professional career has been focused on the related issues of health, poverty, and ci

22、vil rights. He started the first 2 community health centers in the U.S. These centers became models for the national network of more than 1100 CHCs serving some 20 million low-income and minority patients.Part III (Paras9-10) The Health of the Population is a Matter of Social ConcernMany saw these d

23、isparities as a call for social reform or revolution. Thomas HodgkinNorman BethuneDuring the twentieth century Latin America developed one of the most active centers of social medicine. Salvador AllendeChe Guevarait emphasizes praxis: developing a close relationship between theory and practice.Part

24、IV (Paras11-15) Society Should Promote Health through Both Individual and Social Means1. Socially-minded physicians began to look for ways in which their clinical practice might reflect different social values.If politics is medicine writ large, it is also apparent that medicine is politics writ sma

25、ll. (“Medicine is a SOCIAL science and Politics is nothing more than Medicine on a larger scale.” Politics was a natural outgrowth of Vorchows concern for the people. He took part in the March 1848 Revolution and later founded the German Progressive Party. )The way in which clinical care is provided

26、 has important political ramifications. .2. As a result, the community-oriented primary care model incorporated innovations based on social medicine principles. Clinical care was the responsibility of a team composed of a primary care doctor, a community nurse, and a health educator (typically someo

27、ne drawn from the community). The health team, unlike the traditional family doctor, would systematically consider the implications of the broader social context for individual patients and the possible epidemiological implications of new diagnoses in their individual patients.3. Many of the ideals

28、of the community health movement were embodied in the Declaration of Alma-Ata issued by the World Health Organizations 1978 International Conference on Primary Care. It reaffirmed the WHOs holistic definition of health .The “existing gross inequality in health” was unacceptable.People have the right

29、 to participate in the organization and implementation of health care.Primary care should be universally available.Part V (Paras16-19) Is Social Medicine Relevant to Medical Practice Today?1. Two decades of “market reform” in U.S. health care have not given all Americans affordable, quality health c

30、are nor is it likely to do so. The essence of the problem is a political one. (Health care is a political problem.)2. Clinicians know the lives of their patients intimately and thus are uniquely suited to understand the political and social dimensions of their patients problems. (Doctors must use th

31、eir special insight to advocate for the political reform of health care.)3. The logical answer to the question as to how conditions similar to those unfolded before our eyes in Upper Silesia can be prevented in the future is, therefore, very easy and simple: education, with its daughters liberty and

32、 prosperity. (Stop future health tragedies by spreading knowledge, freedom, and economic security).Doctors without BordersInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War.Concern for Care can lead to political advocacyInternational Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War or to an atte

33、mpt to deliver care without overtly taking any side but the patients.Medicins sans Frontiers.Discussion and Presentation: Discuss the following topics with your partner or group members. Then present your conclusions in your group or class.1. Compare Social Medicine with clinical medicine.2. Do you

34、agree with Eisenbergs notion that “All medicine is inescapably social medicine” ?3. What do you think of the new definition of health by WHO in1948: “Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” 4. Discuss the development o

35、f social medicine in different countries, especially in China.5. What consequences will social medicine bring us? 6. Why is social medicine necessary and important for medical students?.Supplementary Word StudyPara 1disguise disaiz n.1. an outward semblance that misrepresents the true nature of some

36、thing The theatrical notion of disguise is always associated with catastrophe in his stories. 2. any attire that modifies the appearance in order to conceal the wearers identity.3. the act of concealing the identity of something by modifying its appearance He is a master of disguise. v. -make unreco

37、gnizable The herb disguises the garlic taste.We disguised our faces before going to the party. .Para 2in earnest adv. - in a serious mannerIn just the three years since researchers started looking in earnest, they have found hundreds of microRNAsmore than 150 in humans alone.take on v. 承擔(dān)；呈現(xiàn)；具有；流行；接

38、納；雇用；穿上;挑戰(zhàn) assume1. take on a certain form, attribute, or aspectThe campus has taken on a new look.校園換了新貌。.The old term has taken on a new meaning.這個(gè)舊詞有了新的含義。2. take on titles, offices, duties, responsibilities3. accept as a challenge4. admit into a group or community5. contend against an opponent i

39、n a sport, game, or battle.Para 3shed light on - v. make free from confusion or ambiguity; make clear 闡明；使清楚地顯出The authors believe their research could also shed light on how humans learn to speak.Para 4disruption disrpn n.1. an act of delaying or interrupting the continuity2. a disorderly outburst

40、or tumult.3. an event that results in a displacement or discontinuity4. the act of causing disorderPara 6outrage autreid n.1. a feeling of righteous anger2. a wantonly cruel act3. a disgraceful event4. the act of scandalizing.v.1. strike with disgust or revulsion2. violate the sacred character of a

41、place or language3. force (someone) to have sex against their willdeny dinai v.1. declare untrue; contradict2. refuse to accept or believe3. refuse to grant, as of a petition or request.4. refuse to let have5. deny oneself (something); restrain, especially from indulging in some pleasure6. deny form

42、ally (an allegation of fact by the opposing party) in a legal suit7. refuse to recognize or acknowledgePara 8inspiration ,insprein n.1. arousal of the mind to special unusual activity or creativity 靈感.2. a product of your creative thinking and work He had little respect for the inspirations of other

43、 artists. 3. a sudden intuition as part of solving a problem 妙計(jì)4. (theology) a special influence of a divinity on the minds of human beings5. arousing to a particular emotion or action鼓舞6. the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing 吸氣.Para 12oriented :rientid adj. -

44、adjusted or located in relation to surroundings or circumstances; sometimes used in combination The house had its large windows oriented toward the ocean view. The first week of the new semester is devoted to helping freshmen become oriented to college life. The book is value-oriented throughout. .in