寫作指導(dǎo)：圖表作文寫作指南

1、圖表作文寫作指南圖表作文寫作指南表格（Table ）可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格常由標(biāo)題（Title ）、表頭（Boxhead）（表格的第一 行）、側(cè)目（Stub）（表格左邊的第一列）和主體（ Body）部 分（表格的其余部分）等部分組成。圖作文圖作文又可分為三種：圓形圖作文、曲線圖作文和條狀圖作文。（1）圓形圖作文圓形圖（Pie chart ）也稱為餅狀圖或圓面分割圖。圓形圖因?yàn)楸容^形象和直觀，各部分空間大小差別容易分辨，所以常用來表示總量和各分量之間的百分比關(guān)系。整個(gè)圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時(shí)圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)確、清楚。例如：This is

2、a piechart of the average weekly expenditure of a family inGreat Britain. As can be see from the chart， the mainexpenditure of an average British family is spent onfood， which accounts for 25%of its total expenditure.The next two significant expending items are transportand housing ， which are 15% a

3、nd 12% respectively. Ifwe take into account clothing and footwear ，which makes up 10% the four essentials of life , that is , food , transport , housing , and clothing and footwear , amount to 62% of the total expenditure.（2）曲線圖作文曲線圖（Line graph ）也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。曲線圖 最適合表示兩個(gè)變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過程和趨勢(shì)。一般來 說，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一

4、點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意 義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時(shí) 間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時(shí)必須找出線條所反 映的最高或最低的變化。例如：這個(gè)曲線圖的橫軸代表 1990年的不同的月份，縱軸代 表交通事故的數(shù)量。從交通事故曲線圖上可知，前八個(gè)月的 交通事故的數(shù)量有升有降。曲線圖在八月份升到了最高點(diǎn)（39），此后一直呈下降的趨勢(shì)，十二月份降到了最低點(diǎn) （16）?？梢?，1990年的交通事故的數(shù)量總體上呈下降的趨 勢(shì)。（3）條形圖作文條形圖（Bar graph ）也稱為立柱圖或圓柱圖。條形圖 由寬度相同但長(zhǎng)度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個(gè) 項(xiàng)目或量時(shí)，常用不同顏色來區(qū)分。

5、條形圖主要用來表示：1）同一項(xiàng)目在不同時(shí)間的量；2）同一時(shí)間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時(shí)，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個(gè)刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長(zhǎng)條所表示 的數(shù)據(jù)及各長(zhǎng)條間的相互關(guān)系。例如：左邊的條形圖的橫軸代表時(shí)間，縱軸代表期望壽命（期這一19601960（Life Expectancy），這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的是同一項(xiàng)目 望壽命）在不同時(shí)間的量。右邊的條形圖的橫軸也是代表時(shí) 間，縱軸是代表嬰兒的死亡率（Infant Mortality ），條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的也是同一項(xiàng)目（嬰兒的死亡率）在不同時(shí) 間的量。左邊的條形圖表明1990年的人均期望壽命比年的人均期望壽命長(zhǎng) 20

6、歲，而1990年的嬰兒死亡率比 年的嬰兒死亡率下降了 50%圖表作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫圖表作文時(shí)，常采用三段式的謀篇方式。文章的第一 段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什么問題或趨勢(shì)，概述圖 表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問題或趨勢(shì)的原因。 第三段則展望未來的情況或提出解決問題的辦法或建議。這 一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡(jiǎn)單地表述為：第一段：概述圖表反映的主題思想第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因第三段：展望未來或提出方法或建議圖表作文常用的句型（1 ）常用的開篇句型（即概述圖表內(nèi)容時(shí)常用的表達(dá)法） According to the table/pie chart/line graph /bar graph, we can s

7、ee/conclude that 根據(jù)該表 / 圖，我們 可知 Thetable/graphreveals(shows/indicates/il lustrates/ represents/points out)that該表/圖表明 As we can see from the table As can be seen from the line/bar graphAs is shown (illustrated/indicated)in the piechart 如表/圖所示，(2)描述增減變化常用的句型 Compared with is still increased by The num

8、ber of grew/rose from to An increase is shown in ;then came a sharp increase of In the number remains the same/drops to There was a very slight (small/slow/gradual) with that of last year).rise/increase in 1990. There was(marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/(decrease/decline/fall/reduction)a verysteadydramati

9、c)dropin 1998/ comparedAs is shown in the graph 女口圖所示The graph sho ws that 圖表顯示As can be seen from the table, 從表格中可以看 出From the chart, we know that 從這張表中 ，我們可知All these data clearly prove the fact that所有這些數(shù)據(jù)明顯證明這一事實(shí)，即The increase of .in the city has reached to 20%.這個(gè)城市的.增長(zhǎng)已達(dá)到 20%.In 1985, the number

10、 remained the same.1985年,這個(gè)數(shù)字保持不變.There was a gradual decline in 1989.1989年,出現(xiàn)了逐漸下降的情況.1. 有用的詞上升：increase 、rise、 ascend 、core、 surge 、 go up 、climb 、mount、 level up下降：decrease、fall 、drop、descend、decline 、 reduce 、lessen、level down 平穩(wěn):stable、steady、remain/maintain/keep/be the same as/similar to波動(dòng):flu

11、ctuate、 fluctuation 、 rise and falls 、 up and down占:occupy、take up 、account for 、gain而:while、however、r whereas、on the other hand、 actually/in fact相比:by contract 、 on the contrary 、 likewise 、 compared with最高點(diǎn):the highest 、the top 、 the summit 、the peak、the most最低點(diǎn)：bottom 、less 、least 、rock bottom平均:

12、mean、average趨勢(shì):tendency、trend、inclination預(yù)見:prediction達(dá)到頂峰：mount to在 * 中占 *:*gain the percentage of有一個(gè)穩(wěn)定的過程 :a stable period can be seen1. 表示原因(在描述過圖表的數(shù)據(jù)后，需要對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的表 現(xiàn)做一下分析，可以用以下句型)1) There are three reasons for this.2) The reasons for this are as follows.3) The reason for this is obvious.4) The reason

13、 for this is not far to seek.5) The reason for this is that.6) We have good reason to believe that.例如：There are three reasons for the changes that havetaken place in our life.Firstly , people ' s living standard has been greatly improved.Secondly , most people are well paid , and they can afford

14、 what they need or like.Last but not least, more and more peopleprefer to enjoy modern life.2. 表示好處1) It has the following advantages.2) It does us a lot of good.3) It benefits us quite a lot.4) It is beneficial to us.5) It is of great benefit to us.例如：Books are like friends.They ca n help us know t

15、heworld better , and they can open our minds and widen our horizons.Therefore , reading extensively is of great benefit to us.3. 表示壞處1) It has more disadvantages than advantages.2) It does us much harm.3) lt is harmful to us.例如：However, everything dividesinto two.Television can also be harmful to us

16、t can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.4. 表示重要、必要、困難、方便、可能1) Itis important(necessary , difficult ,convenient , possible)for sb.to do sth.2) We think it necessary to do sth.3) It plays an important role in our life.例如：Computers are now being used e

17、verywhere , whether in the government , in schools or in business.Soon,computers will be found in every home, too.We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age.范文 1How People Spent Their HolidaysYear 1990 19

18、95 2000Traveling 37% 51% 76%Staying at home 63% 49% 24%1.上圖所示為1990、1995、2000年某城市人們度假方式的情況，請(qǐng)描述其變化：2. 請(qǐng)說明發(fā)生這些變化的原因。3. 得出結(jié)論。How People Spent Their HolidaysAs can be seen from the table, the past decade have witnessed dramatic changes in the way people spent their holiday between 1990 and 2000n 1990, 63

19、% of people spent their holidays at home, while the figure dropped considerably to 24%in 2000. It is obvious from the table that people tended to be more and more mobile, and they wanted to get entertainment in the outside world.What contributed to these changes? I think the reasons are as follows.

20、To start with, with the rapid development of economy, people earn by far more money than they used to. Thus, people are able to afford traveling expenses. Secondly, people think it important toget well-informed about the outside world in this new era when everything is on the move. Traveling, of cou

21、rse, is a sure way to achieve this goal. What s more,in this competitive society, people are usually undergreat stress. However, it is not difficult to find traveling an effective way to relieve people ' s stress and get relaxation. Last but not least, by traveling outside, people are close to n

22、ature, which is not only beneficial to both their health and peace of mind.In conclusion, people prefer to go traveling rather than stay at home during holidays for a combination of reasons. Moreover, it seems that this trend will last in the foreseeable future.范文2Directions:For this part, you are a

23、llowed 30minutes to write a composition of no less than 100 words on Changes in People ' s Diet. Study the following table carefully and yourcomposition must be based on the information given in the table. Write three paragraphs to:1. State the changes in people ' s diet（飲食）inthe past five y

24、ears2. Give possible reasons for the changes3. Draw your own conclusionYou should quote as few figures as possible.Kinds1986 1987 1988 1989 1990Grain 49%47%46.5% 45% 45%Milk10%11%11%12% 13%Meat17%20%22.5% 23% 21%Fruit andVegetable 24%22%20%20%21%Total100% 100%100% 100% 100%范文Changes in People ' s DietAs can be seen in the table, there have been great changes in people ' s diet in the past five years. Grain used to