牛津上海版九年級(jí)下完形填空講解教案

1、牛津上海版九年級(jí)下完形填空講解教案九年級(jí)下完形填空講解教案一、“完形填空”概述完形填空通過(guò)有目的、有計(jì)劃地破壞短文中段與段、句與句之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系，在語(yǔ)篇中測(cè)試學(xué)生的綜合語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用能力。初中完形填空短文難度適中，長(zhǎng)度一般在120-260詞之間，留出10-15個(gè)空白處，每空1分。設(shè)空注重在語(yǔ)境中考查詞義。備選答案四個(gè)(單詞為主、詞組為輔)，一般屬同一詞類(lèi)，同一范疇，而且往往都與前后的詞構(gòu)成某種搭配，有很大的迷惑性和干擾性。1. “完形填空”的題型完形填空體裁以記敘文為主，題材涉及日常生活、人物故事、社會(huì)人文。選材新穎、語(yǔ)言地道、注重 材料的思想性和趣味性。首句保持完整，不挖空，給學(xué)生留出一個(gè)完整

2、的信息句。主要考查實(shí)詞，包括動(dòng)詞、名詞、形容詞和副詞，虛詞考查為輔。2. “完形填空”的考查能力要求考生在理解全文大意的基礎(chǔ)上，從詞義辨析、詞語(yǔ)搭配、詞法和句法等方面做發(fā)散性思維，此外 還考查篇章理解能力、邏輯推理和分析判斷能力，即在整體理解的基礎(chǔ)上，分別利用前暗示、后暗示和綜 合分析，聯(lián)系上下文和常識(shí)做合乎邏輯的分析與判斷。二、完形填空的命題角度從近年各地的中考完型填空題所考查的內(nèi)容來(lái)看，完型填空的命題是多角度、全方位的。歸納起來(lái)主 要包括以下幾個(gè)方面的內(nèi)容。1) .詞語(yǔ)搭配(1)由搭配關(guān)系而產(chǎn)生的一般性詞匯。如： see a film, watch TV ; a glass of wate

3、r, a cup of tea 等。(2)詞序或意義相對(duì)固定的復(fù)合詞或動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。如： long curly black hair (長(zhǎng)卷黑頭發(fā)),push ahead with(奮力前行)等。(3)由于英美文化習(xí)俗的差異而導(dǎo)致不同的理解。如： black tea (紅茶)，brown bread (黑面包)等(4)由構(gòu)詞法產(chǎn)生的詞語(yǔ)。如： act加上-or變成actor, visit加上-or變成visitor, write加上-er變成 writer表示相應(yīng)的.的人。但是，cook力口上-er,應(yīng)理解為 炊具”，而不是 廚師”；hard加上-ly變成hardly 意為幾乎不，而不是 努力地；

4、friend加上-ly變成friendly應(yīng)理解為形容詞友好的“，而不是副詞。(5)區(qū)別形異而意義相聯(lián)系的詞組。如：say往往加說(shuō)話的內(nèi)容，say something , say a word等；speak往往加English , Chinese, Japanese等表示語(yǔ)言的單詞；tell往往本成tell a story lie 等；而talk通常構(gòu)成詞 組 talk withto somebody 或 talk about something 等。2)語(yǔ)法判定(1)在完形填空題中出現(xiàn)的詞通常包括名詞、動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞、代詞、介詞和冠詞等。a.名同通?？疾榈氖敲~的所有格，可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)

5、名詞（也包含可數(shù)名詞的不規(guī)則變化）等方面內(nèi)容。在名詞的所有格當(dāng)中，分別占有或共同占有的物品和復(fù)合名詞的所有格的考查是難點(diǎn)。如Lily and Lucy sroom表示“Lucy和Lily共同占有房間，Lily s and Lucy sTOOms Lucy和Lily 都擁有自己的房 間“；又如 Chinese, sheep, deer等單復(fù)數(shù)同形；再如 a two-hour walk相當(dāng)于two hours walkC者要加以 辨別。b.動(dòng)詞通?？疾閯?dòng)詞的各種形式構(gòu)成以及相類(lèi)似動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別等。如不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式和過(guò)去分詞的構(gòu)成， teach-taught-taught, catch-caught

6、-caught, bring-brought-brought 和 buy-bought-bought 等都是經(jīng)?？疾榈膬?nèi) 容。c.介詞主要考查其與動(dòng)詞的固定搭配等。 如：turn on 與turn off, turn up 與 turn down , take pride in 與 be proud of, cut off 與 cut down , do well in 與 be good at, hear of 與 hear from , a kind of （種）與 kinds of （些，少許）等的區(qū)別。d.代詞更多的是考查人稱(chēng)代詞、物主代詞和不定代詞等的用法，也有可能考查人稱(chēng)代詞中主格

7、的排序等方面內(nèi)容。具體包括：主格與賓格，名詞性物主彳t詞與形容詞性物主代詞的區(qū)別；other, the other, another, others,the others之間的區(qū) 另1J;修飾不定代詞的形容詞后置，如 something different, anything else等。e.連詞主要考查前后句的關(guān)聯(lián)以及上下文的邏輯關(guān)系。在 Go for it八年級(jí)（下）的first, next, then, finally等 連詞較為常見(jiàn)。f.形容詞和副詞主要考查詞義的區(qū)別，比較等級(jí)的詞形變化以及修飾比較等級(jí)的為數(shù)不多的幾個(gè)副詞的使用。如：hard表示努力的，hardly表示幾乎不；frie

8、ndly是形容詞，意為 友好的；much, even, far, a lot, a little 等通?？梢孕揎棻容^級(jí)。g.冠詞主要考察 the 與 an 的用法。如： play the piano guitar violin drum , an hour, a European 等。（2）句法題主要考查時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，條件狀語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、定語(yǔ)從句和感嘆句等句式中的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)序、主謂一致、引導(dǎo)詞或連接詞等方面知識(shí)。a.時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句和條件狀語(yǔ)從句更多的考查引導(dǎo)詞的區(qū)別以及當(dāng)主句用了一般將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài)（或是祈使句）的情況下，從句均用相應(yīng)的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表將來(lái)的情況。如：I will go for a wal

9、k with my grandpa if it is fine tomorrow. b.賓語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句主要考查that, how, who, where, when和which等引導(dǎo)詞等的選擇，以及從句用陳述句語(yǔ)序的情況。如：I don t know when the train leaves （陳述句語(yǔ)序） .而不能表達(dá)為 I don t know when does the train leave （疑 問(wèn)句語(yǔ)序）.c.感嘆句主要考查引導(dǎo)詞 How與What用法上的區(qū)別，其他內(nèi)容基本上不作考試要求。三、完形填空的解題策略1 .解題步驟1 ).重視首尾，把握全文首先瀏覽文章的首句和尾句，

10、把握文章大意。2 ).跳空猜讀，了解大意“跳空速讀”，邊猜邊想，弄清各段落、各層次之間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。具體方法是：不看選項(xiàng)，憑語(yǔ)感，依上傍下，通讀全文，在整體層面上領(lǐng)悟“殘缺的”語(yǔ)篇大意，初步猜選出淺易的答案，若恰好 是選項(xiàng)之一或是其同義詞，則十有八九是正確答案。3 ).瞻前顧后，領(lǐng)悟語(yǔ)境完形填空試題在選項(xiàng)的設(shè)置上越來(lái)越注重語(yǔ)境，逐步淡化了語(yǔ)法，即把具體的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)融入具體的語(yǔ)言情景中去，通過(guò)上下文的前后提示或暗示，以此來(lái)考查考生對(duì)文章的整體把握能力。解題時(shí)要快速瀏覽全文，領(lǐng)悟文章主旨，通過(guò)上下文語(yǔ)境來(lái)選擇答案。先易后難，對(duì)有把握的選項(xiàng)“一錘定音”；若有的選項(xiàng)沒(méi)有把握，可暫時(shí)先擱一下，往下看，往往會(huì)

11、“柳暗花明”。4 ).復(fù)讀全文，全面驗(yàn)證做完題目后，不管對(duì)全文是否已有豁然開(kāi)朗之感，或還是依然似懂非懂，都要復(fù)讀全文，驗(yàn)證答案。復(fù)查時(shí)要從語(yǔ)篇層次和語(yǔ)法層次兩個(gè)角度考慮。特別要注意，是選擇“最佳”而不只是“正確” 答案。在檢查時(shí)要注意：(1)上下文的一致性。(2)從語(yǔ)義、慣用法及詞性搭配，甚至語(yǔ)感入手，看 是否符合上下文邏輯。2 .完形填空解題技巧1) .確認(rèn)關(guān)鍵詞，理順?biāo)伎季€索短文中句與句、段與段之間往往有表達(dá)其內(nèi)在聯(lián)系的短語(yǔ)和邏輯關(guān)系詞，如連接詞、代詞、插入語(yǔ)、 轉(zhuǎn)折詞等，它們是提供語(yǔ)境的關(guān)鍵詞，具有因果、讓步、遞進(jìn)、轉(zhuǎn)折、列舉、承上啟下的特殊功能。如表 示并列關(guān)系的詞有：and, or等

12、；表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的有：but, while, however等；表示因果關(guān)系的有：because, so, as, since, because of等； 表示條件關(guān)系的有： if, whether 等； 表示順序關(guān)系的有： first, second, finally, then, next 等；表示時(shí)間關(guān)系的有 now, later, before, after, when, yet等。在答題時(shí)，若能 慧眼識(shí)詞“，就能迅速理清文 章脈絡(luò)，抓準(zhǔn)主旨大意。典型例題題例1： Chinese is also difficult for me, but we shouldn 48 t48. A. gi

13、ve up B. turn down C. go overKeys:首先確認(rèn)but這個(gè)關(guān)鍵詞，在句中是個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的語(yǔ)篇標(biāo)志語(yǔ)。再根據(jù)短語(yǔ)辨析，A項(xiàng)表示放棄;B項(xiàng)表示拒絕；C項(xiàng)表示復(fù)習(xí)。通讀句子，應(yīng)選Ao2) .把握上下文的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系，確定最佳選項(xiàng)完形填空題的邏輯性很強(qiáng)，前后內(nèi)容往往相互照應(yīng)或相互限定。忽視上下文的信息提示是學(xué)生常犯的錯(cuò) 誤。若單憑一句句、一段段孤立地作答，結(jié)果必定會(huì)出現(xiàn)連鎖反應(yīng)，一錯(cuò)再錯(cuò)，錯(cuò)連一串。因此，考生在 做完形填空的過(guò)程中，應(yīng)學(xué)會(huì)邊讀邊在大腦中儲(chǔ)藏上下文的信息。信息提示有時(shí)在前，有時(shí)在后。典型例題例2： Later I asked, Whydid you dial the

14、 number 52 ?” She smiled, My parents are old.They can t get close to the telephone 53 . 52. A. once B. Twice C. several times D. many time53. A. lonely B. Slowly C. quietly D. quicklyKeys: 52題的信息提示出現(xiàn)在前面。做題的關(guān)鍵在于：考生要對(duì)前面撥了兩次電話”的信息在大腦中進(jìn)行儲(chǔ)存，這樣就很容易得到答案Bo53題的信息可從上文我父母年紀(jì)大了 ”推斷出父母行動(dòng)遲緩。因此，他們無(wú)法迅速過(guò)來(lái)接聽(tīng)電話?！贝鸢高x才D

15、D。3) .根據(jù)詞語(yǔ)固定搭配和習(xí)慣用法解題詞的慣用法與固定搭配是完形填空題考查的重點(diǎn)之一，答題時(shí)要多從慣用語(yǔ)和固定搭配的角度去考慮 問(wèn)題，特別是動(dòng)詞的用法和各種搭配關(guān)系。平時(shí)要多讀、多記，對(duì)所學(xué)習(xí)語(yǔ)或固定搭配牢固掌握，并能靈 活運(yùn)用。典型例題例 3: “To stop someone from stealing the trees, I 45 them up six days ago. I have hidden ( 藏)them for almost a week! ”45. A. sent B. pulled C. put D. pickedKeys:考生只要弄懂 up在這里與pull搭配

16、，表示 拔起來(lái)”，就可以迅速選 B。4) .利用語(yǔ)法分析解題完形填空中也有題目是考查語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的。解答這類(lèi)題，不僅要理解上下文的邏輯關(guān)系，更要有針對(duì)性 地對(duì)語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、句式特點(diǎn)，對(duì)短文中所設(shè)空格中需填的詞在句子里作何成分，哪類(lèi)詞合適，應(yīng)采取什么形 式等進(jìn)行必要的分析思考，以便迅速解題。比如，選用動(dòng)詞就要考慮各種時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、語(yǔ)氣及如何與其它 詞類(lèi)配合使用等一系列問(wèn)題。典型例題例4： When they were ready to take her away, they were surprised to find that a baby in her armwas 46 alive. The bab

17、y was sleeping and 47 hurt at all.46. A. stillB. oftenC. neverD. not47. A. isB. isn t C. wasD. wasn tKeys: be still alive常搭配使用，表示 還活著“，因此，46題很容易選擇 A。第47題可從The baby was sleeping 判斷時(shí)態(tài)是過(guò)去時(shí)，故后半句從語(yǔ)法上考慮時(shí)態(tài)應(yīng)和上半句保持一致；再?gòu)纳衔牡膕urprised這個(gè)詞就可以選擇出該題的答案為 D。批注：平時(shí)要注意語(yǔ)法知識(shí)的積累。5) .排除錯(cuò)誤，正確選擇有時(shí)碰到某個(gè)選項(xiàng)含義或用法不甚明了，但發(fā)現(xiàn)其它選項(xiàng)有顯而易見(jiàn)的

18、錯(cuò)誤，這時(shí)可用排除法：按空格 位置，從語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞語(yǔ)搭配、習(xí)慣用法、上下文意思、詞義辨析等方面，對(duì)選項(xiàng)逐項(xiàng)檢查驗(yàn)證，排除干 擾項(xiàng)，從而確定正確答案。典型例題例 5: Her mother was getting old and still 48 the daughter.48. A. looked forB. looked overC. looked atD.looked upKeys:根據(jù)上下文可得知：盡管她母親年紀(jì)越來(lái)越大了，卻還一直在尋找她的女兒。looked over忽視，忽略，looked at看見(jiàn)，在這里不符合文章意思，可排除。looked for尋找，符合上下文。6) .研讀細(xì)節(jié)

19、，準(zhǔn)確認(rèn)定語(yǔ)境，擺脫定向思維干擾有時(shí)學(xué)習(xí)方法不當(dāng)，老師又對(duì)某些知識(shí)點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了過(guò)度強(qiáng)調(diào)，就會(huì)盲目就 空“論 空”。如看到自己比較熟悉的句子、短語(yǔ)等語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)，便不假思索地去選，正好誤入歧途其實(shí)，從出題特點(diǎn)來(lái)看，每個(gè)選擇項(xiàng)并不是一種單純的詞匯辨析，因?yàn)閺恼Z(yǔ)法角度分析，每個(gè)選項(xiàng)都正確，而能否恰如其分地傳達(dá)文意才是解題 的關(guān)鍵。典型例題7) ： One morning, Sue was riding her bike to school. She was late, so she decided to take a shortcut ( 捷徑).But she made a mistake and 46

20、into a one-way street.46) A. walked B. looked C. turned D. droveKeys:此題若僅看前面的riding ,有些同學(xué)容易思維定勢(shì)，選擇 drove這個(gè)詞。但仔細(xì)推敲語(yǔ)境，本題應(yīng) 該是：Sue為了走捷徑卻不小心把車(chē)拐入一個(gè)單行道里。應(yīng)選 Co7).發(fā)揮邏輯思維能力，挖掘文章寓意、隱意近年來(lái)完形填空以敘事為主，內(nèi)容貼近生活，表層意思易于理解，所以容易給學(xué)生造成一種假象，產(chǎn)生 輕敵心理。因此，解題時(shí)不僅要明確文章的表層意義，更要挖掘文章的深層含義，做到表里如一典型例題例7: There is one interesting thing t

21、o note - some scientists say bodies can do an amazing job on their own when you have a cold, so taking medicine isn48 f(tractua The virus stays in you 49 because your body doesnhave a way to kill it by itself.48. A. badB. goodC. SeriousD luck49. A. longerB. shorterC. fewerD.lessKeys:答48、49題時(shí)要注意領(lǐng)悟文章的

22、深層意義。答案選項(xiàng)看似都可以接受，其實(shí)，從文章上下文和語(yǔ) 篇層次來(lái)解答，這里只有B和A符合文意，使文章邏輯通順。強(qiáng)化練習(xí)AToday some people call Amster dam the “ City of Bicycles because it is a city which is flat and convenient for bicycles.In the 1960s, a group of cycling fans 1 an idea. They believed that it would bebetter for everybody if only bicycles we

23、re allowed in the city centre. They were 2that this would help so save energy, reduce pollution and provide free public transport. The group painted hundreds of bicycles 3 and placed them in public places around Amsterdam for people to use.4 was allowed to take them and use them for short journeys,

24、whether he was a local or a foreigner. Wherever someone finished a journey, they would 5 the bike there for someone else to use. The problem was that it didn 6 took all the bicycles within weeks!White bike7 more than thirty years later, t he “ white bike is back in towns time with a computer chip( 芯

25、片)to 8 its every move! To take a bicycle, you have to put a special card inside. The new”more but is an unusual 9 with bright colours. The bikes are parked at special parking places and people who want to use them have to take them to another place that has enough room.There is already less traffic

26、in central Amsterdam, 10 both locals and tourists have been using the white bikes. Thanks to the good ideas of lots of people, like the cycling fans in the 1960s, many people around the world have been enjoying city centre streets without cars for many years.()1.A. stoleB. hadC. refusedD. dropped()2

27、.A. thoughtfulB. helpfulC. hopefulD. thankful()3.A. blackB. brownC. blueD. white()4.A. AnyoneB. EveryoneC. No oneD. Someone()5.A. takeB. leaveC. carryD.send()6.A. robbersB. shopliftersC. kidnappersD. thieves()7.A. HoweverB. InsteadC. ThereforeD. Though()8.A.makeB. markC. recordD. describe()9.A. desi

28、gnB. ideaC. sizeD. experiment()10.A. soB. becauseC. butD. whileKeys：1.B2.C3.D4.A5.B6.D7.A8.C 9.A10.BBDad is a liar（說(shuō)謊者）certainly. He never tells the truth about anything bad, or anything that he thinks is bad to me, even though I ve told him that I don16 hetaring these things.He s the 17 man I have

29、ever met, who never hurts others, as well as the cruelest man, for healways hard on himself. Every time I phoned home from college and asked Dad how his 18 was getting on,he would always reply,“ Oh, couldn t be better! ” When I asked my mum the same question1o9n the phone,she honestly told me every2

30、0with Dad s business. I didn t blame Dad20r hisInstead I showedconcern for him.Dad is a miser（吝嗇鬼）,undoubtedly. I hardly see Dad wear 22 clothes. In fact , his closet is half empty. Even in this half, two- thirds is occupied by Mum s clothes and tone-therd23 him. I beggedhim to buy some new clothes, but he simply shook his he