英語語法知識點(diǎn)總結(jié)

1、課時一教學(xué)任務(wù)重點(diǎn)語法1.動詞 be (am,is,are )的用法：be動詞包括amf ,is ,are”三種形式。第一人稱單數(shù)(I)配合am來用。句型解析析：I am+第二人稱(You)配合are使用。句型解析：You are+第三人稱單數(shù)(He or She or It) 配合is使用。句型解析：She(He, It) is +人稱復(fù)數(shù)(we /you/they) 配合are使用。句型解析：We (You, They) are +例句 We are in Class 5,Grade 7.They are my friends.You are good students.用法口訣：我(I)

2、用am,你(you)用are , is跟著他(he),她(she),它(it)。單數(shù)名詞用is ,復(fù)數(shù)名詞全用are。變否定，更容易，be后not加上去。變疑問，往前提，句末問號莫丟棄。還有一條須注意，句首大寫莫忘記。1.用括號中適當(dāng)?shù)脑~填空。1. I(am, are, is) from Australia.2. She(am, are, is) a student.3. Jane and Tom(am, is, are) my friends.4. My parents(am, is, are) very busy every day.5. (Are, Is, Do, Does) there

3、 a Chinese school in New York?6. (Be, Are, Were, Was) they excited when he heard the news?7. There(be) some glasses on it.8. If he(be) free tomorrow, he will go with us.9. 用be動詞的適當(dāng)形式填空1. I a boy.you a boy? No, I not.2. The girl Jacks sister.3. The dog tall and fat.4. The man with big eyes a teacher.

4、5. your brother in the classroom?6. Where your mother? She at home.7. How your father?8. Mike and Liu Tao at school.9. Whose dress this?10. Whose socks they?11. That my red skirt.12. Who I?13. The jeans on the desk.14. Here a scarf for you.15. Here some sweaters for you.16. The black gloves for Su Y

5、ang.17. This pair of gloves for Yang Ling.18. The two cups of milk for me.19. Some tea in the glass.20. Gao shans shirt over there.第二課時(1)英語人稱代詞和物主代詞、人稱代詞表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我們”、“你們”、“他們”的詞，叫做人稱代詞。人稱代詞有人稱、數(shù)和格的變化，見下表：人稱單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)主格賓格主格賓格第人稱Imeweus第二人稱youyouyouyou第三人稱hehimtheythemsheheritit人稱代詞主格：作主語，表示誰

6、怎么樣了、干什么了。I am a teacher. You are student. He is a student, too.We/You/They are students.人稱代詞賓格作賓語，表示動作行為的對象。Give it to me. Let s go (let s =let us)二、物主代詞表示所有關(guān)系的代詞叫做物主代詞，也可叫做代詞所有格。物主代詞分形容詞性物主代詞和名詞性物 主代詞二種，其人稱和數(shù)的變化見下表。數(shù) 人稱 類別單數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)A人稱第二人稱第三人稱A人稱第二人稱第三人稱形容詞性物主 代詞myyourhisheritsouryourtheir名詞性物主代詞mineyou

7、rshishersitsoursyourstheirs漢語我的你的他的她的它的我們的他 你們的(她、它) 的形容詞性物主代詞(my/your/his/her/its/our/their)+名詞而名詞性物主代詞則相當(dāng)于形容詞性物主代詞+名詞,故其后不必加名詞。如：Is this your book?No, it isn t , it s hers(her book)This pen is mine.代詞練習(xí)(一)一、選出括號中正確的詞，在正確的詞上打勾。1. This is (my / I ) mother. 2. Nice to meet(your/ you )3.(He / His ) na

8、me is Mark.4. What s (she / her ) name?5. Excuse (me / my / I ) .6. Are(your/ you ) Miss Li?7. (I/ My ) am Ben. 8.(She / Her ) is my sister.9. Fine , thank (your/ you ) . 10. How old is (he / his ) 二、用所給代詞的正確形式填空。1. These are( he ) brothers.2. That is( she ) sister.3. Lily is( Lucy ) sister.4. Tom,

9、this is( me ) cousin, Mary.5. Now(her parent) are in America.6. Those( child ) are( I ) father s students.7. Do you know ( it ) name?8. Mike and Tom( be ) friends.9. Thanks for helping( I ).10. (Ann 安)mother is(we) teacher.三、單項(xiàng)選擇。11. . My family a big family. My family all here.A. is, is B. are, are

10、C. is, are D. are, is12. . This is.A. a picture of familyB. a picture of my familyC. a family s pictureD. a family of my picture( )3. Let s good friends.A. beB. areC. isD. am) 4. Is she your aunt? Yes,A. she sB. her isC. she isD. he is) 5. Are Yes, they are . A. they) 6. Is that _ A. hecoats yours?B

11、. theseC. thisD. thereuncle? No, it isnB. she C. herD. hers() 7. Mrs. Green is grandmother.A. Jim and Kate B. Jim and Kate s C. Jim s and Kate s D. Jim and Kates () 8. Do you know the name Mr. Green s son?A. inB. ofC. onD. or() 9. the great photo of your family.A. thank forB. Thanks for C. Thank for

12、 D. thanks for() 10. Are those your friends? .A. Yes, they re B. No, they are C. Yes, they areD. Yes, those are代詞練習(xí)(二)一、用適當(dāng)?shù)拇~填空1 We like (he, his , him) very much.2 Is this guitar (you, your, yours)?3 (She, Her, Hers) name is Li Li.4 Father bought a desk for (I, my, me, mine).5 (It, Its, Its) is ve

13、ry cold today.6 Is this your book, Mike?Yes ,(we, you, they )are.7 Are you and Tom classmates?Yes, (we, you ,they )are.8 Each of the students ( have, has) a pen pal.9 He has a dog. I want to have (it, one ),too.10 Her parents are (both, all ,either )teachers.11 The text is easy for you .There are (

14、few, a few ,little, a little) new words in it .12 I want ( some, any) bananas. Give me these big (one, ones).二、選擇正確的答案13 Is this book?A youB I C sheD your14 Its a bird. name is Polly.A ItsB Its C HisD It15 Whats that ?a jeep.A itsB Its C ItsD its16 Whats that in English? .A Its eggB Thats egg C Its

15、a eggD Its an egg17 Whose cat is this ? Is it yours? Is it a white ?A catsB one C onesD cats18 Please give the book to .A IB me C myD mine19 skirt is yours?A WhoseB Where C HowD Which20 is this pen ? Its Wang Fangs.A WhosB Whose C WhereD Which21 Kate and Mike do homework in the evening.A ones B his

16、C herD their課 時10 There isnt water in the bottle.簡 單A anyB some C noD a二（ 2）句陳述句 陳述句的否定結(jié)構(gòu)：陳述句的否定式主要用兩種結(jié)構(gòu)來表達(dá)：（ 1 ）句子的謂語動詞為be , have 或者謂語動詞有助動詞、情態(tài)動詞時，其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語 +謂語動詞/ 助動詞 / 情態(tài)動詞+ not + 其他成分I am not a teacher. 我不是老師。We have not (havent) any books on animals.我們沒有任何有關(guān)動物方面的書。The children are not (arent) p

17、laying in the playground.孩子們沒在操場上玩。He will not (wont) come. 他不會來。We must not (mustnt) forget the past.我們不能忘記過去。It could not (couldnt) be lost.它不可能丟的。2）當(dāng)句子的謂語動詞是do （ 即行為動詞） ，而且沒有助動詞或情態(tài)動詞時，其否定結(jié)構(gòu)為：主語+do(does,did) + not + 動詞原形+ 其他成分You do not (dont) come here every day . He does not (doesnt) teach this

18、class . They did not(didnt) watch TV last night .你沒有每天都來這里。他不教這個班。昨晚他們沒看電視。注意：陳述句的語調(diào)一般用降調(diào)。但在表示疑問的語氣時，用升調(diào)，在書面上要用問號來表示。You really want to go to Hong Kong ? 你真的想去香港嗎？這句話表示的是一種疑問，只不過是通過陳述的語序和疑問的語氣來表達(dá)的二 疑問句疑問句是用來提出疑問的句子，句末用問號“？”。?？嫉囊蓡柧溆兴念?，即：一般疑問句、特殊疑問句、選擇疑問句、反意疑問句。第一節(jié) 一般疑問句一般疑問句通常需要用yes 或 no 來回答，所以又叫做“是非

19、疑問句”。在讀這種句子時要用升調(diào)。一般疑問句主要有以下幾種類型：1、“ be + 主語 + 表語”結(jié)構(gòu) Are you sleepy ? 你困了嗎？ Yes, I am . 是的，我困了。3、“情態(tài)動詞+主語言+行為動詞（或be） ”結(jié)構(gòu) May/Can I use the telephone? 我能用這部電話嗎？ Yes, you can. 是的，可以。5、“助動詞（do, does, did ） + 主語 + 行為動詞”結(jié)構(gòu) Do you like swimming in summer? 你喜歡夏天游泳嗎？ No, I dont . 不，我不喜歡。難點(diǎn)提示回答否定性一般疑問句時，要在Yes

20、 后面用肯定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示肯定；在No 后面用否定結(jié)構(gòu)，表示否定。注意在說法上正好與漢語習(xí)慣相反。訣竅是在回答的時候，只要把它當(dāng)成沒有加否定形式的普通一般疑問句看待就可以了。注意下面例句的回答和它的意思。 Is he not your elder brother?他不是你的哥哥嗎？ Yes, he is . 不，他是（我的哥哥）。 No, he is not. 是的，他不是（我的哥哥）。 Isnt she very clever? 她難道不是很聰明嗎？ Yes, she is. 不，她很聰明。 No, she is not . 是，她不聰明。第二節(jié) 特殊疑問句一、特殊疑問句是用來提出來特定問題的疑

21、問句，要求聽到問題的人針對特定情況來做具體的回答，不能像一般疑問句一樣簡單地用Yes 或 No 來回答，特殊疑問句要用降調(diào)來讀。二、特殊疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)：特殊疑問詞+ 一般疑問句Who do English homework in the evening? 誰晚上做英語家庭作業(yè)？What do you do in the evening? 你晚上做什么？What homework do you do in the evening? 你晚上做什么家庭作業(yè)？When do you do English homework? 你什么時候做英語家庭作業(yè)？三、注意：對人提問時who 誰對所屬（誰的）提問用 w

22、hose “誰的”對哪一個提問用which “哪一個”對時間提問用when 什么時彳Wh或 what time 幾點(diǎn)對物體提問用what “什么”對地點(diǎn)提問用where “哪里”對原因提問用why “為什么”對方式提問用how “怎么樣”對數(shù)量提問用how many 多少”（用于可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)）或 how much 多少”（用于不可數(shù)名詞）四、難點(diǎn)提示你為什么不1、 以why開頭的特殊疑問句否定形式常用于表示建議、請求等。Why dont you have a try?試試呢？2、 特殊疑問句常用到一些縮略形式，在平時學(xué)習(xí)中要注意習(xí)慣這些用法。I dont want to go there. H

23、ow about you?我不想去那兒，你呢？But what else? 可是還有什么呢？把下列句子變成否定句：1. I am listening to music. 2. Mike is a student. 3Sarah can clean the classroom. 4. They are in the zoo. 5. There are some flowers in the vase.6. This is my sister. 7. We are sweeping the floor.8. We need some masks. 9. They like making the p

24、uppet. 10. Su Hai and Su Yang live in a new house.11. I put a book on my head.12. They sing “ In the classroom ” together.13. We play basketball on Sundays.14. Tom likes listening to music肯定句改一般疑問句的方法三步法1 .有be動詞/情態(tài)動詞：be動詞/情態(tài)動詞提到句首，其余照抄，（some改成any, my改成your）句末用問號。2 .無be動詞/情態(tài)動詞，在句首加Do/Does/Did ,其余照抄，（

25、some改成any, my改成your）句末用問號。3 . 加 Does、 did 的句子注意，句子動詞要變成原型。例如： 陳述句 : They are in the park. He can playthe guitar. 一般疑問句: Are they in the park? Can he play the guitar?陳述句 : I like the ducks.He likes the dogs. 一般疑問句：Do you like the ducks? Does he like the dogs?把下列句子變成一般疑問句1. I am listening to music. 2.

26、 Mike is a student. 3. Sarah can clean the classroom.4. They are in the zoo. 5. There are some flowers in the vase.6. This is my sister. 7. We are sweeping the floor.8. We need some masks. 9. They like making the puppet. 10. Su Hai and Su Yang live in a new house.11. I put a book on my head.12. They

27、 sing “ In the classroom ” together.13. We play basketball on Sundays.14. Tom likes listening to music關(guān)于特殊疑問詞1、根據(jù)劃線部分確定是什么疑問詞, 后面寫原句變成的一般疑問句，句末問號。2、how many后必須先寫物品，再寫一般疑問句等。1、 A: is the boy in blue? B:He s Mike.2、 A: pen is it? B:It s mine.3、 A: is the diary? B:It s under the chair.4、 A: _ is the Ch

28、irstmas Day? B: It s on the 25th of December.5、 A: are the earphones? B:They are 25 yuan.6、 A: is the cup? B:It s blue.7、 A: is it today? B:It s Sunday.8、 A: was it yesterday? B: It was the 13th of October.9、 A: this red one? B:It s beautiful.12、 A:is your cousin? B: He s 15 years old.13、 A:do you h

29、ave dinner? B: At 6 o clock綜合練習(xí)The children have a good time in the park.否定句：一般疑問句：1. There is only one problem.否定句：一般疑問句：肯定 / 否定回答：7.She has some bread for lunch today.否定句：一般疑問句：肯定 / 否定回答：.句型轉(zhuǎn)換題1. The girl is singing in the classroom.（改為否定句）改為一般疑問句5. I can speak English.（ 改為一般疑問句）6. I am writing no

30、w.（ 同上）7. I have a desk and a chair.（ 用 He做主語改寫句子）8. She is buying some food in the supermarket.（改為否定句）10. Does she like growing flowers? （給予否定回答）課時三英語名詞單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的規(guī)則一、絕大多數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，是在該詞末尾加上后輟-s 。讀音變化：結(jié)尾是清輔音讀s ，結(jié)尾是濁輔音或元音讀z 。例：friend ffriends; cat -cats; style fstyles; sport fsports; piece fpieces二、凡是以s、

31、 z、 x、 ch、 sh 結(jié)尾的詞，在該詞末尾加上后輟-es 構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化：統(tǒng)一加讀iz 。例：busf buses; quiz fquizzes; fox ffoxes; match fmatches; flash fflashes三、以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的名詞，將y 改變?yōu)?i ，再加 -es 。讀音變化：加讀z 。例：candyfcandies; daisyfdaisies; fairyffairies; lady fladies; story fstories四、以 -o 結(jié)尾的名詞，如果不是外來詞或縮寫，就加-es ，否則加-s 構(gòu)成復(fù)數(shù)。讀音變化：加讀z 。例：tomato

32、ftomatoes; potatofpotatoes; torpedoftorpedoes; bingo fbingoes反例:silo fsilos; pianofpianos （夕卜來詞）；photo fphotos;五、以 -f 或 -fe 結(jié)尾的名詞，多為將-f 或 -fe 改變?yōu)?-ves ，但有例外。讀音變化：尾音f 改讀 vz 。例：knife fknives; life flives; leaf fleaves; staff fstaves; scarf fscarves 反例:roof froofs六、部分單詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式不變。讀音變化：保持原音。例：fish -fish; s

33、heep fsheep; cattle fcattle; deer fdeer;七、極少數(shù)單詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)]有任何規(guī)律。讀音變化：沒有規(guī)律。例： man- men; womans women; child fchildren; person fpeople; ox foxen八、一些單數(shù)詞得改頭換面一番, 才能變成復(fù)數(shù)詞例：foot ffeet; man fmen mousefmice; tooth fteeth; woman fwomen九、有些名詞是單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)不分的例： deer; fish; cannon; sheep; salmon 鮭魚 ; trout 鱒魚十、一些名詞雖分單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)

34、，但出現(xiàn)次數(shù)多的總是單數(shù)詞例： abscence; clothing; film; help; furniture家具 ; machinery 機(jī)械 ; news; scenery 風(fēng)景 ; sugar;traffic 交通十一、另一些名詞則以復(fù)數(shù)詞出現(xiàn)的機(jī)會較多例： bellows 風(fēng)箱 ; clothes; police; shorts 短褲 ; scissors 剪刀 ; spectacles 眼鏡 ; shears 大剪刀 trousers 長褲 ; wages 工資十二、若表達(dá)具體數(shù)目，要借助數(shù)量詞例： pair（ 對，雙 ）; suit（ 套 ）; a pair of glasse

35、s; two pairs of trousers十三、另外還有一些名詞，其復(fù)數(shù)形式有時可表示特別意思，例： goods 貨物， waters 水域， fishes （各種）魚十四、除人民幣元、角、分外，美元、英鎊、法郎等都有復(fù)數(shù)形式。例： a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters以 O 結(jié) 尾 的 詞 ， 許 多 加 es 構(gòu) 成 復(fù) 數(shù) ， 特 別 是 一 些 常 用 詞 如 heroes,potatoes,tomatoes,echoes,tornadoes,torpedoes,dominoes,vetoes,mosquitoes,Negroes,

36、mangoes ,buffaloes,volcanoes但下面幾類詞只加s： 1.以“元音+o”或“ oo”結(jié)尾的詞如 :videos,radios,studios,zoos,bamboos,kangaroos,2. 一些外來詞，特別是音樂方面的詞，如：pianos,3. 一些縮寫詞和專有名詞，如：kilos,photos,leaf_ puppy_boxknife_flyfoxbusbenchbrush_ kiss_ churchdish_ruler_ peach_glasspencil_boy_ zoo_ manroofsheepknife_ ladykeystory_ watch_bamb

37、oo_ city_family_day_ apple_ eraser_speech_ thief_ mouse_ fish goose people ox_ Chinesefootchildtoothguyhero_ spybossmonkey_city _goat radio _horsedog寫出下列名詞復(fù)數(shù)用所給的單詞的復(fù)數(shù)的正確形式填空：deer1There are so many(wolf)in the forest.2There are three (chair) in the classroom.3These (tomato) are red.4(hero) are great.

38、5My brother looks after two (baby)6There are some (deer) eating the grass.7My father likes to eat (potato).8Chinese (people)like to eat noodles.9I have a lot of (toy) in my bedroom.10I help my mother wash (dish) in the kitchen.11I have two (pencil-box).12There are some (bus)in the street.13Peter has

39、 eight (foot).14Linda has three (tooth).15There are some (child) in the garden.16Michael likes the (mouse).17There are some (goose)in theriver.18My uncle and father are (man).19Tom and King are (boy).20Linda has three (tooth).選出正確形式1 I can see three in the zoo.A monkeys B monkeys C monkey2 .The pig

40、has four . A. foot B. feet C. foots3 .My two brothers are both .A. policeman B. policemans C. policemen4 .There are four in the class.A. Japanese B. Japaneses C. Japan1.1 can see ten in the picture.A. sheep B. dog C. pig6 .The has three.A. boys, watches B. boy, watch C. boy, watches7 .C an you see o

41、n the plate? A. breadB. breads C. breades8 .The girl often brushes herbefore she goes to bed.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth9 .Mr Black often drink some .A. milkB. milks C.milkes10 .There are some on the floor.A. child B. water C. books11 . will learn English. A. WomanB. Women C. Man12 .Lucy will show u

42、s some new of hers.A. photo B. photos C. photoes13 . I drank two .A. bottles of orange B. bottle of orange C. bottles of oranges14 .The cat eats two last night.A. mouses B. mice C. mouse1.1 I need a pen and some . A. books B. desk C. chair16. Jim was late for two classes this morning. He said that h

43、e forgot both of the .A. rooms number B. Room number C. Room s number D. Room numbers17. The newly-built library is a building.A. five-storey B. five storeysC. five-storey s D. five storeys 18. - Whose umbrella is it?- It s .A.somebody else s B. Somebody else C. Somebody s else s D. Somebody s else1

44、9. I feel terribly hot, What s the ?A. temperature of room B. Room s temperatureC. Room temperature D. Temperature of room20. will make a trip around the world during the coming Christmas.A. The Evens B. The Evens C. The Evenses D. The Evenses 21. The girl talking to Mary is a friend of .A. Mary s s

45、ister B. Mary sister s C. Mary s sister s D. sister of Mary s 22. The woman over there is mother.A.Julia and Shelley s B. Julia s and Shelley s C. Julia and Shelley D. Julia s andShelley23. He is very tired. He needs .A. a night rest B. a rest night C. a night s rest D. a rest of night24. -Excuse me

46、 ， where are offices?-Over thereAteacher s B teachers C the teacher s D the teachers 25. Today is September 10th. It sDay. Let s go and buy some flowers for our teachers.A. Teacher B. Teachers C. the Teachers D. Teacher s 課時四現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時用法：一般結(jié)構(gòu)：肯定句式：主語+be( am, is, are)+ 現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.否定句式：主語+be(am, is, are)

47、 +not + 現(xiàn)在分詞+其它.一般疑問句：Be(am, is, are) + 主語+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它？特殊疑問句：疑問詞+be(am, is, are)+ 主語+現(xiàn)在分詞+其它？對一般疑問句作答，肯定回答：yes, 主語 +be, 否定回答：no, 主語 +be not對現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時的特殊疑問句的回答，它不可以用Yes或No直接作答，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況回答。Eg： They are working these days. He is buying a bike.They aren t working these days. He isn t buying a bike.Are they workin

48、g these days? Is he buying a bike?What are they doing these days? What is he doing ?現(xiàn)在分詞的變法有1、一般在動詞詞尾加上-ingJump jumping go going pushing pushing play playing2、以不發(fā)音字母 e結(jié)尾的動詞，先去 e,再加-ing.Take takeing leave leaving write writing have having3、 . 以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾，末尾只有一個輔音字母的詞，它前面是單個元音字母時要先將詞尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加上 -ing.Cut

49、 cutting put putting stop stopping fit fitting begin beginning forget forgetting4、 以 ie 結(jié)尾的詞，將ie 變?yōu)?y 再加 ingLie lying練習(xí)：盡管現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時比較簡單，但在做題過程中也常會犯一些錯誤，常見的錯誤有如下幾種：自我檢測1 、Look! He their mother do the housework.A. is helping B. are help C. is help D.is helpping2 、 are the boys doing ? They are singing in

50、the room.A .Who B .How C.What D.Where3 、Don t talk here. My mother .A. is sleeping B .are sleeping C. sleeping D .sleep4 、 Danny . Don t call him.A. is writeing B .is writing C.writing D .writes5、- When he back?- Sorry, I don t know.A. does,come B.are coming C.is come D.is coming6、 It s ten o clock.

51、 My mother(lie)in bed.7、What he(mend)?8、 We(play)games now.9、What you(do) thesse days?10、he(clean) the classroom?11、 Who(sing)in the next room?12、The girl(like)wearing a sweater. Look! She(wear)a red sweater today.二、常見方位介詞短語（一）、由介詞in構(gòu)成的方位介詞短語1、in the front 在前面 back row 在后排在.前面（范圍之外）、in、in the front

52、row 在前排、in the third在中間 中間810in the street、in the treethe front在街上在樹上of.row在第三排在.前部（范圍之內(nèi)）9（指飛鳥等外來物）、in front7、in the、in the middle of.（二）、由介詞at1、3、5、7、at the front of.at the foot of.at the end of.at the (school構(gòu)成的方位介詞短語在.所在范圍的前一部分在.腳下在.盡頭gate在（校）門口2、at the back of.、at the top of.、at the head of.、at the station9、at No.2 Chang an Road 在長安路1011、at home 在家12in theof.middle在在.所在范圍的后一部分在.頂部在.前頭在車站、at my uncle s 在我叔叔家、at the doctors在醫(yī)務(wù)室/在診所（三）、由介詞on構(gòu)成的方位介詞短語1、3、5、on the right/lefton the desk/tableon the blackboard在右（左）邊 在課桌/桌上 在黑板上on one s right/left在某人的右（左）邊、on the right-hand/left-hand