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1、2019 屆二輪復(fù)習(xí)高考英語新聞類閱讀做題技巧01文體特點(diǎn)1. 新聞類文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)標(biāo)題導(dǎo)語正文結(jié)語2. 新聞類文章的文體風(fēng)格短小精煉(常用代詞)&客觀真實(shí)(被動語態(tài)和間接引語的使用)02 命題特點(diǎn)1. 考查新聞事件的六要素,題型主要為細(xì)節(jié)題2. 考查對新聞事件的觀點(diǎn),題型主要為觀點(diǎn)推斷題3. 考查語篇銜接,推斷某一特定詞或者短語的指代內(nèi)容,題型主要為指代、推斷題4. 概括主旨,題型主要為主題歸納題03 策略技巧1. 研讀導(dǎo)語,確定中心人物或者事件,把握主題2. 直接讀題,判斷題目類型3. 根據(jù)不同題型,采用不同定位方式查找信息備考建議04 文體特點(diǎn)新聞類文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)首先, 我們來談
2、談高考新聞類文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)。新聞報道一般來說由四個部分構(gòu)成:標(biāo)題 (headline) 、導(dǎo)語 (lead) ,正文 (body) 和結(jié)語(ending )。標(biāo)題通常起著提綱挈領(lǐng)、吸引受眾的作用,被視為新聞的“眼睛”;導(dǎo)語概括通篇,旨在導(dǎo)讀, 被視為新聞的“靈魂”; 正文則具體描寫,被視為新聞的“軀干”; 結(jié)語總結(jié)概括,重申主題或者升華主題。一篇新聞報道首要吸引人注意的部分是它的標(biāo)題。英語新聞報道的標(biāo)題力求用一句話來概括整個新聞的內(nèi)容。因?yàn)闃?biāo)題揭示的是新聞最主要的、讀者最關(guān)心的核心內(nèi)容。如:Whale 'saves' biologist from shark 。從這個標(biāo)題中我們
3、可以知道文章的核心事件是一頭鯨從一只鯊魚口中救出了一位生物學(xué)家,一下子激起了讀者的好奇心,忍不住繼續(xù)向下閱讀。然而近年來高考新聞類文章一般隱去標(biāo)題,卻在設(shè)題時要求考生自擬標(biāo)題,考查學(xué)生對文章的概括能力,有助于培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思維品質(zhì),實(shí)際上提升了對學(xué)生閱讀能力的要求。新聞的開篇是導(dǎo)語部分。導(dǎo)語部分是用一段有趣的軼聞或者新聞中關(guān)鍵的事實(shí)引出整個文章的主題(Theme ,使讀者能夠獲取最具價值的信息,并有興趣繼續(xù)讀下去。 英語新聞的導(dǎo)語常占據(jù)一則新聞的第一自然段,最多不超過三個自然段,能全部或部分回答 Who What、When Where Why Howl問題。正文是新聞報道的重要組成部分,其作用是補(bǔ)
4、充核心人物或者對核心事件進(jìn)行展開、解釋和補(bǔ)充,或者是對導(dǎo)語所設(shè)懸念的解答。正文部分會采用事實(shí)、趣事、引語等各種消息來源來支持主題。我們將這種新聞結(jié)構(gòu)比作“沙漏”, 正文中的每一個細(xì)節(jié)就像沙漏中的沙子一樣,無論文章是采用正敘還是倒敘的手法,沙漏中的沙子都是圍繞導(dǎo)語中揭示的主題來展開的,都會落在沙漏的容器里。結(jié)語一般比較簡潔,有時受制于篇幅還會省略,主要作用是重申主題。接下來,筆者就以2017年浙江閱讀理解的C篇為例說明新聞類文章的語篇結(jié)構(gòu)(為了說明的需要,每段段首加了段落標(biāo)記)。1) FLORENCEtaly - Svetlana Cojochru feels hurt. The Moldova
5、n has lived here seven years as a caregiver to Italian kids and the elderly, but in order to stay she's had to prove her language skills by taking a test which requires her to write a postcard to an imaginary friend and answer a fictional job ad.2) Italy is the latest Western European country tr
6、ying to control a growing immigrant (移民) population by demanding language skills in exchange forwork permits, or in some cases, citizenship 3) Some immigrant advocates worry that as hard financial times make it more difficult for natives to keep jobs, such measures will become more a vehicle for int
7、olerance than integration (融合 ). Others say it's onlynatural that newcomers learn the language of their host nation , seeing it as a condition to ensure they can contribute to society4) Other European countries laid downa similar requirement for immigrants, and someterms are even tougher. The go
8、vernments argue that this will help foreigners better join the society and promote understanding across cultures.5) Italy, which has a muchweaker tradition of immigration, has witnessed a sharp increase in immigration in recent years. In 1990, immigrants numbered some 1.14 million out of Italy's
9、 then 56.7 million people, or about 2 percent. At the start of this year, foreigners living in Italy amounted to 4.56 million of a total population of 60.6 million, or 7.5percent, with immigrants' children accounting for an ever larger percentage of births in Italy.6) Cojochru, the Moldovan care
10、giver, hoped obtaining permanent residence ( 居住權(quán) ) would help her bring her two children to Italy; they live with her sister in Moldova, where salaries are amongthe lowest in Europe. She was skeptical that the language requirement would encourage integration.7) Italians always “ see me as a foreigne
11、r ” , an outsider, even though she's stayed in the country for years and can speak the local language fluently, she said.28. Why does Cojochru have to take a language test? ( 細(xì)節(jié)題 )A. To continue to stay in Italy B. To teach her children ItalianC. To find a better job in ItalyD. To better mix wit
12、h the Italians 29. Some people worry that the new language requirement may . (觀點(diǎn)推斷題)A. reduce Italy's population quicklyB. cause conflicts among peopleC. lead to financial difficultiesD. put pressure on schools30. What do we know about Cojochru? (細(xì)節(jié)題)A She lives with her sister now in ItalyB She
13、 enjoys learning the Italian language C She speaks Italian well enough for her job D She wishes to go back to her home country 經(jīng)過搜索,筆者找到本文的出處是 中子菜單politics 欄目下有關(guān)immigration debate 的一篇報道,標(biāo)題為Italy makes immigrantsspeak Italian 。其實(shí)從標(biāo)題就可以看出文章的中心事件和人物。文章的內(nèi)容符合新聞類文章的典型結(jié)構(gòu),第一段和第二段為導(dǎo)語部分,一句“ Svetlana Cojochru
14、feels hurt ”吸引力很強(qiáng),通過 Svetlana Cojochru 的遭遇引出所要報道的主題,即第二段的意大利對移民新增了語言技能考試的要求,讓讀者忍不住想要了解該移民政策的影響。第三至第五段為主體部分,從意大利自身的背景分析實(shí)施這一移民政策的原因以及人們對這一政策持有的不同意見。第六和第七段是結(jié)語,再回到導(dǎo)語中的主人公的想法及對這一政策的感受,形成首尾呼應(yīng)。新聞的時效性和鮮活性也決定了其采用的與眾不同的文體風(fēng)格。首先, 新聞是短小精練的,要在區(qū)區(qū)幾百個字的文章中包含新聞事件的諸多元素,時間,地點(diǎn),人物,起因,過程和結(jié)局已屬不易。有時為了讓讀者能夠更好地了解新聞事件,記者還要補(bǔ)充很多
15、的背景信息。為了控制文章的篇幅,而又能完整地傳遞信息,記者會使用很多的語篇黏連手段,其中用的最普遍就是采用代詞,指代前文中講述過的細(xì)節(jié)或者下文中即將提到的細(xì)節(jié),這類詞主要是this,that , it , they, which, who 等??忌枰_理解這些代詞所指代的內(nèi)容,避免誤解文章中的某些細(xì)節(jié)。其次,從句法來看,由于新聞報道注重事實(shí)本身,強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀性,被動語態(tài)占有一定的比重。為了反映事實(shí)的真實(shí)性,讓讀者聽到“原聲”, 以體現(xiàn)記者報道的客觀性, 正文多使用直接引語和間接引語,而在使用直接引語和間接引語時,為了凸顯新聞內(nèi)容,記者傾向于使用“掉尾句”,即把說話人或信息來源放在句尾,如: A
16、t least 77 people were killed and 115 others injured, the Civil Defense chief said.新聞類文章的文體風(fēng)格命題特點(diǎn)考查新聞事件的六要素,題型主要為細(xì)節(jié)題從2017年浙江卷閱讀C篇我們可以看出,命題人命題時主要考查的是新聞事件相關(guān)的重要細(xì)節(jié)。此類型的題目多出自文章導(dǎo)語和主體部分。如第 28 題就是詢問Cojochru 參加語言測試的起因,第30 題就是詢問事件所涉及的核心人物Cojochru 的個人細(xì)節(jié)。又如 2017 年全國卷I 的 C 篇第 28 題“ Why did UNESCO set April 30 as
17、International Jazz Day? ”、 2017 年全國卷III 的 B 篇第 25 題“ Why was TheLast Picture show put on? ”和第 26 題“ What will prob ably happen to the building? ”這類題型的難度相對不大,得分率高。高考試卷的命題也要求學(xué)生在閱讀時區(qū)分事實(shí)和觀點(diǎn),學(xué)會總結(jié)和概括人們對新聞事件的觀點(diǎn),這也符合核心素養(yǎng)培養(yǎng)框架的要求,有利于學(xué)生文化品格的提升。如2017年浙江卷閱讀C篇29題就是詢問人們對此類移民語言測試的態(tài)度以及持 這種態(tài)度的原因。再比如2017年全國卷I的C篇的第30題“
18、What can weinfer about Moran's opinion on jazz? ”和 2017 年天津卷C 篇的第 48 題“ What doconsumers think of the operation of driverless cars?” ,都是詢問新聞事件涉及的特定群體對該事件的觀點(diǎn)和態(tài)度。這類題型因?yàn)樯婕瓣U述人們的觀點(diǎn)以及支撐細(xì)節(jié),有時可能跨越幾個段落,所以難度較大??疾閷π侣勈录挠^點(diǎn),題型主要為觀點(diǎn)推斷題考查語篇銜接,推斷指代內(nèi)容題型主要為指代、推斷題新聞的篇幅有限,決定了寫作中作者會使用很多的語篇銜接手段,而其中高考考查最多的是指稱。如2016年全國
19、卷II的C篇第30題“What does the underlin ed 'it' in Paragraph 2 refer to” 和 2017年天津卷 C篇第 46題 “What does the phrase “ death valley ” in Paragraph 2 refer to ”就是要求學(xué)生具備語篇意識, 了解上下行文中意義的銜接,通過理解其中代詞或者名詞所指的確切含義,從而準(zhǔn)確理解全文。這類題型要求學(xué)生掌握新聞寫作行文的技巧。正如在新聞類文章語篇結(jié)構(gòu)中所闡述的那樣,高考在新聞類文章設(shè)題時往往故意隱去文章標(biāo)題,要求學(xué)生在了解新聞事件的各種信息后匯總,擬出一個
20、能概括新聞事件主要內(nèi)容和吸引人眼球的標(biāo)題。例如,2017年天津卷C篇的第50題“What could be the best title for the passage?” 和 2017 年全國卷 I 的 C篇第 31題“ Which of the following can be the best title for the text? ”正是 要求學(xué)生擬出標(biāo)題。這類題目需要考生重視導(dǎo)語以及結(jié)尾的關(guān)鍵信息。概括主旨,題型主要為主題歸納題策略技巧綜合新聞類文章的語篇特征和高考命題特點(diǎn),筆者認(rèn)為完成新聞類閱讀理解可以采用以下閱讀步驟和閱讀策略。研讀導(dǎo)語,確定中心人物或者事件,把握主題作為新聞類文
21、章的靈魂,導(dǎo)語為我們提供了豐富的解題線索。研讀的時候我們不能錯過任何一個細(xì)節(jié),重點(diǎn)甄別 Who What、When Where Why How六要素的 信息點(diǎn),了解新聞的主要內(nèi)容。直接讀題,判斷題目類型在研讀導(dǎo)語把握文章的主題后,考生無需繼續(xù)閱讀文章,可以直接讀題干,了解題目所屬類型和所需回答問題的要點(diǎn)和關(guān)鍵詞,然后帶著問題以關(guān)鍵詞作為標(biāo)簽詞到文章中查找答案。這種先讀主題和題目的方法有利于把握閱讀重點(diǎn),可以讓考生在閱讀的時候更有針對性, 也比較節(jié)省時間。如果在讀完導(dǎo)語后仍然覺得對文章的主題把握不是很準(zhǔn)確,也可以選擇再跳讀后文,即各段的首尾句。根據(jù)不同題型,采用不同定位方式查找信息上文提到,高考
22、中新聞類文章閱讀理解題目類型一般分為細(xì)節(jié)題、觀點(diǎn)推斷題、指代推斷題和主題歸納題。若是細(xì)節(jié)題,了解題目所需信息是什么,再以中心人物或事件作為標(biāo)簽,到文章查讀含有這個信息的句子,一般就能快速找到答案。而新聞文章一般只圍繞一個線索來展開故事,很容易找到信息。若是觀點(diǎn)推斷題,讀題時要辨別是尋找哪一個群體對這一新聞事件的態(tài)度。然后以這一群體為標(biāo)簽詞到文章中定位信息。通過對高考題的研究,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)觀點(diǎn)推斷題的信息可能是一個段落,也有可能散落在幾個段落中,所以同學(xué)們在尋找時要耐心一些,找齊所有信息,進(jìn)行總結(jié)概括才能找到答案。若是指代推斷題,一般只要研讀圍繞所要推斷的詞的上下文,分辨這個詞所指代的內(nèi)容即可。若是
23、主題歸納題,應(yīng)重點(diǎn)閱讀導(dǎo)語部分和結(jié)尾部分,了解新聞涉及的主體人物和主要事件,然后比對所給的四個選項(xiàng),找出包含主體人物和主要事件的那個選項(xiàng),就可以找到正確答案。以2017年天津卷的C篇為例1) This month, Germany's transport minister, Alexander Dobrindt, proposed the first set of rules for autonomous vehicles ( 自主駕駛車輛). They woulddefine the driver's role in such cars and govern how such
24、 cars perform in crashes where lives might be lost.2) The proposal attempts to deal with what somecall the “ death valley ” of autonomous vehicles: the grey area between semi-autonomous and fully driverless cars that could delay the driverless future.3) Dobrindt wants three things: that a car always
25、 chooses property (財產(chǎn) ) damage over personal injury; that it never distinguishes between humansbased on age or race; and that if a humanremoves his or her hands from the driving wheel to check email, say the car's maker is responsible if there is a crash.4) “ The change to the road traffic law w
26、ill permit fully automatic driving, ” says Dobrindt. It will put fully driverless cars on an equal legal footing to human drivers, he says.5) Whois responsible for the operation of such vehicles is not clear among car makers, consumers and lawyers. “ The liability ( 法律責(zé)任 ) issue is the biggest one o
27、f them all, ” says Natasha Merat at the University of Leeds, UK.6) An assumption behind UK insurance for driverless cars, introduced earlier this year, insists that a human “ be watchful and monitoring the road ” at every moment.7) But that is not what manypeople have in mind whenthinking of driverl
28、ess cars. “ Whenyou say 'driverless cars', people expect driverless cars. ” Merat says. “You know - no driver. ”8) Because of the confusion, Merat thinks somecar makers will wait until vehicles can be fully automated without human operation.9) Driverless cars mayend up being a form of public
29、 transport rather than vehicles you own, says Ryan Calo at Stanford University, California. That is happening in the UK and Singapore, where government-provided driverless vehicles are being launched.10) That would go down poorly in the US, however. “ The idea that the government would take over dri
30、verless cars and treat them as a public good would get absolutely nowhere here, ” says Calo.46. What does the phrase “ death valley ” in Paragraph 2 refer to? ( 指代推斷題)A. A place where cars often break down.B. A case where passing a law is impossible.C. An area where no driving is permitted.D. A situ
31、ation where drivers' role is not clear.47. The proposal put forward by Dobrindt aims to . (細(xì)節(jié)題 )A. stop people from breaking traffic rulesB. help promote fully automatic drivingC. protect drivers of all ages and racesD. prevent serious property damage48. What do consumers think of the operation
32、of driverless cars? (觀點(diǎn)推斷題 )A. It should get the attention of insurance companies.B. It should be the main concern of law makers.C. It should not cause deadly traffic accidents.D. It should involve no human responsibility.49. Driverless vehicles in public transport see no bright future in ( 細(xì)節(jié)題 )A. Singapore B. the UKC. the US D. Germany50. What could be the best title for the passage? (主題歸納題)A. Autonomous Driving: Whose Liability?B. Fully Automatic Cars: A New BreakthroughC. Autonomous Vehicles: Driver Re
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