淺析我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革(中英文)

1、 在中國(guó)最古老的哲學(xué)書(shū)籍周易中有這樣一句諺語(yǔ)：“御政之首，鼎新革故?！币馑际恰案母锸菄?guó)家政治中最重要的事情”。這句飽含中國(guó)古老哲學(xué)智慧的名言同樣也反映著現(xiàn)代中國(guó)正在蓬勃發(fā)展的偉大事業(yè)改革開(kāi)放。In the most ancient Chinese philosophical book-The Book of Changes, there is an old saying:" The primary thing of the royal governance is to discard the old ways of life in favor of the new.” It mean

2、s that reform is the most important thingof national politics. This quote which is full of the wisdom from the ancient Chinese philosophy reflectsthe great reform and opening -great cause booming in modern China.而經(jīng)濟(jì)改革更是基礎(chǔ)中的基礎(chǔ)，改革的先鋒者。從1984年以來(lái)，黨中央先后有三次重大決定。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，平均每隔10年左右，黨中央會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革做出頂層設(shè)計(jì)、戰(zhàn)略部署的重大決定，

3、這些決定包括每一時(shí)期（通常10年左右）經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的主要目標(biāo)、基本原則、主要任務(wù)和改革重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域等。One of the numerous reforms,economic reform is the basic of the basic and the pioneer. Since 1984, the Party Central Committee has made three significant decisions about economic reform. We could find that the Party Central Committee, every other 10 y

4、ears or so on average, will make great decisionsoftop-level designand strategic deployment for Chinas economic system reform. These include the main objectives, principles, main tasks and key areas of economic reform and so on in every period (usually 10 years).2003年起，十年過(guò)去，中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)總量從世界第六位上升為世界第二位，工業(yè)增加值

5、從世界第四位上升世界第一位，貨物進(jìn)出口總額從世界第八位上升為第二位，外匯儲(chǔ)備從世界第二位上升為世界第一位，中國(guó)企業(yè)特別是國(guó)有企業(yè)大規(guī)模進(jìn)入世界500強(qiáng)企業(yè)，從9家提高至78家（其中國(guó)有企業(yè)69家，民營(yíng)企業(yè)7家），超過(guò)日本、德國(guó)等國(guó)，成為世界第二位。實(shí)踐證明，中國(guó)改革開(kāi)放取得了偉大成就。From 2003 onwards, one decade later, China's GDP rose from sixth to the second in the world, the industrial added value rose from fourth to the first in

6、the world, the trade in goods of China's imports and exportsrose from eighth to the secondof the world, and the foreign exchange reserves also rose from second to the first of theworld. What more, Chinese enterprises, especially large-scale state-owned enterprises became the enterpriseson the S&

7、amp;P 500, increased from 9 to 78 (including 69 state-owned enterprises and 7private enterprises).The quantity is more than Japan, Germany and other countries, and became thesecond in the world. Practice has proved that China has made great achievements in reform and opening.我們高度評(píng)價(jià)十六大所確立、十六屆三中全會(huì)所設(shè)計(jì)“

8、建成完善社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和更具活力、更加開(kāi)放的經(jīng)濟(jì)體系”總目標(biāo)取得重大進(jìn)展，主要任務(wù)基本完成，獲得巨大成功。Meanwhile we think highly of the general goal, “Toperfect the socialist market economic system and construct a more dynamic, more open economic system", established in the 16th National Congress of the CPC and the Third Plenary Session. On

9、 one hand, it made significant progress;on the other hand, the main task was substantially completed. So we got a huge success in fact.一是公有制為主體、多種所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)共同發(fā)展的基本經(jīng)濟(jì)制度極大完善。二是逐步改變城鄉(xiāng)二元經(jīng)濟(jì)結(jié)構(gòu)的舊體制，逐步形成了城鄉(xiāng)統(tǒng)籌一體化的新體制。三是建立了統(tǒng)一開(kāi)放競(jìng)爭(zhēng)有序的現(xiàn)代市場(chǎng)體系。四是改善宏觀調(diào)控體系、完善行政管理體制和經(jīng)濟(jì)法律制度，宏觀調(diào)控能力進(jìn)一步提高，有效應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際金融危機(jī)。五是進(jìn)一步健全了就業(yè)、收入分配和社會(huì)保障制度。六是科

10、技教育文化衛(wèi)生體制改革深化，促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的機(jī)制初步建立。First, the basic economic system of keeping public ownership as the mainstay of the economy and allowing diverse forms of ownership to develop side by side has been consummated tremendously.Secondly, the old system of urban-rural binary economic structure is graduall

11、y changed, in the same time, a new system of urban-rural integration and overalldevelopment is formed gradually.Thirdly, we have established a unified, open, competitive and orderly modern market system.Fourthly, we have improved macro-control system, system of administrative control and legal syste

12、m of economy. And the ability for macroeconomic regulation and control has been improved further. We can also deal efficiently with the international financial crisis. Fifthly, we have made a further improvement on the systemof employment, income distribution and social security. Sixthly, science an

13、d technology, education, culture and health system reform were deepened and that promoteda sustainable development mechanism of economy and society to be initially established.與此同時(shí)，改革進(jìn)展也存在薄弱環(huán)節(jié)，部分改革目標(biāo)沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)，相對(duì)滯后。國(guó)有金融資產(chǎn)、非經(jīng)營(yíng)性資產(chǎn)和自然資源資產(chǎn)等的監(jiān)管制度有待進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)；中央企業(yè)母公司公司制股份制改革相對(duì)滯后，現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)權(quán)流轉(zhuǎn)制度尚不完善，民法典債法等相關(guān)法律法規(guī)歷經(jīng)數(shù)次討論仍未頒布，充

14、分顯示產(chǎn)權(quán)制度在具體執(zhí)行層面的改革難度；壟斷行業(yè)改革力度有待加強(qiáng)，在放寬壟斷行業(yè)市場(chǎng)準(zhǔn)入和加強(qiáng)自然壟斷業(yè)務(wù)有效監(jiān)管方面，仍然缺乏有力措施；整體稅負(fù)持續(xù)上升，具體稅種改革偏慢，城鄉(xiāng)稅制統(tǒng)一、物業(yè)稅改革和地方稅收管理權(quán)改革等方面改革進(jìn)度有待加快；產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量監(jiān)管機(jī)制尚不健全、信用監(jiān)督和失信懲戒制度尚未建立、由市場(chǎng)供求決定的利率形成機(jī)制尚未完全實(shí)現(xiàn)、外貿(mào)運(yùn)行監(jiān)控體系和國(guó)際收支預(yù)警機(jī)制尚未建立；收入分配秩序不規(guī)，隱性收入、非法收入問(wèn)題比較突出，職務(wù)消費(fèi)和福利貨幣化等方面進(jìn)展相對(duì)緩慢，個(gè)人收入監(jiān)測(cè)辦法尚未建立；制約科學(xué)發(fā)展的體制機(jī)制障礙較多，政府職能轉(zhuǎn)變不到位，一些領(lǐng)域腐敗現(xiàn)象易發(fā)多發(fā)；在改革設(shè)計(jì)、機(jī)制建設(shè)

15、方面存在碎片化，缺乏長(zhǎng)效機(jī)制。As a coin has two sides, there is also a weak link in reform progress. In other words, parts of the reform targets were not achieved, lagging behind. For example,the supervisory systemsof state-owned financial assets, non-operating assets, natural resource assets and so forth need to

16、be further strengthened; the shareholding reform of the corporate system in center parent companies lagged behind; property right transference system is not yet perfect. Besides, after many discussions, laws and regulations related to law of obligation of Civil Code are not yet promulgated, that ade

17、quately shows some difficulties in the reform of property right system at the specific executive level.In addition, we need to enhance reformatory strength of monopoly industries, and there is still a lack of effective measures in the relaxation of their accessesto market as well as effective superv

18、ision of natural monopoly industries. The overall tax burden continues to rise. Reform on the specific categories of taxesdevelops slowly, and the progress of the reforms on property tax, local tax management and unification of urban and rural taxshould be sped up. Whats more, supervision mechanism

19、of product quality is not perfect; systems of credit monitoring and punishment for lacking credit have not been established; the interest rate formation mechanism determined by market supply and demand has not been fully realized; the monitoring system of foreign trade operation and the warning syst

20、em of balance of payments have not been established.Finally, income distribution is not standardized, meanwhile the issues of hidden income and illegal income are more prominent; progress of functionary expense and monetization of welfare is relatively slow; the approachesto monitoring personal inco

21、me have not been sought out. Then there are more obstacles to scientific development system, and transformation of government functions is not in place;some things are prone to corruption in some areas. Besides, the presence of fragmentation is in the reform design and mechanism building, which is s

22、hort of a long-lasting mechanism.目前，我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革面臨著一個(gè)歷史性的攻堅(jiān)期，必與30年前的改革不同，改革攻堅(jiān)階段不可避免地觸動(dòng)既得利益，很難實(shí)現(xiàn)改革初期“全民受益、無(wú)人受損”的局面。就現(xiàn)階段的中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)改革而言，四大改革應(yīng)當(dāng)具有關(guān)鍵意義。At present, China's economic reform is at a crucial historic hard period which will be different from it 30 years ago. A reform at a crucial stage will inevitabl

23、y touch the vested interests, in the same time, it is difficult to achieve thegoal-"universal benefit, no damage” of initial stage. On the stage of China's economic reform, the four reforms should have key significance.一是城鄉(xiāng)二元體制改革。在黨的十八大召開(kāi)以后，城鄉(xiāng)二元體制改革是首要的、具有關(guān)鍵性意義的改革，包括城鎮(zhèn)化的推行、土地確權(quán)、城鄉(xiāng)社會(huì)保障一體化、教育

24、資源的均衡配置、戶籍一元化等等改革與發(fā)展措施。這是關(guān)系到“以人為本”原則得以貫徹的大事，也是可以帶來(lái)最大的改革紅利的大事。The first step is to reform urban-rural binary system. After the 18th National Congress of the CPC,the reform on urban-rural binary system is regarded as a prioritywith key significance, including the implementation of urbanization, land o

25、wnership, integration of urban and rural social security, balanced allocation of educational resources, a unified urban and rural household registration system and other measures for reform and development. It is an important event thatwhat related to the people-oriented principleis carried out, and

26、 that will also bring the greatest dividend from the reform.二是市場(chǎng)化改革。確立社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制，就必須賦予企業(yè)自主經(jīng)營(yíng)的權(quán)利和地位，而不能依舊像過(guò)去那樣視企業(yè)為政府的下屬單位和附屬機(jī)構(gòu)，不讓企業(yè)與企業(yè)之間存在著競(jìng)爭(zhēng)關(guān)系。市場(chǎng)化改革可以使企業(yè)處于公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的環(huán)境中。Secondly, we will enter intomarket-oriented reform.For the establishment of the socialist market economy system, it is necessary to give

27、 the rights and status of independent management to enterprises, instead of still regarding enterprises as the subordinate units and subsidiariesof government in the past and not permitting competitions between enterprises. In a word, market-oriented reform can enable enterprises in a fairly competi

28、tive environment.三是國(guó)有資本配置體制改革。這可以提高國(guó)有資本的使用效率、配置效率。今后，改造國(guó)有企業(yè)體制的著重點(diǎn)不在如何調(diào)整國(guó)有資產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理部門(mén)的權(quán)限，而在于把它的權(quán)限規(guī)定為只管國(guó)有資本的配置，而不再管國(guó)有企業(yè)的運(yùn)作。Next, state-owned capital allocation system should be reformed. This helps to improve the efficiency of use and allocation of state-owned capital. In the future, the reform emphasis

29、of state-owned enterprises system is not on how to adjust the jurisdiction ofstate asset supervision and administration department, but that its permissions are only for the configuration of state-owned capital,rather than the operation of state-owned enterprises.四是收入分配制度改革。重點(diǎn)一定要放在初次分配上。收入的初次分配是市場(chǎng)機(jī)制

30、起作用的結(jié)果，只要確實(shí)由市場(chǎng)機(jī)制按人們提供的生產(chǎn)要素的貢獻(xiàn)大小進(jìn)行收入分配，那依然是符合市場(chǎng)規(guī)律的。在市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)下所出現(xiàn)的收入分配差距，再由政府主持下進(jìn)行二次分配調(diào)節(jié)。At last, it is necessary to reform income distribution system.Emphasis must be placed on the initial distribution. Initial distribution of income is the result from market mechanism, so it is still in line with market

31、 rules as long as the market mechanism really distributes income according to the contribution of production elements provided by people. Then, with the gap in income distribution under the market regulations, governments will conductthe second adjustment to income.除以上四點(diǎn)，個(gè)人認(rèn)為，推進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革要更加注重公平?，F(xiàn)今中國(guó)所面臨

32、的種種問(wèn)題包括:收入分配差距擴(kuò)大,壟斷行業(yè)改革難以推進(jìn),大學(xué)生就業(yè)難與民工荒并存,環(huán)境污染,資源緊缺等等。這些問(wèn)題與中國(guó)所取得的經(jīng)濟(jì)成就并存,是這三十年來(lái)效率為先發(fā)展的結(jié)果。三十多年來(lái)中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)著重通過(guò)投資和出口來(lái)帶動(dòng)增長(zhǎng),如果繼續(xù)按照這樣的思路發(fā)展下去就會(huì)面臨三個(gè)約束因素市場(chǎng)需求瓶頸，資源環(huán)境瓶頸，公平制約效率。這三者都決定了效率優(yōu)先的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展模式是不可持續(xù)的。經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的大方向應(yīng)當(dāng)是更加注重公平。With the exception of these four points above, in my opinions,we should pay more attention to equi

33、ty during the economy reform. Nowadays, problems which China is facing include: expansion of income gap, difficultiesin promotingthe reform of monopoly industries, the situation of difficult employment of graduates with the shortage of migrant workers, environmental pollution, resource shortages and

34、 so forth. These problems with China's economic achievements, is the result of three decades development with efficiency put first. For thirty years, Chinese economy has gotten GDPs growth through investment and exportsseriously, but if it continues to develop in this way, Chinese economy will f

35、ace three constraintsmarket demand bottleneck, the bottleneck of resources and environment, restrictions to efficiency from fairness. They determine that economic development pattern with efficiency as a priority is not sustainable. Therefore, the general direction of economic reform should emphasiz

36、e equity more.公平與效率并非完全矛盾,而應(yīng)該是對(duì)立統(tǒng)一于可持續(xù)發(fā)展之下。當(dāng)下,應(yīng)著眼于用公平解決效率提升的制約因素,以公平促效率。一方面,用公平可以解決市場(chǎng)需求問(wèn)題。中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展必須從投資和出口拉動(dòng)型轉(zhuǎn)到需拉動(dòng)型的模式上來(lái)。提升社會(huì)公平,加大收入分配的調(diào)節(jié)力度,通過(guò)促進(jìn)中低收入居民收入水平提高來(lái)擴(kuò)大消費(fèi),從而刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。另一方面,用公平可以解決資源環(huán)境問(wèn)題。目前的資源市場(chǎng)沒(méi)有實(shí)現(xiàn)公平交易,許多資源產(chǎn)品價(jià)格都沒(méi)有真正反映其市場(chǎng)價(jià)值和環(huán)境成本。以犧牲環(huán)境為代價(jià)來(lái)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì),就等于是犧牲全體人民的利益來(lái)發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì),這是對(duì)全社會(huì)的不公平。創(chuàng)造一個(gè)公平的、體現(xiàn)環(huán)境成本的資源市場(chǎng)交易體系,

37、提高資源產(chǎn)品的價(jià)格,減少政府對(duì)資源品的管制和壟斷企業(yè)對(duì)資源的控制,就可以促進(jìn)節(jié)能減排和環(huán)境保護(hù),反過(guò)來(lái)也會(huì)倒逼企業(yè)進(jìn)行產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí),從而將經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移到科技創(chuàng)新上來(lái),也就提高了效率。所以,現(xiàn)在用更加注重公平的改革思路可以消除提升效率的制約因素,進(jìn)而實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。In fact, equity and efficiency are not entirely contradictory, but should turn into the coincidence of opposites under sustainable development.Atmoment, we should f

38、ocus on handling restrictions to the increase of efficiency with an equitable solution, that is to say,use equity to promote efficient.On the one hand, with equity market demand problems can be solved. The economymust be made towards domestic demand instead of investment and export. In addition, enh

39、ance social equity, increase efforts to regulate the distribution of income, expand consumption through improving the income levels of low-income residents, so as to stimulate economy to develop.On the other hand, resources and environmental problems can be solved with equity. A fair deal cannot be

40、achievedin the current resourcemarket,and prices of many resource products dont truly reflect their market value and environmental costs. And developingour economy at the expense of our environment would be tantamount to sacrificing the interests of all people for the economy, which is unfair to the

41、 whole society. As a result, creating a fair trading system of resource market whichreflects the environmental costs, improving the prices of resource products, and reducing regulation of resources from government and control over resources from monopolyenterprises, can promote energy-saving, emissi

42、on reduction and environmental protection. They in turn will force enterprises to industrial upgrading, so that the power for the economic development is transferred to scientific and technological innovation which improves efficiency. So reform ideas with more emphasis on equity can now eliminate c

43、onstraints to improving efficiency, so as to have economy develop sustainably.公平有很多涵和體現(xiàn),絕對(duì)公平是無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)的。本文認(rèn)為目前要實(shí)現(xiàn)的公平有三個(gè)層次,即基本公平、相對(duì)公平和機(jī)會(huì)公平。Absolute fairness cant be gotten becausethere are many connotations and embodimentsin it. In this paper, fairness realized has three levels, namely, the basic fairness

44、, relativefairness and opportunity fairness.首先,要保證基本公平,即基本福利的公平,保證社會(huì)上人人都能有尊嚴(yán)地活著。這就需要大力加強(qiáng)社會(huì)保障制度的建設(shè),加強(qiáng)與法治建設(shè),促進(jìn)政府的基本公共服務(wù)均等化。First, ensure basic fairness, that is, fair of the basic welfare,and ensure that everyone can live with dignity. This requires great efforts to strengthen the construction of the

45、social security system, democracy and the rule of law, and promote the equalization of basic public services.其次,要實(shí)現(xiàn)相對(duì)公平,目前在所有領(lǐng)域都引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制進(jìn)行改革,可能還不具備相應(yīng)條件,在一些暫時(shí)還不能進(jìn)行徹底市場(chǎng)化改革的領(lǐng)域如石油、電網(wǎng)等,可以考慮通過(guò)恰當(dāng)?shù)闹贫劝才攀沟脡艛嘈袠I(yè)部有一定的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),提高它們對(duì)社會(huì)的服務(wù)水平,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)社會(huì)公眾的一種相對(duì)公平。Secondly, that now we introduce competition mechanism intoall are

46、as of reform to achieve a relatively fairness, may not have appropriate conditions. So a thorough market-oriented reform is still not carried out in some areas such as oil, power, etc. But it may be considered by making appropriate institutional arrangements to produce some degree of competitions wi

47、thin the monopoly industry, and improve their service level to the society, in order to achieve a relative fairness of the public.最后,要確保機(jī)會(huì)公平。相對(duì)于收入上的不平等,機(jī)會(huì)不均等導(dǎo)致的不公平更令人不能忍受。在經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域,機(jī)會(huì)不公平的主要原因是要素市場(chǎng)化不足。資本、技術(shù)和礦產(chǎn)資源等由壟斷企業(yè)或政府控制,這造成了各經(jīng)濟(jì)體發(fā)展機(jī)會(huì)上的不公平。應(yīng)該加人對(duì)要素市場(chǎng)的市場(chǎng)化改革力度,使得社會(huì)各方力量通過(guò)自身?xiàng)l件,在一定的制度安排下,都可以均等地獲取資源、資本等要素,從而能夠

48、達(dá)到一定的機(jī)會(huì)公平。另外,根據(jù)馬克思的再生產(chǎn)理論,社會(huì)生產(chǎn)總過(guò)程僅包括生產(chǎn)、分配、交換、消費(fèi)四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié),這四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)相互聯(lián)系、互相制約,使人們?cè)谏鐣?huì)生產(chǎn)總過(guò)程中形成了諸方面的生產(chǎn)關(guān)系。三十年前的效率為先的改革較多關(guān)注的是生產(chǎn)和交換環(huán)節(jié),所以主要涉與的是商品市場(chǎng)的改革?，F(xiàn)在更加關(guān)注公平的改革應(yīng)該更多地要從分配和消費(fèi)兩個(gè)角度來(lái)推進(jìn)。所以要素市場(chǎng)化不足所造成的分配不公應(yīng)成為當(dāng)前經(jīng)濟(jì)體制改革的突破口。Finally, ensure opportunity fairness pared with inequality in income, inequity resulting from inequality

49、 of opportunity is even more intolerable. In the economic field, the unfair opportunity is mainly due to the lack of theelement marketization.Capital, technology and mineral resources are controlled by monopolies or government, which results in an inequity on development opportunities of all economies. So force should be added to the market-oriented reform of factor markets, to make all social forces under certain institutional arrangements, equally acquire the resource