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1、新概念三冊語法精粹第一章定語從句1.定語從句:由關系代詞who,whom,whose,that,which;關系副詞when,where,why 引導。(下面十個句子請讀5遍并脫口譯出?。㊣.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringth eweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejo
2、intwherethethighbonemeetsthelargebone ofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2.只能用t
3、hat和who引導的定語從句A. all,nothing,anything,afew,one 做先行詞指物時B.先行詞前有形容詞最高級修飾時,后面常跟that而不是which.C .先行詞前有 theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery 等詞 修飾時,弓i導詞只能用that。D.當先行詞是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody 時,后面要用 who金 whom ; Allthatglittersisnotgold.閃光的并非都是金子。 ?3.as引導定語從句as引導的定語從句有兩種形式:A.引導
4、限制性語從句。在此類定語從句中,as常與主語中作為其先行詞的 such,thesame 或 as 聯(lián)用構成,“suchas, ”"thesameas 和"“as.as句型,可代替先行詞。例如:Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我們希望得至U他正在用的那種工具。B . as引導非限制性定語從句時,作用與 which相同,as 作為關系代詞代替整個主句。?(這是語法考試的一個考點。)注意區(qū)別:as引導的從句用于句首、句中或句后,而 which引導的定 語從句不能放在句首。例如:Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillv
5、isitthecity.據(jù)報道,一個外國代表團將訪問這個城市。(二):狀語從句超級作文聯(lián)接詞及詞組,全部拿下!原因:because,since,nowthat (既然)as,for,thisreason.結果:sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult.時間:after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,on ce,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays.條件:if,onlyif.,once,
6、unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedth at,ontheconditionthat,etc.島讓步:though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when鄧hatever/however/whenever.目的:inorderthat,inorderto,to,比較:than,as.as,bycomparison (相比較),bycontrast (相對照).(三):名詞性從句王睥要點:通常由that或疑問詞導出。1 .Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisn
7、otknow. (主語 從句)2 .Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinnin gthecase.(賓語從句)3 .Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext. (表語從句)4 .Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.(同位語從句)同位語(Appositive ):同位語是英語語法的重點內容,也是各類考試中的一個考點,同時,在寫作中正確運用同位語可以使你的句型更加簡潔 得彳本。新概念英語第三冊第一課有這樣一個句子:WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawil
8、dpumahadbeenspot tedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.(當倫敦動物園接到報告說,在倫敦以南45英里處發(fā)現(xiàn)一只美洲獅時,這些報告并沒有受到重視。)在這里,awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon 就是 同位語從它本來應該放在"reports后面,這里卻被放在亍謂語成分cameintoLondonzoo 的后面,目的是讓句型顯得更為 穩(wěn)重。I .簡單記憶:同位語從句,就是對某些名詞做進一步的解釋 的句子。Iwasgreatlysho
9、ckedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedy esterday.(that引導的句子解釋了 news的內容,注意:that不做任 何成分)Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.(that引導的句子解釋了 fact的內容)II .聯(lián)想記憶:?能接同位詞從句的名詞有:belief (信仰),fact, idea , doubt ,rumor (謠言),evidence (證據(jù)),conclusion (結論),suggestion (建議),problem , order, answer , disc
10、overy (發(fā)頊)explanation (解釋),principle (原則),possibility (可能性),truth , promise (承諾),report (報告),statement (聲明),knowledge(知識),opinion (觀點),likelihood (KT能在)大聲朗讀三遍,背下即可。III .王牌要點:同位語一般由that引導,但也可以用關系代詞which,who,what 和關系副詞 when,where,why,how 或 whether?Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.?Ihaven
11、oideahowtoexplainit.一些介詞詞組后面也能引導同位語從句。(非常經(jīng)典之功能句式,可用于四六級和托福作文,不妨一試!):?ontheassumption (在前提下),?ontheground (由于原因),?ontheconditionthat (在條體下),?withtheexception (有例外)?owingtothefact (由于事實);?ontheunderstanding (基于理解);?Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditio nthatheboughtheravilla.?那位年輕的女士答應嫁給那位
12、老頭,條件是他給她買一幢別墅。IV .分隔式同位語從句為了使句型平衡不至于頭重腳輕,有時同位語從句可以放到句子的末尾,(讀兩遍此定義,然后看倒句:)Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinforma tionaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAm ericanmovie"Titanic".V .同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別簡單記憶:定語從句的引導詞that或which在句子中用作主 語或賓語,而同位語從句的引導詞 that只
13、起連接主句和從句之 作為不用作任何成分。示例:I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位語從句,that 不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.(定語從句,that 做定VI.王牌重點:可以充當同位語的詞組或短語。1)名詞短語。(使句型更為簡潔)BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanoffi cialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwh elminglyimp
14、ortantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2)動名詞詞組亦可用作同位語:別忘了加逗號。(使句型更為流向)I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3)不定式短語。(陌生只是掌握的開始)Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4)形容詞詞組。(有逗號隔開)Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldb
15、etreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportu nity.VII.同位語的引導詞。(重要!這是中高級寫作中不可缺少 的引導成分)引導詞用來表示同位語與它所說明的同位成分之間的關系:1. . namely,thatitis,thatistosay (也就是說),inotherwords (換 句話說),or,forshort 表示等同關系。2. suchas,say,sotospeak(譬如說),including (包括),forinstance (或 forexample(e.g./eg ),表示
16、舉例和歹U舉3. especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重點,(在高難度閱讀中表示后面的部分為更重要或更突出的部分,是出題的關鍵點。)(四):虛擬語氣(四):虛擬語氣虛擬語氣用來表達不可能或難以實現(xiàn)的愿望,與事實相反的假設,通常分為基本的三種形式。1 .與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬:If+did/were+,wouldshouldcould?+do (動詞原形)mightIfIwereyou,Iwouldgoabroadatonce.(Iamnotyou.)Ifheknewitnow,hecouldhelpme.
17、(Hedoesn'tknowitnow.)2 .與過去事實相反的虛擬:If+haddone+,would(might)havedone.IfIhadknownyourtelephonenumberyesterday,Iwouldhavep honedyou.?(Ididn'tknowyourtelephonenumber.)Ifyouhadcomeherealittleearlierjustnow,youmighthavemeth er.?(Youdidn'tcomehereearlier.)3 .與將來事實相反的虛擬:(1)If+should+v.,.would+v.
18、(可能性很小)(譯作_萬一”)Ifitshouldraintomorrow,youcouldstayathome.IfIshouldfail,whatshouldIdo?(2)If+did/wereto+v.,would+v.?(完全不可能)Ifthesunweretoriseinthewest,Iwouldlendyouthemoney.Ifyoufinisheditin3minutes,Iwouldgiveyoumycar.4 .金牌特殊重點:! !簡單聯(lián)想記憶:F列動詞后的 賓語從句”中需要用虛擬形式,即should+動 詞原形,shoud在美國英語中要省略(TOEFL語法考點)。止匕
19、類常見的動詞有:?order,ask,decide,demand,require,recommend,suggest(建議)insist (堅決要求),advise,etc.?例句:Hesuggestedthatwe(should)helpthemwithEnglish.?Theteacherorderedthatthehomework(should)befinishe dwithinhalfanhour.F列名詞后的同位語從句中要用“should動詞原形”(should可省去)的虛擬。?suggestion,?order,?request,?demand,?importance,?pr op
20、osal.?Hemadeasuggestionthatwe(should)haveafancydressp arty.?Ithinkitisathingofimportancethatit(should)bedonesoon.tis/wasimportant/necessary/natural/essential/advisable/strange/surprising,ect.+that+ 主語 +should+v.?Itisstrangethatyoushouldsaysuchathing.?Itwasimportantthatyoushouldtellmealltheinformatio
21、n. wish后的賓語從句中,asif后的狀語從句中,須用下列的?主+wish+(that)+ 主+did/were (指現(xiàn)在)?haddone (指過去)?would+v.(指將來)?IwishthatImetmyunclenow.?IwishIhadmetmyuncleyesterday.?IwishIcouldmeetmyuncletomorrow. Itis(high)timethat.+did/were.?Itistimethatyouwenttobed. wouldratherthat.+did/were.?Iwouldratherthatyouwerenotherenow. wo
22、uldsoonerthat.+did/were.?Iwouldsoonerthatyougotupearlier.?Iwouldsoonerthatyouwerenotmybrother.(五):代替與省略英語中,為了避免不必要的重復,經(jīng)常用 so,not,to,do,does 代替前面出現(xiàn)的動詞或相關內容。如:HetranslatedthearticlebetterthanIdid.(did 代替 wroteit)? Doyouthinksheisclever? Ithinkso.(so 代替 sheisclever)(1)從上兩例中看出,do/does/did代替動詞。(2)"s
23、o與not"代替某個詞、短語、句子等,通常用于 hope,think,believe,expect,suppose,beafraid,fear,imagine,etc?E.g. Isitcorrect? I'mafraidnot.(notcorrect)(3)"to"用作不定式,常跟隨下列動詞: want,mean,hope,expect,refuse,seem,intend,be,afraid,etc.- ?E.g.Iaskedhimtogototheparty,butherefusedto.(gotothe party)(4)"doso,do
24、that,doit"用來代替動態(tài)動詞,而不能代靜態(tài)動 詞。?Eg. HegaveupstudyingEnglish.? Whydidhedoso?(=giveupstudyingEnglish)? Thedishtastesnice.? Yes,soitdoes.(tastesnice)一 ?(此句不能用 itdoesit 或 itdoesso,因 taste 屬靜態(tài) 動詞。(5)為使語言精煉,避免不必要的重復,對話中常用省略形式。?E.g. Heisthinkingofbuyingacar? Ishe?(這里,"thinkingofbuyingacar 被省略了。)? W
25、illhecomebackintime?Perhaps.(省略了 hewillcomebackintime.)(六):倒裝根據(jù)語法要求,把謂語動詞置于主語前,稱為完全倒裝,把 助動詞或情態(tài)動詞置于主語前,稱為部分倒裝。1 .副詞如:in,out,down,there,here,off,over,away,etc. 句子 倒裝。(完全倒裝,但主語不能是代詞)?Downjumpedthemurdererfromthetenthf100r.?IncameMissGreen.?(特別注意:當主語是人稱代詞時不倒裝。)?Awayshewent!(她走了!)?Hereyouare!(你在這兒?。? . o
26、nly+副詞(介詞短語)位于句首,句子要倒裝。?Onlythendidherealizethathewasmistaken.?Onlybyworkinghardcanwesucceedindoinganything.3 . well,so,often,such,few,little放于句首,句字形成倒裝。?Sofinewastheweatherthatweallwentoutlyinginthesun.?WelldidIknowhimandwelldidheknowme.4 .否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首時,句子須 倒裝。止匕類詞有:neither , nor, hardly , s
27、carcely , rarely , seldom , not, never , notonly , barely , atnotime , nowhere 等。?e.g. Jackcouldnotswim.? NeithercouldTom.?NeverhaveIseensuchagoodmovie.5 . as引導讓步狀語從句,須倒裝。(準確地說,是將需要 強調的詞提到as的前面。)?Richasheis,hespendsacentoncharity.?Tryashedoes,heneverseemsabletodotheworkbeautifu lly.6 .在表示祝愿的句子中。?May
28、youmakegreaterprogress!(愿你取得更大進步!)7 .在虛擬條件句中,連詞 if省略時,句型要倒裝,即將 were,had,should 等詞提至U句首。?WereIyou,Iwouldgoabroadtotakeadvancedstudy.?我要是你,就出國進修了。?Shouldhecometomorrow,hewouldhelpustosettlethepr oblem.?他要是明天來的話,他會幫我們解決這個問題的。?Weretheyherenow,theycouldhelpus. =Iftheywereherenow,theycouldhelpus.?Hadyouco
29、meearlier,youwouldhavemethim =?Ifyouhadcomeearlier,youwouldhavemethim.?Shoulditrain,thecropswouldbesaved.=?Wereittorain,thecropswouldbesaved.注意:在虛擬語氣的從句中,動詞be'的過去時態(tài)一律用"were", 不用was ,即在從句中be用were代替。IfIwereyou,Iwouldgotolookforhim.?如果我是你,就會去找他。Ifhewerehere,everythingwouldbeallright.如果他在這
30、兒,一切都會好的。典型例題todothework,Ishoulddoitsomeotherday.?A.IfwereI B.Iwere ?C.WereI ?D.WasI答案C.在虛擬條件狀語中如果有were,should,had這三個詞,通常將if省略,主語提前,變成were,should,had+主語的形 式。但要注意,在虛擬條件狀語從句中,省略連詞的倒裝形式 的句首不能用動詞的縮略形式。如我們可說WereInottodo.,而不能說 Weren'tItodo.8 .百分特例重點:?Muchaswemayprideourselvesonourgoodtaste,weare nolon
31、gerfreetochoosethethingswewant.9 ? (NCEBookIIILesson26 )?盡管我們?yōu)樽约旱慕^好鑒賞力感到自豪,但我們已經(jīng) 無法自由地選擇我們所需要的東西了。(七):形容詞定義:形容詞是用來修飾名詞的詞,描述名詞的性質、外觀、特點等。功能:形容詞可以做定語、表語或補助語。分類:主要分為兩類:描繪性形容詞和限定性形容詞。苗繪性形容詞主要用來描繪大、小、新舊、顏色、質量等。艮定性形容詞主要用來限定所修飾詞的數(shù)量、距離及范圍 所屬等。1.當形容詞修飾單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞時,必須與冠詞連用: alovelygirl,?thenaughtyboy2二形容詞可與系動詞連用,做
32、表語,說明主語的性狀。常 用系動詞有: be, become , seem , appear , feel , look, taste , smell , sound ,remain , go, turn, keep , stay,etc.Thedishtastesdelicious.Themusicsoundssweet.Themilkwentbad.小心陷阱?feel , smell , taste , look , keep有時可以用作實 義動詞,并可以用副詞修飾。Helookedmeupanddowncarefully.Itastedthesoupslowlytoseewhetheri
33、twassalty.3 .形容詞用作后置定語。(簡單理解:一般的形容詞修飾 名詞時放在名詞前面,但有些形容詞修飾名詞時放在名詞的后 面)arivernavigable (條可通航的河)sightvisible可見的景愛personresponsible (負責人) 注意:responsibleperson (有thebestwaypossible (盡可能好的辦法) thenumbernecessary(必要的數(shù)量)thepeoplepresent (在場的人)4 .只能作表語的形容詞1 .某些表示健康狀況的形容詞。well (身體好的),ill (病的),faint (虛弱的),poorly
34、 (身 體不好的)示例:Hismotherhasbeenillforalongtime.特別注意:sick是個特例。它既可做表語,又可做定語。Heissickforacoupleofdays.(他病兩三天了)Heisasickperson.(他是個病人。)2 .某些以a-開頭的形容詞。如:afraid (害怕的),alone (獨自的),alive (活著的),asleep (睡著的),awake (醒著的),aware (意識到的)Theoldmanisaloneinthehouse.(老人一個人在家。)Theteacherisalivewithenthusiasm.(這位老師熱情洋溢。)H
35、eisasleepinhismother'sarms.(他在母親的懷抱中睡著了。)Ihavebeenawareofthedifficulty.(我已經(jīng)意識到了 困難。)(八):副?詞定義:副詞用來修飾動詞(系動詞除外),形容詞,其它副詞或整個句子。功能:表示時間、方式、程度、范圍等。分類:寸間及頻度副詞:before , frequently , always , usuallyfe點副詞: here , northward , anywhere , above , below方式副詞:rapidly , quickly , clearly , hard , well 等照度副詞:qu
36、ite , much , nearly , just, enough , perfectly ,only 等疑問副詞:how , why , when , where 等例:Hewalkedoutoftheroomslowly.- Shelooksverybeautiful.WestudyEnglishverycarefully.Evenachildcandoitbetter.Perhapsshewilltelephoneyoutomorrow.金牌要點:幾個重要副詞的使用:1 .enough :修飾形容詞或副詞,須置于被修飾詞后;而修飾 名詞時放在修飾詞的前面。?Heisoldenought
37、ogotoschool.?Ihaveenoughmoneytobuythistypeofbicycle.2 .too :位于形容詞或副詞前。?Sheistooeagertoseeme.3 .very :置于所修飾的形容詞、副詞前。?Heisveryhandsomeandmanygirlsliketospeakwithhim.4 .much :修飾動詞,形容詞及副詞比較級。?Thesubjecthasbeentalkedtoomuch.?Herdressismuchmorebeautifulthanmine.5 .still:依舊;仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。?Hestillrememberst
38、hedaystheyspenttogether.?Istillcannotcatchhiswords.6 .yet:位于疑問句末尾時意思是巴經(jīng)";用于否定句時意思是還”。?Haveyouemptiedthedustbinyet?Ihaven'tdonethatyet.7 .only:根據(jù)句意靈活運用。(請翻譯下面三個句子?。?Onlyhecantellyouhowtodoit.?Hecanonlytellyouhowtodoit.?Hecantellyouhowtodoitonlytoday.8.hardly,scarcely,seldom,never本身為否定意義副詞,注意
39、?Hardlyhadweleftthestationwhenitbegantorain.你知道嗎?幾個易混淆的副詞:1 .easy:standeasy(=comfortably)?easily:Itcan'tbesolvedeasily.2 .clear:Thebulletwentclearthroughthewindow.(=directly)?clearly:Clearly,hedoesn'tknowanythingaboutit.(=obviously)3 .high:Hecanjumpveryhigh. (高地)?highly:Wethinkhighlyofthegoo
40、dteacher.(高度地)4 .just:Wehavejustknowthenews. (剛剛)?justly:Hewasjustlypunished.(公正地)5 .hard:Youmustthinkhard.(努力地)?hardly:Hehardlyknowsaboutit.(幾乎不)6 .pretty:Heisnotprettysureaboutit.(三曰常)?prettily:Thegirlisprettilydressed.(漂亮地)7 .near:Helivesneartheschool.(附近)?nearly:Inearlymissedthebus.(幾乎)8 .late:D
41、on'tcomelatenexttime.(遲至 U)?lately:Ihaven'treadnovelslately.(最近)9 .formally:Youshouldbedressedformallyatthemeeting.(正式地)?formerly:Formerly,hewasthemanagerofthecompany.10 .free (免費地)freely (自由地)11 .most (最)?mostly(大部分)12 .sharp (準時地)?sharply (嚴厲地)(九):冠詞不定冠詞“a用來表示可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)形式,用于輔音音素 前,an用于元音音素前。如
42、:aperson,aday;anhour,anoldman.I.定冠詞用法如下:(英語剛啟蒙時你就知道冠詞了,可你真正掌握了嗎?再背一遍又何妨? !)1 .用于雙方都知道的名詞前:Pleasecleantheclassroom .2 .用于單數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或物:Thehorseisausefulanimal.(馬是有用的動物)Thisisaveryhardjobfortheteacher.(對于老師這是一項很難的工作。)3 .用于世界上獨一無二的東西前:thesun,thespring.4 .用于方位名詞前:Peopleinthewestlikecoffeeverymuch.5 .用于樂
43、器名詞前:playtheviolin.6 .用于計量單位前:Gasolineiss01dbythega110n.7 .形容詞最高級和序數(shù)詞前:Thisistheeasiestwaytoworkouttheproblem.?Hecametoseemeforfirsttime.8 .用于江河湖海山脈名稱前: thePacific , theThames , theRockyMountains9 .雜志、報刊名稱前:theTimes , theOverseasDigest10 .用于建筑物、和組織前:theWhiteHouse,theMinistryofEducation11 .用于姓氏復數(shù)前,表
44、某某夫婦,某某一家人" theSmiths theGreens12 .用于形容詞前,表一類人 /物:therich,theblind13 .用于English , Chinese , French等名詞前,表全體國 民"theEnglsh , theChineseII.以下情況不用冠詞:1 .三餐前 breakfast , lunch , supper , .Haveyouhadlunch ?2 .體育運動項目前 playchess , .Ihavenointerestintennis.3 .在由by引出的交通工具前byair (乘飛機),bycar4 .在稱呼或職位前He
45、hasbeenelectedpresidentofthecommittee.5 .習慣用語前 atschool , daybyday , attable (在吃飯), gotochurch (做禮拜).(十):反意疑問句1 . 一般用法:?Heisastudent,isn'the?Heisn'tastudent,ishe?(1) "haveto,hadbetter,usedto 要用下列方式反問:?Hehastofinishthework,doesn'the?Theyusedtosmoke,didn't/usedn'tthey?You'
46、dbettergetupimmediately,hadn'tyou?(2) “has,have乍為助動詞和實意動詞,反問形式不同。?Wehavedoneallthework,haven'twe?Youhavesometime,don'tyou?金牌要點如下:2 . seldom,barely,hardly,scarcely,few,little 語意本身是否 定,因此反意問句應為肯定形式。?Sheseldomcomestovisitus,doesshe?Hehardlyknewit,didhe?3 .當主句為祈使句,反意問句提出要求,命令應用"willyou
47、?Doitatonce,willyou?但如表示邀請,勸告,反意問句用 "won'tyou "?Haveacupoftea,won'tyou?4 .否定祈廟句應用"willyou反問。?Don'topenthewindow,willyou?5 , “ Let'颯語當其為肯定形式,"shallwe提'出反問?Let'splaybasketball,shallwe?當其為否定形式,"allright,ok提出反問?Let'snotgototheparty,allright?喊口為"l
48、etus.其反問竊式應為"willyou提出請求 ?Letusgohome,willyou?6 .當“think,suppose,consider,believe被Wtcj主句謂語動詞,其后帶有賓語從句時,反意疑問問句應與從句保持一 致。?Idon'tthinkthatheisanhonestman,ishe?(H一):獨立主格結構此獨立形式只是一個小短語,而不是主謂完整的簡單句,又 稱之為獨立分詞構句。當分詞意義上的主語不是主句的主語時, 必須在分詞前保留意義上的主語,否則語意不通。(定義有點 費解,多看幾遍)?示例:Beingillinbed,Ican'tgoto
49、school.Motherbeingillinbed,Ican'tgotoschool.(1)獨立主結構形式可用以表時間,理由,條件,伴隨狀 態(tài)等?Helayonthegrass,thesunshininguponhim.=Helayonthegrass,andthesunwasshininguponhim.?Weatherpermitting,I'llstarttomorrow.=Ifweatherpermits,I'llstarttomorrow.?Schoolbeingover,theboyswenthome.=Whenschoolwasover,theboysw
50、enthome.?Thesunhavingset,wearrivedatthestation.=Afterthesunhadset,wearrivedatthestation.王牌重點:當獨立主格結構的主語表示&般人",如:we,one,you時,主語可省略,此用法常用于下列表達方式中:generallyspeaking 一般來說strictlyspeaking 嚴格地說talkingof.談至Uspeakingof.說至Ujudgingfrom.由來判斷takingallthingsintoconsideration把切者1考慮在內considering.考慮至U 示例:?
51、Ifwejudgefromhisface,hemustbeill.=Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.?Hehaslotsofbooksifweconsiderthatheisyoung.?=Hehaslotsofbooks,consideringthatheisyoung.(2) with復合結構也是獨立主格結構形式之一。這種結構 在句中作狀語(表示原因,方式,伴隨等)和定語,作定語時 緊隨被修飾名詞后。1 . with+名詞+介詞短語:?Thewomanwithababyonherbackismysister.?Theboyrushedintotheroom,w
52、ithhisschoolbaginhishand.2 . with+ 為詞 +adj.?withthedooropen,helefttheclassroom.3 . with+ 名詞 +adv.?Withtheglovesoff,shefeltcold.?Withthelightson,thebuildinglooksbeautiful.4 . with+名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞(主動)?with+名詞+過去分詞(被動)?Withtheguideleadingus,wegottothevillage.?Theboywascryingwiththevasebroken.5 . with+詞+一定式?Wit
53、hthehardworktobedone,wehavetoprepareforit.(十二):平行結構許多句子在描述一個人或一件物品時往往會出現(xiàn)一系列修 飾語;動詞的修飾語,即副詞往往也會幾個同時使用,構成平 行結構,平行結構要求語法結構須保持一致,如:1 .系列動詞:?Afterschool,wesang,dancedandplayedthepianointhecl assroom.2 .系列形容詞:?Sheisslim,tall,blondandbeautiful.3 .系列副詞:?Thestudentsarelisteningtomecarefullyandeagerly.?平行結構不僅
54、包括動詞,形容詞,副詞,也包括分詞, 不定式,動名詞,名詞短語和句子等的平行用法,務必提高辨 別力。?(十三):容易混淆的動詞在學習英語動詞時,一些初學者常碰到大量易混淆的同義 詞,下面就幾組常用的動詞加以比較。1 .rise , raise , arise , arouse? "rise是不及物動詞,過去式為rose ,過去分詞為risen ,其基本詞義上升,上漲 Thesunrisesintheeast . Agoodidearoseinmymind."rais星及物規(guī)則動詞,舉起,提高”。 Heraisedhisvoicetomakehimselfheard. The
55、boycanraisetheheavystone.“arise,'是不及物動詞,過去式為arose ,過去分詞arisen ,其語義為出現(xiàn),發(fā)生 Hiscuriosityaroseduetothequestionhismotherasked.? "arouse是及物動詞,過去式和過去分詞為aroused ,其語義為喚醒,引起”?arousesomebodyfromsleep把某人喚醒?arousesuspicion?引起林疑2 .lay , lie , liefay”及物動詞,放置,生蛋”,過去式與過去分詞為“l(fā)aidI'velaidthebookontheself.Thehenlaysaneggeveryday.lie 及的動詞 位于,平躺”,過去式為“l(fā)a過去分詞"lainHelayonthefloorandsleptsoundly.BeijingliesinthenorthofChina.lie”及物動詞 說謊”,它是規(guī)則動詞。Heliedtohisteacher.3.sit, seat“ si匹及物動詞,過去式與過去分詞均為“ sa& ”Hesatintheclassroomreadingnewspaper.“sea汲物動詞,使就坐“容納”。Heseatshimselfhere.Heisseatedthere.Heseat
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