重大版教材分析必修三

1、Unit1 Friends and Friendship單詞friendshipenlargelargeviewofferculturedistantcomplainconfusedcasualclosecompanionbondsituationsituategreetingdelighteddelightdelightfuloutsiderlifelonglong-term短語at firstbe interested in doing sthin a very general waybase on/uponno longer/notany moreout offade awayfor a

2、 whileby chancepick upleave offbe delighted in/delight in in a/the blink of an eyebark at die ofheart attacksuffer from語法現(xiàn)在分詞 一.構(gòu)成形式 doing （特殊的略 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動的或進(jìn)行的動作 二.時態(tài)與語態(tài) 一般式doing 一般被動式being done 完成式having done 完成被動式having been done 所有否定式都是在ing前面加not 包括獨(dú)立主格形式 三.可作成分 定語 狀語 補(bǔ)語 表語 1.作定語 單個分詞作定語時放在所修飾名詞前

3、分詞短語作定語時放在后 并且名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞之間存有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 這是區(qū)分現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和動名詞作定語的判斷方法之一 e.g. a running boy the girl standing there 并且一般都可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個進(jìn)行時的定語從句 e.g. a boy who is running a girl who is standing there 注意1：分詞的完成時不可作定語 注意2：在message letter sign news notice等詞后要用現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 不用過去分詞 這是考試的易錯點(diǎn) 注意3：某些現(xiàn)在分詞作定語時 已不再表示動作 已經(jīng)從分詞變?yōu)榱诵稳菰~詞性 eg.

4、 an interesting story an exciting match 這些也可以屬于現(xiàn)在分詞作定語 但是不能轉(zhuǎn)化為相應(yīng)的定語從句 但是可以有三級變化（原級 比較級 最高級和被某些副詞如very修飾 2.作補(bǔ)語 高中階段只研究分詞作賓補(bǔ)的情況 不研究作主補(bǔ)的情況 只有兩類動詞可以加現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ) 1感官動詞：see hear watch feel notice observe keep find listen to look at 2使役動詞：have get catch leave set 值得注意的是：要想用現(xiàn)在分詞來作賓補(bǔ) 只能是用于這些詞后 但是并不代表這些動詞后的賓補(bǔ)形式都要

5、用現(xiàn)在分詞（有些后面可以加不帶to的不定式作賓補(bǔ) eg.I saw him singing now. Dont have the students studying all day. 注意 ：賓語與作賓補(bǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系 即賓語是現(xiàn)在分詞動作的發(fā)出者 至于 現(xiàn)在分詞作主語補(bǔ)足語的情況只須知道上述動詞的被動語態(tài)形式中的現(xiàn)在分詞作的是主補(bǔ)即可 無須深入 3.作表語 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語的情況只適用于上述的現(xiàn)在分詞做定語部分中的注意3 有三級變化 可被副詞修飾 e.g.The story is interesting. The match is exciting. 注意 ：表動作的現(xiàn)在分

6、詞不能作表語 例如上面例子的變形A boy is running.這不是主系表而是主謂（其中助動詞is與現(xiàn)在分詞running和起來作謂語 關(guān)于句子成分的語法內(nèi)容 有時間再為大家補(bǔ)充 4.作狀語 作時間 條件 原因 讓步狀語事要位于句首 且與后面用逗號隔開 能轉(zhuǎn)換為一個相應(yīng)的狀語從句 作結(jié)果 方式 伴隨狀語時要位于句尾 且與前面用逗號隔開 有時也可以不用 注意分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語（即分詞動作的發(fā)出者一般要與句中主語保持一致這個是重點(diǎn) 是考試和高考的?？键c(diǎn) 大家必須記住 個人經(jīng)驗(yàn)狀語從句是萬能的 而分詞作狀語具有局限性 當(dāng)分詞不能表示的時候可以用從句來做 1作時間狀語 eg. Walking

7、in the street, I saw him.當(dāng)我在街上走時，我看到他了 可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個時間狀語從句 When/While I was walking in the street, I saw him. 當(dāng)我要表達(dá)正在進(jìn)行的動作時 我們可以在分詞前面加上whenwhile 那么上面的例句就可以改寫為When/While walking in the street,I saw him.（其實(shí)有的時候也可以理解為時間狀語從句中的省略 但是不是時時成立的 重新注意一下所給出的例子 Walking in the street,I saw him.我是翻譯成”當(dāng)我在街上走時，我看到他了”而不可以翻譯

8、為”當(dāng)他在街上走時，他看到我了”（這個是因?yàn)椤狈衷~作狀語時 其邏輯主語一般要與句中主語保持一致” 但是有的同學(xué)問了 那我要是想翻譯成”當(dāng)他在街上走時，我看到他了”那應(yīng)該怎么做那？ 可以用狀語從句來做啊 因?yàn)閺木涫侨f能的啊 When/While he was walking in the street,I saw him. 在這里在告訴大家另外的一個方法 He walking in the street,I saw him. 這是分詞的獨(dú)立主格形式 我們以下會介紹 在這里不需太理解 2作條件狀語 e.g. Working hard,you will succeed. 3作原因狀語 e.g. Be

9、ing ill,she stayed at home. 注意 being是常用來作原因狀語的 4作讓步狀語 e.g. Having failed many times,he didnt lost heart. 5作結(jié)果狀語 e.g. His friend died,leaving him a lot of money, 6作方式狀語 e.g. Please answer the question using another way. 7作伴隨狀語 可以轉(zhuǎn)化為一個并列句 e.g. He is standing there,singing. 學(xué)以致用1.Taking pictures_ very

10、interesting. A. is B. are C. to be D. be 2._ the bad news made him cry. A. Hear B. Heard C. Hearing D. Is hearing3._ a desert had always been a risk adventure. A. being crossedB. Having crossed C. Crossing D. To have crossed4.Before he came , Id finished _ the whole book. A. to read B. to have read

11、C. reading D. read5. I always enjoy _ to popular music at night.A. to listen B. listening C. that I can listen D. if I can listen6.We are considering _ a trip around the island.A. take b. to take C. to be taking D. taking7.I hope you dont mind _ at your newspaper.A. I look B. my looking C. I looking

12、 D. my to look8.When a mans heart stops _ , he dies. A. to beat B. beating C. beat D. beaten9.I cant help _ he is still alive. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought of10.So far as I am concerned , I prefer reading _ .A. than meat B. for joy C. instead of sleeping D to drinkingUnit 2 Parents an

13、d Children單詞shadeshelterbranchsailtrunkbiteendlessendingunconditionalconditionalconditionretellforecasthearingnapchoplean短語go bygrow upchop offgo sailingshow upsince thenlean on/uponbe aware ofalong withbe angry with sb.feel like doing sth.graduate frombe engaged tobe marriedcover withfeel blue語法動名詞

14、定義：動名詞是一種兼有動詞和名詞特征的非限定動詞。它可以支配賓語，也能被副詞修飾。動名詞有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。解釋：動詞的ing形式如果是名詞，這個詞稱動名詞。特征：動詞原形+ing構(gòu)成，具有名詞，動詞一些特征一、動名詞的作用動名詞具有名詞的性質(zhì)，因此在句中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語等。1、作主語 二、動名詞作主語與動詞不定式作主語的比較 動詞不定式和動名詞都可以用作主語。在意義上相近。但動名詞多用來表示泛指或抽象動作，不定式多用來表示特指或具體動作。3)在疑問句中，通常用動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，而不用不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作主語： Does your saying that mean anything

15、to him? *Does for you to say that mean anything to him? 4)在“There be”句型中，只能用動名詞，而不能用不定式作主語： There is no telling what will happen. It is impossible to tell what will happen. 5)當(dāng)句子中的主語和表語都是非限定動詞時，要遵循前后一致的原則，主語和表語在形式上要求統(tǒng)一： Seeing is believing. *To see is to believe.2、作賓語（1作動詞的賓語（2作介詞的賓語We are thinking

16、of making a new plan for the next term. 我們正考慮為下學(xué)期制定新的計劃。Shall we have a rest or get down to doing our work? 我們休息呢還是開始干活？（3作形容詞的賓語The music is well worth listening to more than once. 這種曲子很值得多聽幾遍。We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我們正為馬上到來的運(yùn)動會忙著做準(zhǔn)備。3、作表語動名詞作表語時句子主語常是表示無生命的事物的名詞或what引導(dǎo)的名

17、詞性從句。表語動名詞與主語通常是對等的關(guān)系，表示主語的內(nèi)容，主語、表語可互換位置。4、作定語動名詞作定語往往表示被修飾詞的某種用途。二、動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)動名詞的時態(tài)和語態(tài)如下：主動語態(tài)、被動語態(tài)、一般式writing、being written、完成式having written、having been written其否定形式是在doing前加上not1、動名詞一般式表示的動作通常是一般性動作，即不是明確地發(fā)生在過去、現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭幼鳎蚴桥c謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生的動作。如：I hate talking with such people. 我討厭與這樣的人說話。Being carel

18、ess is not a good habit. 粗心不是一個好習(xí)慣。2、動名詞的完成式表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞動作之前。如：I dont remember having met him before. 我記不得以前見過他。Thank you for having taking so much trouble to help. 謝謝你費(fèi)力幫忙。3、動名詞的邏輯主語同時也是動名詞動作的承受者，動名詞用被動語態(tài)。三、動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞的同與不同動名詞它在形式上與現(xiàn)在分詞相同，都是在動詞原形的詞末加-ing。在現(xiàn)代語法中，這兩種形式同視為-ing形式。 這兩種形式的另一個相同之處是：它們都是由動詞變化

19、而成的，它們都保留了動詞的某些特征，它們都能帶自己的賓語、狀語，而構(gòu)成動名詞短語或是現(xiàn)在分詞短語去擔(dān)當(dāng)句子成分。例如：Speaking in the public , he will surely be very cheerful .（現(xiàn)在分詞短語，作狀語他在公眾場所講話時總是興高采烈的。She hates speaking in the public.（動名詞短語，作賓語她不喜歡在公眾場所講話。區(qū)別：1動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用于系動詞之后作表語,區(qū)別方法是: 作表語的動名詞與主語指的是同一件事,此時系動詞相當(dāng)于“是”,通常把主語和表語的位置互換,語法和意思不變,例如: My hobby is

20、 swimming.可改為Swimming is my hobby.(可將原句中的主語與表語位置互換) 現(xiàn)在分詞作表語主要用以說明主語的性質(zhì),不能與主語互換位置,例如: The story is interesting .不可改為:Interesting is the story. 2動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞都可以用作定語來修飾名詞,兩者的區(qū)別在于: 動名詞修飾名詞時主要表示該名詞的用途,而現(xiàn)在分詞修飾名詞時性質(zhì)狀態(tài)或動作等試比較: a swimming boy和a swimming suit 前者的意思是“一個正在游泳的男孩”,即a boy who is swimming ,現(xiàn)在分詞swimming

21、 表示被修飾名詞boy的動作;而后者的意思是“游泳衣”,即a suit for swimming , 動名詞swimming表示suit 的用途 a sleeping child 和 a sleeping car 前者的意思是“一個正在睡覺的孩子”,即a child who is sleeping ,現(xiàn)在分詞sleeping 表示被修飾名詞 child 正處于的狀態(tài);而后者的意思是“臥車(被用來睡覺的車廂)”,即 a car which is used for sleeping ,動名詞 sleeping 表示car 的用途練習(xí)1 Mark often attempts to escape _

22、 whenever he breaks traffic regulations。Ashavingsbeen fined B to have been fined C to be fined D being fined2 My wife said in her letter that she would appreciate _ from you sometime。A to have heard B to hear C for hearing D hearing3 The thief took away the womans wallet without_。A being seen B seei

23、ng C him seeing D seeing him4 People appreciate _wit him because he has a good sense of humor.A to work B to have worked C working D have working5 Ive enjoyed _ to talk with you。A to be able B being able C to been able D of being able6 No one can avoid _ by advertisements。A to be influenced B being

24、influenced C influencing Dshavingsinfluence7 They are considering _ before the prices go up。A of buying the house B with buying the house C buying the house D to buy the house8 He thought that _。A the effort doing the job was not worth B the effort was not worth in doing the jobC it was not worth th

25、e effort doing the job D it was not worth the effort by doing the job9 If I had remembered _ the door， the things would not have been stolen。A to lock B locking C to have locked Dshavingslocked10 Your shirt needs _。 Youd better have it done today。A iron B to iron C ironing D being ironedUnit 3 Dream

26、s and Dreamers單詞stablecontinuallycontinualcontinueinterruptseniordescribediagramunrealisticrealisticrewritewritereconsiderconsiderfireplacecampranchitinerant短語in great detailput ones heart intoa great deal ofmake up ones mind turn incamp outlive in a tentsomething of tear offraise ones spirits up to

27、 the ceilingat the height ofmake ones decisionstick to sthlay sb. Offrather thanend up withlater onhold fast to get on with sth.at the top of語法謂一致（1）一三原則：主語法一致、邏輯意義一致以及就近（遠(yuǎn)）一致原則二基本用法1 并列結(jié)構(gòu)作主語時當(dāng)意義為復(fù)數(shù)時謂語用復(fù)數(shù)注意: 當(dāng)主語由and連結(jié)時,如果它表示一個單一的概念,即指同一人或同一物時,謂語動詞用單數(shù),and 此時連接的兩個詞前只有一個2 在代詞what, which, who, none, som

28、e, any, more, most, all等詞的單復(fù)數(shù)由其指代的詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定. 3集體名詞作主語時,謂語的數(shù)要根據(jù)主語的意思來決定.如family, audience, crew, crowd, class, company, committee等詞后用復(fù)數(shù)形式時,意為這個集體中的各個成員,用單數(shù)時表示該個集體. 但集合名詞people, police, cattle, poultry(家禽).等在任何情況下都用復(fù)數(shù)形式. 3以-ics結(jié)尾的學(xué)科名詞,如politics,physics,mathematics等作主語時,謂語動詞用單數(shù).以-s結(jié)尾的名詞news, works, plast

29、ics等同屬此類.4有些用來表示由兩個對應(yīng)部分組成一體的名詞復(fù)數(shù)(trousers, glasses,shoes.shorts.scissors.scales等)作主語時,前面若有一條,一副,一把之類的單位詞,動詞用單數(shù);若沒有單位詞或單位詞是復(fù)數(shù),則謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù).學(xué)以致用1. Neither of them _ going to the cinema. Both of them _ going to the cinema.A. is ; are B. is ; is C. are ; was D. are ; is2. All but one _ here just now. All th

30、at I want to say _ this.A. was; were B. was; is C. were; is D. were; were3. A number of students _ gone for an outing. The number of the students _ increasing year. A. have; has B. is; have C. has; have D. have; is 4. Some of the oranges _ turned bad. Some of the milk _ turned sour (酸).A. have; has

31、B. have; have C. has; have D. have; is 5. Each student -_ got an English- Chinese dictionary. The students each _ a dictionary.A. have; has B. has; have C. have; have D. has; has6. There _ a pen, an ink bottle, and some books on it. There _ some bowls, plates and a spoon on it.A. is; are B. are; are

32、 C. are; is D. is; is 7. Either the judge or the lawvers _ wrong. Either you or he _ to blame.A. is; are B. are; is C. are; are D. is; is 8. His family _ all very well. His family _ a “ five good” one.A. are; is B. is; is C. are; are D. is; are9. My blue trousers _ worn out. One pair of trousers _ n

33、ot enough.A. is; are B. are; are C. is; is D. are; is 10. Our League secretary and monitor _ the lead in everything. Our League secretary and the monitor _ good friends.A. take; are B. take; is C. takes; is D. takes; areUnit 4 Perserverance and Success單詞theoreticaltheoryphysicistphysicsceremonymedic

34、ineawardastronomyastronomerappliedapplypostacademylawgovernuniversecatchcureoperateoperatoroperationaltogetherpressswitchscientificsciencepaperwheelchairunifycommunity短語do researchhold the post ofcatch a diseasepoint tospell outturn offfish sth. out of sthpull outladle out pull off knock on/at the d

35、oor語法主謂一致（2）一.語法一致原則只要確定句子的主語是單數(shù)意義，則謂語用單數(shù)，句子的主語意義復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。具體表現(xiàn)如下：1.表示時間、金錢、距離、重量、數(shù)量的復(fù)數(shù)名詞作主語，通?？醋饕粋€整體，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Ten pounds was missing from the box.2. a series of, a kind of, a piece of, a pair of 等量詞修飾名詞，通常以量詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式來決定謂語的單復(fù)數(shù)。 This pair of glasses is very expensive.Two series of new stamps have been o

36、rdered. 3.a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，“許多”，復(fù)數(shù)意義；the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，“的數(shù)目”，單數(shù)意義。the population of“的人口數(shù)量”作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，但如果是分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、half of, the rest of the population 作主語時，具體指其中的多少人，復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)。The number of the students in our school is quite large and a number of teachers work hard.The population of China is large

37、and most of the population are farmers.4.“the adj.”結(jié)構(gòu)指一類人時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)The disabled are well taken care of in this country.5.分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)其指代的含義確定。The rest of the workers are still very tired.二.邏輯意義一致原則1.every /each/no 名詞and every/ each/ no 名詞作主語時，

38、謂語用單數(shù)。Every boy and every girl is having sports now.2.“one 單數(shù)名詞and a half”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。One apple and a half was on the table.3.“many a 單數(shù)名詞”作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Many a child was playing there.三.就近（遠(yuǎn)）一致原則1.謂語動詞的人稱和數(shù)常常與最近作主語的詞語保持一致。常出現(xiàn)在這類句子中的連詞有： or, notbut； eitheror， neithernor， not onlybut also 等。Either I o

39、r they are responsible for the result of the matter.Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress.2.當(dāng)there be 句型的主語是一系列事物時，謂語應(yīng)與最鄰近的主語保持一致。There is a pen, a knife and several books on the desk.There are twenty boystudents and twentythree girlstudents in the class.3.主

40、語后面跟有“with, together with, except, but, like, as well as,along with, including,”等引起的短語，謂語動詞要跟主語一致，即就遠(yuǎn)一致。學(xué)以致用1. The girl as well as his parents _ a bike. Not only the students but also the professor _ surprised at Marys answer.A. have; was B. have; were C. has; was D. has; were2. Who _ the girl singi

41、ng in the next room? Who _ these people over there?A. are; are B. are; is C. is; are D. is; is 3. Most of the students _ boys. Most of his money _ spent on books.A. are; is B. is ; is C. are; are D. is; are4. The policeman _ standing at the street corner. The police _ searching for him.A. are; is B.

42、 are; are C. is; are D. is; is 5. The glasses _ mine. That pair of glasses _ my brothers.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 6. The news at six oclock _ not true. Those pieces of news _ to be broadcasted.A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is 7. Grandpa Wang and his two grandsons _ taki

43、ng a walk in the park now. Grandpa Wang, together with his two grandsons, _ taking a walk in the park now. A. are; are B. is; are C. is; is D. are; is 8. No one but Jane _ the secret. Nobody but Mary and I _ in the classroom at that time.A. know; was B.knows; was C. know; were D. knows; were9. There

44、 _ nothing but two looms in the hall. There _ something wrong with the machine.A. was; is B. was; are C. were; is D. were; are10. He is one of the boys who _ never late for school. He is the only one of the boys who _ never late for school.A. is; are B. are; are C. are; is D. is; is Unit 5 Art and C

45、ulture單詞masterexactlyescapevaguenessvaguenoticeablenoticemagicallyfoldobservationobservemerelyfaithfulfaithmagicindistincthorizoncounterbalancedeviation短語rest onon purposefade intoin the backgroundon the left/right sidefocus ondeviation fromdeal withput life intonoted forfind ones way tobe closely r

46、elated tobe regarded asdevote tobe skilled atbe named afterin accordance withdrive outevil spirits語法主謂一致（3）1.a number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，“許多”，復(fù)數(shù)意義；the number of 復(fù)數(shù)名詞，“的數(shù)目”，單數(shù)意義。the population of“的人口數(shù)量”作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)，但如果是分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、half of, the rest of the population 作主語時，具體指其中的多少人，復(fù)數(shù)意義，謂語則用復(fù)數(shù)。the average of“的平均數(shù)量”，作主語

47、時，謂語用單數(shù)。2.quantities of 名詞作主語時，不論名詞是復(fù)數(shù)還是不可數(shù)，謂語一律用復(fù)數(shù)。a quantity of 名詞復(fù)數(shù)作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。a quantity of 不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。 amounts of 不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。an amount of 不可數(shù)名詞作主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。3. 分?jǐn)?shù)、百分?jǐn)?shù)、all, some, the rest, half of, most of, part of 等作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)根據(jù)其指代的含義確定。學(xué)以致用1. What they have done _ of great use to us. W

48、hat he says and what he does _ agree.A. is; not B.is; do not C. are; does not D. are; not2. Every picture except these two _. Everything around us _ matter.A. have been sold; is B. have been sold; are C. has been sold; is D. has been sold; are3. A woman with two children _ coming up to us. Mary, alo

49、ng with her parents, _ moved to Paris.A. is; has B. is; have C. are; have D. are; has4. one sixth of our classmates _ from peasant families. One fifth of her time _ devoted to writing.A. comes; is B.come; are C. come; is D. comes; are5. Only 10 percent of the students in the class _ League members.

50、About 40% of Jims income _ to the rent (租金). A. are; goes B. are; go C. is; goes D. is; go6. It is this teacher who _ leaving for London. It is you who _ next. A. are; are B. is; are C. are; is D. is; is7. The population of the earth _ increasing fast. One third of the population here _ workers.A. i

51、s; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are8. This kind of snakes _ very dangerous. These kinds of metal _ hard to find.A. is; is B. are; is C. is; are D. are; are9. Half of the visitors _ from Europe. Half of the fruit _ bad.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; is D. are; are10. Every man worker and every woman worker _