小馬備考包筆記、參考 答案 3

1、地下水就是滲入地下空隙的水。一般說最豐富的地下水資源是大氣水，這是參與水循環(huán)的那一部分地下水。一般來說大氣水來自降水活動或湖水溪流向地下的滲入。在這些水分重回地表之前，它們可以在地下停留相當長的時期。一般想來，我們腳下堅硬的土地能承載那么多水分確實很不可思議。儲水所必需的空間有多種形式。最普遍的是在沙礫和小卵石等松散不固定的顆粒之間。這些東西就存在于我們看不見的土壤底下。它們可以在曾經(jīng)有攜帶粗糙沉淀物的急流經(jīng)過的地方發(fā)現(xiàn)。例如，在冰河時代覆蓋北美的巨大冰川消融時，大量融水承載沙石并在速度減緩后留下沉積物，也就是所謂冰川沖積。同樣的狀況現(xiàn)在也在發(fā)生，雖然規(guī)模稍小。裝滿沉淀物的河流從山谷流向附近的

2、平底，并在河水流走后留下沉淀物。水流通常會以扇形延伸，并留下沉淀物形成扇形的平滑斜坡。沉淀物還可能被留在河流入湖入海時減速的地帶，起初沉淀會停留在湖床或海床，但隨后就會由于海平面降低或是土地隆起向內(nèi)陸延伸，這樣的沉積物有時會有數(shù)千米厚。低地國家的絕大部分土地之下都可能是被土壤掩埋的過去的河床，如果它們現(xiàn)在仍然在地下水位以下，之前河床沙壩的沙石就會混入地下水中。關于不固定的沉積物就說到這里。穩(wěn)固的沉淀物同樣有著千百萬可儲水的細孔。這是因為最早的沙礫空隙可能并未被填滿，此外，部分沙石可能在組合成石塊或者之后的任何時間被滲入的地下水溶解。結果就是，沙石會像組成它的松散沙礫一樣多孔。那一部分松散或是堅

3、固的沉淀物間形成了空隙。絕大多數(shù)晶石要堅固的多，除了花崗巖?；◢弾r由凝固的巖漿形成，他們內(nèi)部往往有著很多小氣泡，這一特性使它們同樣多孔。巖石內(nèi)空隙的比率就是所謂多孔性。但多孔性和滲透性不同，但滲透性主要用來衡量水是否能穿過，這與獨立的小孔和與之關聯(lián)的裂縫的尺寸有關。許多石頭或滲入水分的沉積物樣本如果放置于適度干燥的環(huán)境下，水分就都會滲出。但是有一些仍會殘留，附著在沉淀表面。使之附著的力量是表面張力，如果沒有張力的話水就會迅速從任何潮濕的地方滲透留下完全干燥的表面。cling klv. 粘緊; 緊貼; 附著proportion proportion | prprn /-p-n. 比例, 部份,

4、均衡v. 使成比例, 分攤, 使均衡porous porous | prsadj. 多孔的, 多孔性的, 有氣孔的percolate percolate | prklet /p-v. 過濾; 使浸透; 使?jié)B出; 過濾; 浸透; 滲出minute minute | mntn. 分; 一會兒, 片刻; 備忘錄v. 將.記錄下來; 將.記入會議記錄adj. 微小的; 詳細的; 瑣細的; 精密的fanwise 英音：fnwaiz 美音：fn,waz 呈扇形展開Outwash 沖擊laden laden | lednadj. 裝滿的; 苦惱的; 負擔重的coarse ksadj. 粗糙的, 粗俗的, 下

5、等的gravel gravel | grvln. 砂礫; 砂礫層v. 鋪碎石, 使擱淺, 使困惑pebble pebble | pebln. 小圓石, 小鵝卵石v. 用卵石鋪; 在上印卵石花紋; 用卵石連續(xù)扔emerge emerge | mdv. 浮現(xiàn), 脫出, 形成saturate saturate | stretv. 浸透; 使?jié)裢? 滲透; 使充滿practicable practicable | prktkbladj. 可實行的, 可用的, 可做的（21）The Presidents secretary, Captain Meriwether Lewis, had been inst

6、ructed to “explore the Missouri River, and such principal streams of it as, by its course and communication with the waters of the Pacific Ocean many offer the most direct and practicable water communication across the continent, for the purposes of commerce.”總統(tǒng)的秘書XXX上尉接到了這樣的命令“去探索XX河，以及它主要的支流。因為它與太

7、平洋相交匯，又覆蓋整塊大陸，這些最直接可用的水路可以開發(fā)做商用”總統(tǒng)秘書，麥瑞維澤爾路易斯上尉接到指示去考察密蘇里河及其主要支流，因為它的航道及其與太平洋水域的交通可能為商務提供穿越大陸最直接、最可行的水上通道。A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame, and steel

8、wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a ship, percussive brilliance.十九世紀，一系列機械上的改進持續(xù)發(fā)生。包括用以演唱和柔和化音調(diào)的踏板的引入，金屬框架的完善，最佳質(zhì)量的鋼絲，最終，一個可以在聲音效果上達到完滿的

9、管弦樂器誕生了。它有著無數(shù)的聲音和最細微處的和諧。？一系列機械改良一直持續(xù)到19世紀，包括引進延長或柔化音調(diào)的踏板；完善金屬構架，使用品質(zhì)極優(yōu)的鋼絲。從而最終產(chǎn)生了一件擁有多種音調(diào)效果的樂器，包括從最細致的和聲到管弦樂隊般飽滿的聲音，從流動的歌唱聲到尖銳的打擊樂器般的輝煌聲音。percussive p:ksiv adj. 打擊樂的, 沖擊的, 由于沖擊的myriad myriad | mrdn. 萬, 無數(shù)的人或物, 無數(shù)sustain sustain | sstenv. 支撐; 維持, 供養(yǎng); 承受, 承擔; 支援support 系常用詞, 指支撐、給某人物以積極援助或支持uphold 指對

10、某人、某種活動、信仰等給予道義上支持sustain 指支撐、維持 maintain 指 使保持某種情況或狀態(tài)而不受損害 back 指支持(論點、行動、企業(yè)等),In the seventeenth century the organ, the clavichord, and the harpsichord became the chief instruments of the keyboard group, a supremacy they maintained until the piano supplanted them at the end of the eighteenth centu

11、ry.十七世紀，風琴XX是鍵盤部分最主要的樂器，他們直到18世紀鋼琴出現(xiàn)才被從至高無上的地位取代下來。在17世紀，風琴、敲弦古鋼琴和撥弦古鋼琴成為重要的鍵盤樂器，他們一直保持著至高無上的地位，直至18世紀末鋼琴取而代之。supplant supplant | splnt /-plntv. 排擠掉, 代替supremacy supremacy | spremsn. 至高無上; 優(yōu)勢; 最高地位; 主權organ :gn n.器官, 風琴, 機構, 喉舌, 報刊The largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish,

12、rose in five terraced stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000 or more.那個之后被以西班牙語冠名為“漂亮小鎮(zhèn)”的最大的建筑有著五層種滿玫瑰的梯田，共有800多個房間，可以同時容納1000個或更多的人。最大的一座后來被西班牙人叫做Pueblo Bonito（美麗的城鎮(zhèn)），它由五層樓且?guī)в凶呃?，?00多間房子，能夠容納1000人甚至更多。terraced terraced | terstadj. 聯(lián)立的; 梯田的Using only ston

13、e and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks, hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar. 僅使用石制和木制工具，沒有滑輪和蓄力牽引，建筑者們從峽谷中發(fā)現(xiàn)數(shù)以噸級的沙石并切割成效磚塊，把它們搬運

14、至建筑工地，再用黏土泥巴使之粘合排列。建筑工們沒有輪子和拉車的牲口，只用石制和木制工具從谷梁上挖掘成噸成噸的砂石，把它們切成小塊拖到建筑工地，并用泥灰把這些砂石壘在一起。haul hln. 用力拖拉; 拉; 拖v. 拖拉; 拖運; 拖; 改變方向; 拉canyon canyon | knjnn. 峽谷; 溪谷quarry quarry | kwr ,kw- /kw-n. 獵物; 被追逐的目標#石場; 豐富源泉; 露天礦場; 來源#方形玻璃, 菱形玻璃; 方形石, 菱形石v. 從采石場采得; 從努力發(fā)掘For a number of years the selection of music fo

15、r each film program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. 在很長一段時間電影項目的選取工作都完全交由導演或樂隊首席樂手，而登上這最主要地位

16、的資格不是技術或品味而是是否私人持有大量樂器。在很長的時間內(nèi)，為各種影片選擇配樂完全掌握在樂隊指揮或隊長手中，而通常把持這種職位的資格不是技巧或鑒賞品位，而是擁有一個大的音樂作品的個人。Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as “silent,” the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. 雖然我們已經(jīng)習慣于稱呼1927年前的電影默片，但實際上當時的電影并不是完全意義上的“默片”盡管我們習慣于將1927年以前的電影

17、稱為“無聲電影”，但是就無聲這個詞的完整意義上說，電影從未真正的無聲過。accustomed kstmd adj.習慣了的, 通常的When two plates carrying continents collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.collide collide | kladv. 碰撞,

18、 抵觸, 互撞buckle buckle | bkln. 皮帶扣, 扣子v. 扣住, 使彎曲; 扣住, 屈服, 變彎曲當兩大板塊碰撞時，太輕而無法保持形態(tài)的大陸地塊在板塊的邊緣處屈折成山脈鏈。當兩個攜帶大陸的板塊相撞時，大陸性地殼由于非常輕，因此不能被拉到下面，而是繼續(xù)漂浮，從而變得彎曲并突出，沿著板塊邊緣形成了與其長度相當?shù)纳较?。New oceanic crust is formed along one or more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earths crust, for e

19、xample, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. 新的海洋地殼在板塊的邊緣處形成，它可能來源于深層地殼，比如在中央峽谷處的火山噴發(fā)。新的海洋型地殼是由從大陸型地殼深層流出的物質(zhì)（例如中海山脊熔巖的火山噴發(fā)物）沿每個板塊的一個或幾邊而形成的。核心詞匯issue vi.發(fā)行, 流出, 造成.結果, 進行辯護, 傳下詞匯比較issuance n.發(fā)行, 發(fā)布經(jīng)典例句Blood issued from the cut.There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic cru

20、st and an upper, lighter continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earths surface.dense densadj. 密集的; 濃厚的一共有兩種地殼，偏低偏緊密的洋殼和上部偏輕的，只占地表四成的地殼地殼分為兩種，一種是較低較厚重的海洋型地殼，另一種是在地球表面只發(fā)現(xiàn)有40%的較高、較輕的大陸型地殼。preserve保護、維持、保存thatch n 茅草屋sturdy adj強壯的、結實的withstand經(jīng)受、承受、抵住nutshell n極小的住家、堅果殼involve vt包含、使卷

21、入beam n.束；梁；笑容rafter n.椽子reed n蘆葦、蘆叢bundles of 很多捆colonist n殖民者shingle n 木瓦、屋頂板plentiful adj豐富的、大量的slate n頁巖、石板clay n 粘土tile n 瓦片Welcome to the Four Winds Historical Farm where traditions of the past preserved for visitors like you. Today our master thatches will begin giving this barn behind me a s

22、turdy thatched roof able to withstand heavy winds and last for up to a hundred years. How do they do it? Well, in a nutshell, thatching involves covering the beams or rafters, then wooden skeleton of the roof with wood and straw. Our thatches here have harvested their natural materials for the job.

23、The bundles of water reeds you see lying over there beside the barn. Thatching is certainly uncommon here in the US today, I guess thats why so many of you have come to see this demonstration. But it wasnt always that way. In the 17th century, colonists here thatched their roofs with reed and straw

24、just as they done in England. After a while though, they began to replace the thatches with wooden shingles because wood was so plentiful. And eventually other roofing materials like stone, slate and clay tiles came into use.Its a real shame that most people today dont realize how strong and long la

25、sting a thatched roof is. In Ireland, where thatching is still practiced, the roofs can survive winds of up to one hundred ten miles per hour. Thats because straw and reeds are so flexible. They bend but dont break in the wind like other materials can. Another advantage is that the roofs keep the ho

26、use cool in the summer and warm in the winter. And then, of course, theres the roofs longevity - the average is sixty years, but they can last up to a hundred. With all these reasons to start thatching roofs again, wouldnt it be wonderful to see this disappearing craft return to popularity?Task 1 Wh

27、at new skill would you like to learn? Explain why this skill would be good for you to have Include details and examples to support your response Sample answer:A new skill that I would like to learn is to cook.China enjoys a worldwide reputation as “kingdom of cuisine”. Chinese dishes are popular all

28、 over the world. And I, as a Chinese student who would be overseas later, am expected to know how to cook food that shows the perfect combination of “color, aroma and taste”the three essential factors in judging Chinese cooking. It would be a good skill to have because I could ask my classmates and

29、friends over to my house and cook for them. Also, I could do a television cooking show to publicize our food culture. Maybe I could make money that way, but the main reason is I enjoy cooking and want to share with people the pleasure derived from itcuisine cuisine | kwizinn. 烹調(diào)風格, 烹飪, 烹調(diào)法publicize

30、publicize | pblsazv. 宣傳; 廣告; 公布derive derive | dravv. 得自; 起源Task 2 Some people plan every detail of their vacation in advance Others prefer to leave most details flexible or open to chance Which do you think is better and why? Use specific reasons to support your answer Sample answer: I think advanc

31、e planning is critical to a successful vacation, regardless of whether the trip is long or short. To have a comfortable vacation, its necessary to check the climate for the time to plan to visit. And it is always a good idea to make advance hotel reservations. Planning the vacation in advance will a

32、lso give us more time to prepare for it and to ensure that we have all of the needed. This could mean we will not have to miss out on activities because of not having the correct equipment Especially when we decide to go camping for vacation, reservations in advance allow us to determine ahead of ti

33、me whether or not the campground has a lake, hiking trails, electricity, etc .Besides, we get the idea of what to take. Last but not least, advance vacation planning is likely to make our experience a more memorable one reservation reservation | rez(r)venn. 保留, 預約, 預定Task 3 Reading: 【學校通知】：說學校要求學生一學

34、期做10小時的志愿者。Listening: 【學生議論】：女生不同意。原因有二： 1）硬性規(guī)定會讓學生反感。2）做義工的地方太遠并不方便，學生大多數(shù)沒有私家車，難以到遠處服務。Sample answer: In the reading material, the university is considering requiring the students to do 10 hours volunteer work one semester. In the listening material, we clearly learn that the woman doesnt like the

35、idea One reason she gives is that students wont be happy about the compulsory requirement. Another reason is based on the fact that the place where volunteers are needed to work is too far. She also thinks its a lot of trouble because most of students dont own a car and its hard to get there.Therefo

36、re, she disagrees with that opinion require require | rkwa(r)v. 需要, 要求, 命令compulsory compulsory | -lsradj. 被強制的, 義務的, 強迫的Task 4 Reading: 【課文要點】講生態(tài)自我恢復能力。如果一個生態(tài)環(huán)境中有多個種群的話，那么消失一個種群不會破壞整個生態(tài)系統(tǒng)。Listening:【教授舉例】一種珊瑚礁(coral reef)的故事。珊瑚礁生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種很多，其中有一種魚，因為水污染死掉了，這種魚是吃水藻的，于是作為這種魚的食物，水藻就變得很多，然后因為這地方生物多樣性，其他生物

37、取代了那種魚來吃水藻。珊瑚系統(tǒng)就不會被破壞。而如果珊瑚系統(tǒng)物種很少，結果可以想象。Sample answer:The reading passage explains a definition of ecological balance. It states that the disappearance of one species group wont destroy the whole ecosystem if there are different kinds of species groups in an ecological environment. In the listening

38、 passage, the professor gives a talk on coral reef He explains by giving an example that a kind of fish was dead due to the pollution. So there was a larger quantity of algae, which is the food of the fish He goes on to further explain that the larger quantity of algae didnt destroy the coral reef b

39、ecause of biodiversity. Other species ate algae in stead of the fish. However, if there were fewer kinds of species in the environment, the coral reef ecosystem would definitely be destroyed By these means, he proves that natural balance in an ecosystem isnt destroyed by the loss of one species but

40、maintained due to the variety of species biodiversity baiu.daiv:sti n. 生物多樣性Task 5 【學生困難】：男生要去招聘會，但和他在飯店打工的時間有沖突。【解決方案】：女生提供兩個方案： 1) 和其他同事?lián)Q班，男生說不太好，我老板已經(jīng)很好人了，盡量安排我不在學習時間打工，我不想麻煩他了。2) 在招聘會開始時去，雖然不是所有公司都會到，但你至少可以看到幾家公司，還可以約他們結束以后談嘛。男生說可是萬一好公司還沒來呢。Sample answer: In the conversation, the man is telling

41、his friend about the schedule conflict he is torn between going to a career fair and doing his part time job at the restaurant. The woman offers him two possible solutions. One of the solutions she comes up with is to talk to his co-worker and change the schedule with him. The other solution is to c

42、ome to the fair before going to work and meet at least several companies and then make appointments later in the day. I think the second idea serves his purpose better because it would be very helpful for his future career. Even though not all companies will be there at the time, he would still have some idea of the future job market and his later choice. After all, a part-time job may not guarantee him a long-standing career, so he should not miss the chance Task 6 【講課要點】：說嬰兒和父母的關系如何建立， 1) 原先科學家認為嬰兒是誰給奶吃就認誰是娘。2) 后來發(fā)現(xiàn)接觸是關鍵。用幼猴做試驗，將母猴分成clothed和bare兩組，然后都給幼猴喂，發(fā)現(xiàn)幼猴更愿意跟c