初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法-英語(yǔ)從句總結(jié)

1、初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總結(jié)（從句）從句分為定語(yǔ)從句，狀語(yǔ)從句和名詞從句三大類(lèi)。定語(yǔ)從句又分為限定性和非限定性從句兩種，由關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)，修飾主句的某個(gè)成分。狀語(yǔ)從句分為時(shí)間、結(jié)果、讓步、原因、條件及行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句。名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)從句及there be句型。 主系表結(jié)構(gòu)、主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)、there be結(jié)構(gòu)是英語(yǔ)的三大基本句式，無(wú)論一個(gè)句子有多長(zhǎng)、多復(fù)雜，它總是屬于這三大句式中的一種。學(xué)習(xí)基本句式，句子成分是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵的概念，它是指句子的組成單位，不同的句式由不同的句子成分組成。如：主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、系動(dòng)詞、表語(yǔ)；主謂（賓）結(jié)構(gòu)的成分有主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)；there be

2、 結(jié)構(gòu)的主要成分是主語(yǔ)。英語(yǔ)中的句子成分主要有：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)，等等。這些句子成分可以由單詞、詞組或句子充當(dāng)，當(dāng)這些成分由句子充當(dāng)時(shí)，我們就有了相應(yīng)的從句，如：充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)成分的句子為主語(yǔ)從句，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)成分的句子為賓語(yǔ)從句，等等。英語(yǔ)從句三大類(lèi)型按一般說(shuō)法，可分為三大類(lèi)14種從句。一,名詞性從句1主語(yǔ)從句Whether it's right or not remains to be seen.2賓語(yǔ)從句I wonder whether it's right or not.3同位語(yǔ)從句This is a question whether it's

3、right or not.4表語(yǔ)從句The question is whether it's right or not.二,定語(yǔ)從句1限定性定語(yǔ)從句She is the student who can speak English well.2非限定性定語(yǔ)從句She is the student, who can speak English well.三,狀語(yǔ)從句1時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句The fact will come out when he comes here.2地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句You can go wherever you like.3原因狀語(yǔ)從句Pay more attention to

4、your lessons because you are a student.4方式狀語(yǔ)從句He walks as if he were a king.5目的狀語(yǔ)從句She went to Japan so that she could learn Japanese well.6結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句She went to Japan so that she learned Japanese well.7條件狀語(yǔ)從句I will understand it if he tells me.8讓步狀語(yǔ)從句He knows a lot though he is little.1定語(yǔ)從句There are so

5、me old books in the box.The boy dressed in blue is from America.Ø 分清幾個(gè)概念：先行詞與關(guān)系代詞/關(guān)系副詞。先行詞是指定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的中心詞；關(guān)系代詞主要有who, whom, whose, which, that; 關(guān)系副詞主要有 when, where, why。關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞有兩個(gè)作用，一是連接主句和從句的作用，二是在定語(yǔ)從句中做成分。n 定語(yǔ)從句分為：限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句, 限定性定語(yǔ)從句如果去掉會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性，非限定性定語(yǔ)從句即使去掉也不會(huì)影響句子意義的完整性，如： July is t

6、he month when we have a lot of rain. There are many plays (that) Id like to see. The meeting was put off, which surprised us a lot. This note is left by Mary, who was here a moment ago.1. 非限定性定語(yǔ)從句，其作用為：對(duì)所修飾的成分作進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，它與主句用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)。此類(lèi)從句省略后其余部分仍可成立。在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中，which可代表前面的整個(gè)句子；代表人時(shí)只能用who，whom，而不能用that；as也可用

7、作關(guān)系代詞。例如:1.The telephone，as we know，was the invention of Alexander Graham Bell2.Franklin DRoosevelt，who died there on April 12，19453.Living in a damp（潮濕的） house for a long time is harmful to ones health，which is known to everyone2. 限定性定語(yǔ)從句中that可代表人和事，而which只代表事；二者在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。that作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷?，which則不能，而且其

8、后的“不及物動(dòng)詞+介詞中的介詞不能省略。which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，先行詞與which之間的介詞不能省。例如：1.The first doll that could say“mama”was invented in 18302.The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part，during which he sailed round the Cape Horn合恩角Ø 代表all，anything，something，nothing，much等詞時(shí)，用that而不用which，that作賓語(yǔ)可省略。例如：1.I

9、care anything that has something to do with it 2.You'd better do something he prefers to do to please him 3.That is the last time we met each other4.I came across the woman you told me about yesterdayØ who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人，分別作從句的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)。where是關(guān)系副詞，用于表示地點(diǎn)的定語(yǔ)從句，而when用來(lái)表示時(shí)間。whose是關(guān)系代詞，修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。例如:1

10、.Henry Ford is the person who is most responsible for developing the idea of mass production2.The knee is the joint where the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg3.The next morning， when she came down to breakfast ， Mary was beaming with the pleasure of a new，great discovery4.The visitin

11、g professor is a famous scientist whose son studies in my departmentØ 注意幾點(diǎn)：that可替代who, whom（指人），也可替代which（指物） whose 既可指人又可指物 引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞緊跟介詞做從句的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不用that,只用which/ 不能用which,只能用that的情況.幾個(gè)例子：Is she the girl that/who sells flowers? The train that/which has just left is for Xian. The people (who/th

12、at/whom) you were talking to were Russians. The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin. I have never met the boy whose mother is a famous actress. My book is on the table whose legs are broken. He went to China in 1945, when the War World II was over. Look, this is the house where the writer was born. Th

13、e tool with which he is working is called a wrench(扳手).2狀語(yǔ)從句He swims fast.Nervous, he opened the letter.Legs broken, the soldier crawled back home.She used to stay up until midnight.With a book in his hand, the teacher came in.Ø 狀語(yǔ)從句可分為：時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句(主要由when，whenever，after，before，a5，since，once，until，w

14、hile等連詞引導(dǎo))，結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句(由sothat和suchthat連接)，讓步狀語(yǔ)從句(由though，although， no matter，even if， however，whatever等詞引導(dǎo))，原因狀語(yǔ)從句(由as，because，since和for引導(dǎo))，條件狀語(yǔ)從句(由if， whether，as long as，provided that等詞引導(dǎo))，地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句(由where引導(dǎo))，行為方式狀語(yǔ)從句(由as引導(dǎo))。有時(shí)條件狀語(yǔ)從句中，主句不可以用將來(lái)時(shí)，而用一般時(shí)代替。Ø 狀語(yǔ)從句中的 “主語(yǔ)+be”可以省略，前提是：從句主語(yǔ)和主句主語(yǔ)一致，且從句謂語(yǔ)“be”省略

15、后的結(jié)構(gòu)為“連詞+現(xiàn)在分詞過(guò)去分詞介詞短語(yǔ)形容詞名詞短語(yǔ)”。) 例如：1.If necessary，I would like to see you in your office. 2.Although seriously wounded，he never complained條件狀語(yǔ)從句：1）Let's go out for a walk unless you are too tired.( 除非,若不；相當(dāng)于if-not)即：If you are too tired,well not go out for a walk.2）You may borrow my book as long

16、 as you keep it clean.(只要，表示條件的唯一性)3）Take your umbrella in case it rains.（以防-，以免-）4）I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.(條件是-)5）Supposing it rains, shall we continue the sports meeting?( 如果,假如)6）He won't be against us in the meeting provided/providing that we

17、ask for his advice in advance.( 假如,除非以為條件)7）You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.(一旦-就-)方式狀語(yǔ)從句方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常由as, (just) asso, as if, as though引導(dǎo)。1） as, (just) asso引導(dǎo)的方式狀語(yǔ)從句通常位于主句后，但在(just) asso結(jié)構(gòu)中位于句首，這時(shí)as從句帶有比喻的含義，意思是"正如"，"就像"，多用于正式文體，例如：Always do to the ot

18、hers as you would be done by. 你希望人家怎樣待你，你就要怎樣待人。As water is to fish, so air is to man. 我們離不開(kāi)空氣，猶如魚(yú)兒離不開(kāi)水。2） as if, as though兩者的意義和用法相同，引出的狀語(yǔ)從句謂語(yǔ)多用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，表示與事實(shí)相反，有時(shí)也用陳述語(yǔ)氣，表示所說(shuō)情況是事實(shí)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性較大。漢譯常作"仿佛似的"，"好像似的"，例如：1. They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existe

19、d.他們完全忽略了這些事實(shí)，就仿佛它不存在似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）2. He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lighting.他那樣子就像被雷擊了似的。（與事實(shí)相反，謂語(yǔ)用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。）3. It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看來(lái)天氣很快就會(huì)好起來(lái)。（實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性較大，謂語(yǔ)用陳述語(yǔ)氣。）說(shuō)明：as if / as though也可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)分詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)或無(wú)動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first t

20、ime. 他目不轉(zhuǎn)睛地看著我，就像第一次看見(jiàn)我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something. 他清了清嗓子，像要說(shuō)什么似的。比較狀語(yǔ)從句1）You seem to know music as well as you know astronomy(天文學(xué)).(as-as 結(jié)構(gòu))2）There was no garden so lovely as his in this city. (no so-as 結(jié)構(gòu))3）Finally he has made as much money as he wanted. (as +adj +n.+as 結(jié)構(gòu))4）

21、Your watch is not the same as his.(the same as結(jié)構(gòu))5）I never met such a man as your younger brother.(such-as 結(jié)構(gòu))6）She studies more diligently than her classmates.(more than結(jié)構(gòu))7）No other book has had a greater influence on my life.(否定詞和比較級(jí)連用表示最高級(jí)含義。)8）This teacher explained the problem more clearly tha

22、n any other teacher. (比較級(jí)與 “any other one”連用表示最高級(jí)含義。)9）The more you read, the better will you write.(the more-the more 結(jié)構(gòu))11) He earned no more than 800 dollars a month. 他一個(gè)月只掙800美元。（no + 比較級(jí)+than結(jié)構(gòu)）.3名詞從句名詞從句包括主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句，其中有介詞與形容詞的賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句。1）主語(yǔ)從句He is a teacher.Learning English well could tak

23、e you a lot of time.a. 由what、wh-ever 等代詞引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句, 一般放在句首，不能用it 做形式主語(yǔ)：What I want to know is his address.Whatever was said here must be kept secret.Whatever she did was right.Whoever comes will be welcome.b. 由連詞that 引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句, 在大多數(shù)情況下，這個(gè)從句都放在句子后部，而用代詞it 作形式上的主語(yǔ)：That I may not be able to come is possible

24、. = It is possible that I may not be able to come.That we need more equipment is quite obvious. = It is obvious that we need more equipment.That he will refuse the offer is unlikely. = It is unlikely that he will refuse the offer. 三個(gè)固定句型(屬于此類(lèi))： It + 名稱(chēng) + that：It is a pity that we cant go. It + 形容詞+

25、that：It is clear that Tom has returned. It + 過(guò)去分詞+ that：It is said/believed/reported/known that.c. 由連接代詞或連接副詞（或whether）引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句, 這個(gè)從句可以直接放在句首作主語(yǔ)，也可放到句子后部去，前面用it 作形式主語(yǔ)：Which is the better choice is obvious. = It is obvious which is the better choice.Who will go for the meeting has not been decided. =

26、It has not been decided who will go for the meeting.Where he lost his gold watch remained a mystery. = It remained a mystery where he lost his gold watch.When we shall have our sports meet is still a question. = It is still a question when we shall have our sports meet.Whether he will join us wont m

27、ake much difference. = It wont make much difference whether he will join us. Why the old man went to the castle is still unknown. = It is still unknown why the old man went to the castle. How he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age fascinated many people. = It fascinated many people ho

28、w he had managed to achieve so much at such a young age.2)賓語(yǔ)從句He likes Chinese very much.Im surprised at his young age.a. 由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，一般做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，that可以省略The letter says (that) they are leaving on the 13th.I dont doubt (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties.She reminded me that I had a

29、meeting to attend that evening.b. 由what，who，which, how，where，when, whether (if) 等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句，既可以做動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)，又可以做介詞的賓語(yǔ)I dont know whether these figures are accurate.Ill read whichever book you recommend.Ill show you what I have put down in my note-bookHas she informed you when they are to hold the meeting.She

30、 was never satisfied with what she had achieved.Whether that is a good solution depends on how you look at it.c. 在某些句型中，特別是帶符合賓語(yǔ)的句子中，that引導(dǎo)的從句常常移到后部去，前面用it做形式賓語(yǔ) We all thought it a pity that the conference should have been cancelled. I took it for granted that they were not coming. d. 在“be + 形容詞”這類(lèi)結(jié)

31、構(gòu)后，that引導(dǎo)的從句，有些在概念上接近賓語(yǔ)，而在結(jié)構(gòu)上卻接近狀語(yǔ) Im afraid that I have made a mistake. We are sure that we shall success. We are fully confident that we can overcome the difficulties. Im not sure whether she would like the idea.一些表語(yǔ)性的形容詞，如：alarmed，amazed，annoyed，astonished， certain，confident， disappointed， glad，

32、pleased， proud， sad， shocked， sure， surprised， worried， ect.做表語(yǔ)時(shí)，后面可跟由that， how等引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。例如：1.I was amazed how he could pass the exam without attending the lectures2.He is confident that he will pass the Band 6 examination3.She was surprised how simple his problem is4.We are all pleased that he will

33、be able to pass the final examination.3)表語(yǔ)從句 He is kind. / He is a teacher.The Smiths are from Australia.This is where our basic interest lies.My idea is that we should stick to our original plan.What I really what to know is how you have managed to remember 1000 words within an hour.表語(yǔ)從句對(duì)主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容起解釋和闡述的作用；若表語(yǔ)從句用that引起，that起連接作用，不能省略。表語(yǔ)從句也可用連接詞how，when，where，why，what引起。由becau