Passive Voice 被動(dòng)語態(tài)分析

1、 英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。英語動(dòng)詞有兩種語態(tài)，主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)。主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表主動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語態(tài)表示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如：示主語是動(dòng)作的承受者。如： They will build a new bridge over the river. (主動(dòng)主動(dòng)) A new bridge will be built over the river. (被動(dòng)被動(dòng)) 漢語中常用漢語中常用“被被”、“給給”、“由由”、“受受”等詞用來表示被動(dòng)，而英語用：等詞用來表示被動(dòng)，而英語用： 構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 表格：被動(dòng)態(tài)基本結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)態(tài)時(shí)態(tài)被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)被動(dòng)語

2、態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來時(shí)一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)am/is/are donewas/were doneam/is/are being donewas/were being doneshall/will be donewould be donehave/has been donehad been done 主要體現(xiàn)在主要體現(xiàn)在bebe的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞的變化上，其形式與系動(dòng)詞bebe的變化形式完全的變化形式完全一樣。以一樣。以 為例，列表如下：為例，列表如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：

3、一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： 一般過去時(shí)：一般過去時(shí)： 一般將來時(shí)：一般將來時(shí)： 一般過去將來時(shí)：一般過去將來時(shí)： 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： 過去完成時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)： 將來完成時(shí)：將來完成時(shí)： 過去將來完成時(shí)：過去將來完成時(shí)： am / is / are + given am / is / are + given was / were +givenwas / were +given shall / will + be given shall / will + be given should / would + be givenshould / would +

4、 be given am / is / are + being + givenam / is / are + being + givenwas / were + being + givenwas / were + being + given have / has + been + givenhave / has + been + givenhad + been + given had + been + given shall / will + have been + givenshall / will + have been + givenshould / would + have been

5、+ givenshould / would + have been + given 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)： (1)People grow rice in the south of the country. (2)The school doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher. 2. 一般過去時(shí)：一般過去時(shí)： (1)They agreed on the building of a new car factory last month. (2)The students didnt forget his less

6、ons easily. 3. 一般將來時(shí)：一般將來時(shí)： (1)They will send cars abroad by sea. (2)They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. 4. 過去將來時(shí)：過去將來時(shí)： (1)The manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year. (2) The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible. 5. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)： (1)Th

7、e radio is broadcasting English lessons. (2) We are painting the rooms. 6. 過去進(jìn)行時(shí)：過去進(jìn)行時(shí)： (1)The workers were mending the road. (2)This time last year we were planting trees here. 7. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)：現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)： (1)Someone has told me (2)He has brought his book here. 8. 過去完成時(shí)：過去完成時(shí)： (1)When I got to the theatre, I fo

8、und (2) The whole country was very sad at the news of his death; ( (四）四） 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)：含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)： 含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)是由“情態(tài)動(dòng)詞情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+ be+ 及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞及物動(dòng)詞的過去分詞”構(gòu)成。構(gòu)成。 (1)You must hand in your compositions after class. (2)He can write a great many letters with the computer. 1.1.當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語

9、態(tài)，這時(shí)當(dāng)不知道或沒有必要指出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者時(shí)，常用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，這時(shí)往往不用往往不用by 短語。短語。 2.2.突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的承受者，如果需要說出動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，用by 短語。短語。 3.3.當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，當(dāng)漢語句子的主語既不是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，也不是動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，這時(shí)常用這時(shí)常用in + + 名詞作狀語，而代替名詞作狀語，而代替 by 短語。短語。 （1） My aunt invited me to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語 I was invited (by m

10、y aunt ) to her dinner party. 主語主語 謂語謂語 賓語賓語（2） The school set up a special class to help poor readers. A special class to help poor readers was set up in the school. 1. 1. 把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)把主動(dòng)語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，其謂語動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)要與原句時(shí)態(tài)保持一致，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。保持一致，其謂語動(dòng)詞的數(shù)要與新主語保持一致。 We have bought a new compute

11、r. A new computer has been bought. (正確正確) A new computer have been bought. (錯(cuò)誤錯(cuò)誤) 2. 2. 含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變含有雙賓語的主動(dòng)句變被動(dòng)句時(shí)，可分別將其中的一個(gè)賓語變?yōu)橹髡Z，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。為主語，另一個(gè)不動(dòng)，一般變間接賓語為主語時(shí)比較多。 My uncle gave me a present on my birthday. I was given a present on my birthday. 如果把直接賓語如果把直接賓語( (指物指物) )改為

12、主語，則在間接賓語改為主語，則在間接賓語( (指人指人) )前加適前加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說：當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~，如上句還可以說： A present was given to me yesterday. 一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語前用介一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，常在間接賓語前用介詞詞 toto，如：如： bring, give, hand, lend, offer, pass, pay, promise, sell, show, take, teach, tell 等。等。 (1) The book was showed to the class. (2) My bike was lent to he

13、r. 2.一般一般在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語前用介詞在下列動(dòng)詞后，間接賓語前用介詞 forfor, , 如：如： build, buy, cook, cut, choose, do, fetch, find, fix, get, keep, make, order, paint, play, sing 等。等。 (1) A new skirt was made for me. (2) The meat was cooked for us. (3) Some country music was played for us. 3. 由動(dòng)詞由動(dòng)詞+ + 介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，介詞

14、或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動(dòng)詞，要把它們作為整體看，即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)即把它們看成一個(gè)及物動(dòng)詞，介詞或副詞不可拆開或漏掉。這類動(dòng)詞有：詞有： agree to, ask for, laugh at, operated on, listen to, look after, think of, talk about 等。等。 bring about, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put off, think over, turn down,

15、 work out, turn out 等。等。 4. 4. 帶復(fù)合賓語帶復(fù)合賓語( (賓語賓語+ + 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)) )的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一的動(dòng)詞改為被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，一般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂般把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的賓語改為主語，而賓語補(bǔ)足語保留在謂語動(dòng)詞后面。如：語動(dòng)詞后面。如： (1) We always keep the classroom clean. The classroom is always kept clean. (2) She told us to follow her instructions. We were told to follow her ins

16、tructions. 在在see, watch, hear, notice, listen to, look at, make, feel等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶等動(dòng)詞后作賓語補(bǔ)足語的動(dòng)詞不定式都不帶 to，但但改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后都帶改成被動(dòng)語態(tài)后都帶to，這時(shí)不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也這時(shí)不定式為主語補(bǔ)足語，也就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略就是說不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語不存在省略to 的問題。的問題。 We often hear him play the guitar. He is often heard to play the guitar. 5. 當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語是當(dāng)主動(dòng)句的主語是no

17、body, no one等含有否定意等含有否定意義的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)榱x的不定代詞時(shí)，被動(dòng)句中將其變?yōu)閍nybody, 作作by的賓語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。的賓語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如：如： Nobody can answer this question. 誤：誤：The question can be answered by nobody. 正：正： 6. 當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是當(dāng)否定句中的賓語是anything, anybody, anyone等不定等不定代詞時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)榇~時(shí)，在被動(dòng)句中應(yīng)將其分別變?yōu)閚othing, nobody, no

18、one作主語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如：作主語，并將謂語動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榭隙ǖ谋粍?dòng)語態(tài)。如： They havent done anything to make the river clean. 誤：誤：Anything hasnt been done to make the river clean. 正：正：7. 以以who為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用為主語開頭的疑問句，變被動(dòng)時(shí)，用by whom放放在句首：在句首： Who wrote the story? 誤：誤：Who was the story written? 正：正： 8. 有些動(dòng)詞既是及物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和有些動(dòng)詞既是及

19、物又是不及物，當(dāng)它們和well, badly, easily等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及等副詞連用時(shí)，表示主語內(nèi)在品質(zhì)或性能，是不及物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，常見的有：物動(dòng)詞，用主動(dòng)表示被動(dòng)，這時(shí)不用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，常見的有：write, read, clean, sell, wash, cook 等。等。如：如： (1)The cloth washes easily. 這布很好洗。這布很好洗。 (2)The new product sells well. 這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。這新產(chǎn)品很暢銷。 對(duì)比：對(duì)比： The books sell well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) Th

20、e books were sold out. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句) The meat didnt cook well. (主動(dòng)句主動(dòng)句) The meat was cooked for a long time. (被動(dòng)句被動(dòng)句) 第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：第一，感官系動(dòng)詞一般用主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，如：feel，look, seem, taste, sound, remain等。等。 (1) Do you like the material? Yes, it feels very soft. 誤：誤：It is felt very soft. (2)The food tast

21、es delicious. 誤：誤：The food is tasted delicious. (3)The pop music sounds beautiful. 誤：誤：The pop music is sounded beautiful. 第二，謂語是及物動(dòng)詞第二，謂語是及物動(dòng)詞leave, enter, reach, suit, have, benefit, lack, own等。如：等。如： He entered the room and got his book. 誤：誤：The room was entered and his book was got. She had her

22、hand burned. 誤：誤：Her hand was had burned. 第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：第三，一些不及物動(dòng)詞短語沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：take place, break out, belong to, lose heart, consist of, add up to等。如：等。如： The fire broke out in the capital building. 誤誤：The fire was broke out in the capital building. 第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：第四，不及物動(dòng)詞沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如：rise, happen, succeed, remain, lie等。等。 When we got to the top of the mountain, the sun had