初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)

1、初中語(yǔ)法復(fù)習(xí) 詞類(lèi)。詞類(lèi)英語(yǔ)名稱(chēng)意 義例 詞名詞The Noun (縮寫(xiě)為n)表示人或事物的名稱(chēng)basket, mouth, hospital, year, train冠詞The Article (art)用在名詞前幫助說(shuō)明名詞所指的人或事物a, an, the 代詞The Pronoun (pron)用來(lái)代替名詞、形容詞或數(shù)詞they, his, him, mine, which, all 形容詞The Adjective (adj)用以修飾名詞，表示人或事物的特征long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry 數(shù)詞The Numeral (num)

2、表示數(shù)量或順序three, thirteen, twenty, second 動(dòng)詞The Verb (v)表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing 副詞The Adverb (adv)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes 介詞The Preposition (prep)表示名詞、代詞等和句中其他詞的關(guān)系from, with, at, into, behind, between, for 連詞The Conjunction (conj)用來(lái)連接詞與詞、短語(yǔ)與短語(yǔ)或句與句and,

3、 or, but, so, because 感嘆詞The Interjection (interj)表示說(shuō)話(huà)時(shí)的喜悅、驚訝等情感oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear （一） 名詞： 專(zhuān)有名詞：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin . 個(gè)體名詞：表示單個(gè)的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple . 集體名詞：表示一群人或一些事物的總稱(chēng)。如 family, people, class, police . 可數(shù)名詞普通名詞 物質(zhì)名詞：表示無(wú)法分為個(gè)體的物質(zhì)。如 water, ai

4、r, tea, sea, money, cotton . 抽象名詞：表示抽象概念的詞。如 health, help, work, friendship . 不可數(shù)名詞 2名詞的數(shù)?？蓴?shù)名詞有單復(fù)數(shù)，不可數(shù)名詞沒(méi)有單復(fù)數(shù)。 3名詞的格：名詞有三個(gè)格：主格（作主語(yǔ)）、賓格（作賓語(yǔ)）、和所有格。其中只有名詞的所有格有形式變化。 （二）冠詞 1定冠詞the . 特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。The students are very good. 說(shuō)話(huà)人與聽(tīng)話(huà)人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ? 重復(fù)提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is whi

5、te and black . 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。The moon moves around the earth . 形容詞最高級(jí)和序數(shù)詞前和表示方位的名詞前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south . 樂(lè)器的名稱(chēng)前常用定冠詞the 。I like playing the piano / violin . 和某些形容詞連用，使形容詞名詞化，代表某一類(lèi)人。We should help the poor . 放在某些專(zhuān)有名詞前。We will go to visit the Great Wall ne

6、xt week . the peoples Republic of China . 放在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)形式前，表示全家人或夫婦兩人。The Whites are watching TV . 固定詞組中。In the morning / afternoon / evening . 2不定冠詞a / an . 指人或事物的某一種類(lèi)。A horse is a useful animal. A table has four legs. 指某一類(lèi)人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。Pass me a pencil, please. We write with a pen. 指某人或某物，但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。The b

7、ook was written by a peasant. Last month we were working in a factory. 不定冠詞還可以指“事物的單位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。 Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo. 3零冠詞。 泛指人類(lèi)或男女。Man will conquer nature . 抽象名詞在用來(lái)表示它的一般概念時(shí)，通常不加冠詞。Knowledge begins with practice . 有些個(gè)體名詞有時(shí)可以轉(zhuǎn)化成具有抽象意義，其前面也常不加冠詞。We had better send

8、 him to hospital at once. 在專(zhuān)有名詞前一般不用冠詞。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist. 在三餐飯何球類(lèi)運(yùn)動(dòng)名稱(chēng)之前不用冠詞。He often goes out for a walk after supper. Sometimes I play basketball. 在節(jié)假日、星期幾、月份、季節(jié)等名詞前。October 10th is Teachers Day. 稱(chēng)呼語(yǔ)或表示頭銜、職務(wù)的名詞前不用冠詞。Granny is sleeping now. We call him monitor. 在語(yǔ)言名詞前，名

9、詞前有指示代詞、物主代詞或數(shù)詞時(shí)，不用冠詞。This is his book. I can speak English . 不用冠詞的慣用語(yǔ)。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。 （三）形容詞 1形容詞的構(gòu)成。 簡(jiǎn)單形容詞由一個(gè)單詞構(gòu)成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping . 復(fù)合形容詞由一個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-w

10、ord, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking. 2形容詞的用法。 修飾名詞作定語(yǔ)。She is a beautiful girl . 作表語(yǔ)。He is very strong. 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Let the door open. You must keep your classroom clean . “定冠詞形容詞”表示一類(lèi)人或物，在句子中可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。We should speak to the old politely. 大多數(shù)形容詞既可作表語(yǔ)又可作定語(yǔ)，但少數(shù)形容詞只能作表語(yǔ)，不能作定語(yǔ)。如：a

11、sleep, ill, awake 等。 有些形容詞只能作定語(yǔ)而不能作表語(yǔ)。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。 3形容詞的位置。 形容詞通常放在它所修飾的名詞的前面。A heavy box. 與表示度量的詞連用，形容詞要放在它所修飾詞語(yǔ)的后面。3 metre long. 12 kilometer away . 與不定代詞something, anything, everything, nothing 等連用時(shí)，可以放在這些詞之后。 Something important . nothing serious . 當(dāng)名詞前有多個(gè)形容詞修飾時(shí)，一般按下面的詞序排列：

12、冠詞（包括物主代詞、序數(shù)詞、基數(shù)詞）描述形容詞（brave, beautiful）表示形狀（大小、長(zhǎng)短、高矮）的形容詞表示年齡或新舊的形容詞表示顏色的形容詞表示國(guó)籍、出處或來(lái)源的形容詞表示材料、物質(zhì)的形容詞表示用途或類(lèi)別的形容詞被修飾的詞。My nice small brown leather bag . those large round black wooden tables . 4形容詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加 er / est ，不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表） 原級(jí)的用法：“和相同”A 肯定句：A 動(dòng)詞 as 形容詞原級(jí) as B . He is as tall as me .B 否定句：A not

13、as 形容詞原級(jí) as B （即A 不如 B 那么） A not so 形容詞原級(jí) as B = A+ less + 形容詞原級(jí)than + B . 比較級(jí)的用法：A A 動(dòng)詞 形容詞的比較級(jí) than B . （A 比B 更 ，在這種句型中，比較級(jí)前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修飾，表示“得多”，“甚至”，“更”，“一點(diǎn)兒”。B “比較級(jí) and 比較級(jí)”、 “more and more 部分雙音節(jié)或多音節(jié)的原級(jí)” 譯為“越來(lái)越”。 最高級(jí)的用法：（個(gè)體用of ，范圍用in，最高級(jí)前面要用定冠詞the）A

14、三種最高級(jí)表示法。最高級(jí)：Shanghai is the largest city in China .比較級(jí)：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .原級(jí)： No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China . （四） 副詞 1副詞的種類(lèi)： 時(shí)間副詞：often, always, us

15、ually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now 地點(diǎn)副詞：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere 方式副詞：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully 程度副詞：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough 疑問(wèn)副詞：h

16、ow, when, where, why 關(guān)系副詞：when, where, why （引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句） 連接副詞：how, when, where, why, whether 頻率副詞：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly 其他副詞：really, certainly, surely, maybe 2副詞的用法： 作狀語(yǔ) ： He can finish the work easily . 作定語(yǔ)（要后置） ： The students here are from Harbin . 作表語(yǔ) ： I

17、must be off now . 作賓補(bǔ)，構(gòu)成復(fù)合賓語(yǔ) ： Show him up . I saw him out with my sister last night . 3副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。（一般加 er / est ,不規(guī)則見(jiàn)表） 副詞的原級(jí)：A as + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與一樣”B not as(so) + 副詞的原級(jí) + as “與不一樣”C too + 副詞的原級(jí) + to do sth . “太而不能”D so + 副詞的原級(jí) + that 從句 “如此以致于”E 副詞的原級(jí) + enough to do sth . “足夠能做” 副詞的比較級(jí)： AA + 動(dòng)詞 +

18、副詞比較級(jí) + than + B B副詞比較級(jí)前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修飾。 C比較級(jí) and + 比較級(jí)，表示“越來(lái)越”，the more the more 表示“越就越” D副詞的最高級(jí)前通常不加定冠詞 the . （五）數(shù)詞 1基數(shù)詞：112131920901001 one13 thirteen20 twenty100 a hundred2 two14 fourteen21 twenty-one300 three hundred3 three15 fifteen22 twenty-two1,00

19、0 a thousand4 four16 sixteen30 thirty5,000 five thousand5 five17 seventeen40 forty1,000,000 a million6 six18 eighteen50 fifty1,000,000,000 a billion7 seven19 nineteen60 sixty8 eight70 seventy9 nine80 eighty10 ten90 ninety11 eleven12 twelve 2序數(shù)詞：1-1011-1920-90100-1 first 1st11 eleventh 11th20 twentie

20、th 20th100 one hundredth 100th2 second 2nd12 twelfth 12th21 twenty-first 21st103 one hundred and third 103rd3 third 3rd13 thirteenth 13th30 thirtieth 30th134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th4 fourth 4th14 fourteenth 14th37 thirty-seventh 37th200 two hundredth 200th5 fifth 5th15 fifteenth 15th40 f

21、ortieth 40th1000 one thousandth 1,000th6 sixth 6th16 sixteenth 16th50 fiftieth 50th1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th7 seventh 7th17 seventeenth 17th60 sixtieth 60th1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th8 eighth 8th18 eighteenth 18th70 seventieth 70th9 ninth 9th19 nineteenth 19th80 eightieth 8

22、0th10 tenth 10th90 ninetieth 90th作主語(yǔ)：The first is better than the second . 作賓語(yǔ)：He was among the first to arrive . 作表語(yǔ)：He is the first to come to school . 作定語(yǔ)：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .（六）代詞類(lèi) 別作 用例 詞例 句人稱(chēng)代詞代替人或事物，主格作主語(yǔ)，賓客作賓語(yǔ) 數(shù)

23、格 人稱(chēng)單 數(shù)復(fù) 數(shù)I am a teacher .They are students .We all like him .He gave the book to me .一二三一二三主 格Iyouheshe it weyouthey賓 格meyouhimhe t usyouthem物主代詞形容詞性只作定語(yǔ)，名詞性可以作主、賓、表語(yǔ)等，表示所屬關(guān)系 詞義類(lèi)型我的你的他的她的它的我們的你們的他們的My book is there.Her father is a worker.This bike is yours, ours is broken .形容詞性myyourhisheritsouryou

24、rtheir名詞詞性mineyourshishersitsoursyourstheirs反身代詞起強(qiáng)調(diào)作用，只作同位語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)數(shù) 人稱(chēng)第一人稱(chēng)第二人稱(chēng)第三人稱(chēng)We ourselves did the work.He did the work by himself.單 數(shù)myselfyourselfhimselfherselfitself復(fù) 數(shù)ourselvesyourselvesthemselves相互代詞表示相互關(guān)系，作賓語(yǔ)賓 格所 有 格We should help each other.Please correct each others mistakes .each other（兩者相互

25、）each others（相互的）one another（三者或三者以上）one anothers（相互的）指示代詞起指示作用，作定語(yǔ)、主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等This, that, these, those, it, such, same Take this book to his room.My point is this .不定代詞代替或修飾任何不定數(shù)量及不定范圍的人或事物some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another,

26、 somebody, nobody, nothing, eachI have something to tell you.Neither answer is right.疑問(wèn)代詞表示疑問(wèn)，構(gòu)成特殊問(wèn)句who, what, whose, which, whomWhom did you see ?關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句which, that, who, whom, whoseThe book that I lost was new.連接代詞引導(dǎo)名詞性從句（主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句、同位語(yǔ)從句）what, who, that I know what you are doing .Thats wha

27、t I hope . （七）動(dòng)詞類(lèi) 別意 義例 子例 句行為動(dòng)詞含有實(shí)在的意義，表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，在句中能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)。及物動(dòng)詞后面一定接賓語(yǔ)Open, visit, hear He visited Gaozhou yesterday.不及物動(dòng)詞后面可以不接賓語(yǔ)Laugh, cry, live He lives in Beijing .連系動(dòng)詞（link v）本身有一定的詞義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，必須與表語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)。Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem The meat smells bad .He

28、is a student .助動(dòng)詞（v.aux.）本身沒(méi)有詞義，不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示否定、疑問(wèn)、時(shí)態(tài)或其他語(yǔ)法形式Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would He doesnt speak English .We are playing football .He had gone to Beijing .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞（Modal Verbs）本身有一定的意義，但不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)，只能和主要?jiǎng)釉~一起構(gòu)成謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，表示說(shuō)話(huà)人的語(yǔ)氣和情態(tài)。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化。Can,

29、may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to She can speak English .May I speak to Ann, please、We must go now . 注：動(dòng)詞（除情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，只有原形和過(guò)去式）有原形、第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)、動(dòng)詞ing、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去式、動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞五種形式。（八）介詞 1介詞的種類(lèi)： 簡(jiǎn)單介詞：in, at, of, from, since, around, to 合成介詞：onto, into, without, upon, within 短語(yǔ)介詞：because of, in front of, acc

30、ording to 分詞介詞：regarding, following, concerning 2介詞短語(yǔ)在句子中的作用： 作定語(yǔ)。I know the answer to the question . 作狀語(yǔ)。The children are playing basketball in the playground . 作表語(yǔ)。Mike is in the classroom . 作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。He found himself in the middle of the river . 作主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。Tom was seen inside the cinema . 3常用介詞的基本用法： 表示

31、時(shí)間的介詞（at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within ） 表示位置，方位的介詞（in, at, on, to ） 表示交通方式的常用介詞（by, on, in ） 其他一些詞組搭配介詞（be angry with/at/about sb/sth . be strict with/in/ sb/sth ）（九）連詞 1并列連詞： 表聯(lián)合關(guān)系連詞。（and, or, but, for, not onlybut also, as well as, bothand, neithernor .）

32、轉(zhuǎn)折連詞。（but, while, yet, however .） 選擇連詞。（or, or else, eitheror, otherwise .） 2從屬連詞： 引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句和表語(yǔ)從句的連用，主要有三個(gè)：that, whether, if . I hear that he is a student . 引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句的從屬連詞：A 連接時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since B 連接讓步狀語(yǔ)從句：although, though, even if, h

33、owever C 連接原因狀語(yǔ)從句：as, because, since, now that, for D 連接目的狀語(yǔ)從句：that, so that, in order that E 連接條件狀語(yǔ)從句：if, unless, once, in case F 連接結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句：sothat, suchthat G 連接方式狀語(yǔ)從句：as, as if, as though H 連接地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句：where .I 連接比較狀語(yǔ)從句：as, asas, not as/so as, than （十）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 1定義：動(dòng)詞除在句子中作謂語(yǔ)以外，還具有名詞、形容詞及副詞的性質(zhì)，在句中可作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、

34、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等，這就是動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。可分為三種：動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞和動(dòng)名詞。 2動(dòng)詞不定式：to 動(dòng)詞原形（在某些情況下可以不帶to ）。（沒(méi)有人稱(chēng)和數(shù)的變化，可以有自己的賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)，可以有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化） 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to do , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生) 進(jìn)行式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to be doing , 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：無(wú) (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生) 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：to have been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 (表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作之前就

35、發(fā)生) 用法：A 作主語(yǔ)：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = Its not easy to learn a foreign language .B 作表語(yǔ)：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .C 作賓語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)詞to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford )b. 動(dòng)詞疑問(wèn)詞t

36、o do I dont know where to put the bike .c. 動(dòng)詞形式賓語(yǔ)(it)賓補(bǔ)to do I find it important to learn a second foreign language .D 作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)to do Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage)b. 動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)不帶to的動(dòng)詞 He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel

37、, watch, notice, have, make, let)E 作狀語(yǔ)：a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons . He got up early in order to catch the first bus .b. 表示結(jié)果：He is too tired to walk any farther . They arent old enough to go to school .c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that . I am glad to see you . F作定語(yǔ)： I have something

38、 to tell you . I want to buy something to eat . 動(dòng)詞不定式to 的省略：A 在感官動(dòng)詞feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役動(dòng)詞have, let, make等后面要省to，但在變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)要還原不定式to。 I often saw him go out of the room .- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .B在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。 動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式：not + to

39、do ，有時(shí)也可以用never + to do 結(jié)構(gòu)。 3動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)詞原形ing 。具有名詞、動(dòng)詞一些特征。 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生或之后發(fā)生) 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)之前就發(fā)生）Children enjoy watching animated cartoon . I dont remember having ever seen the film . 動(dòng)名詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（

40、v-ing） I regret not being able to help you . 用法：A 作主語(yǔ)：a. 動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)如果太長(zhǎng)，可以用形式主語(yǔ)it代替。Learning English is very important .- Its very important to learn English .b. No + 動(dòng)名詞表示“禁止”。No smoking, No parking .B 作賓語(yǔ)：He finished doing his homework .C 作表語(yǔ)：His favourite sport is playing basketball .D 作定語(yǔ)：shopping b

41、asket, finishing line . （表明名詞的用途、功能等）E 動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞所有格、形容詞物主代詞動(dòng)名詞。Do you mind my / Wei Fangs opening the window ? 4分詞：動(dòng)詞原形ing 。具有形容詞、副詞和動(dòng)詞一些特征。（可分為現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞） 現(xiàn)在分詞 一般式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：doing ，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：being + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞（表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)同時(shí)發(fā)生) 完成式：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：having been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞 （表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀 態(tài)之前就發(fā)生） 動(dòng)名

42、詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)名詞（v-ing） No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldnt explain the sentence . 用法：A 作表語(yǔ)。The result is surprising .B 作定語(yǔ)。Developing country (主謂關(guān)系) sleeping boy (boy 所做的動(dòng)作)C 作狀語(yǔ)。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a

43、girl playing the piano .D 作賓補(bǔ)。I found him lying on the grass. 過(guò)去分詞 形式：規(guī)則動(dòng)詞ed，和不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞。 過(guò)去分詞的否定形式：not + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞。 用法：A 作表語(yǔ)：My bike is broken . He is very worried .B 作定語(yǔ)：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .C 作狀語(yǔ)：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he wa

44、s absent, he said he was ill .D 作賓補(bǔ)：You had better have your shoes mended . I had my hair cut yesterday . （十一）動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)態(tài)1 語(yǔ)態(tài)定義：英語(yǔ)中表示主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系的動(dòng)詞形式稱(chēng)為語(yǔ)態(tài)。英語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)態(tài)分為主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示主語(yǔ)是動(dòng)作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主動(dòng)) English is taught in our school .（被動(dòng)）2 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：助動(dòng)詞Be + 及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（be +p

45、.p.），be有人稱(chēng)、時(shí)態(tài)和數(shù)的變化。見(jiàn)下表：時(shí) 態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式例 子一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)Am / is / are + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞Colour TVs are made in the factory .一般過(guò)去時(shí)Was / were +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞My hometown was liberated in 1949 .一般將來(lái)時(shí)Shall / will + be +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞The film will be shown again .現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)Am / is / are + being +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞The walls are being painted .過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)Was / were +bei

46、ng動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞The tickets were being well sold then .現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)Has / have + been + 動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞A new road has been built here .時(shí) 態(tài)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的形式例 子過(guò)去完成時(shí)Had + been +動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞Much had been done before mother came back .含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞be動(dòng)詞過(guò)去分詞The composition must be handed in today .3 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)中值得注意的問(wèn)題： 帶有雙賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，可以把任何一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變被動(dòng)，一般在間接賓語(yǔ)前

47、加適當(dāng)?shù)慕樵~。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father . 英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表示被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long . 在英語(yǔ)中有時(shí)“be + V-ed”結(jié)

48、構(gòu)并不是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，而是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。The mountains were covered with snow . 在“主語(yǔ)謂語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)”的結(jié)構(gòu)中，要補(bǔ)留賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)為省to的不定式，變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)后，要還原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh . 如果短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，可以用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)，但不能遺漏所含的介詞或副詞。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked af

49、ter by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for . 下列情況不能用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：A 不及物動(dòng)詞： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .B 連系動(dòng)詞： The girl looks like her sister .C 賓語(yǔ)為反身代詞：He always dresses himself neatly .D 賓語(yǔ)為相互代詞：The students often help eac

50、h other .E 同源賓語(yǔ)：At that time, they lived a happy life .F 表示狀態(tài)的及物動(dòng)詞：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .（十二）動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：時(shí)態(tài)表示內(nèi)容謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成常用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)例句一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)階段經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞原形（包括第三人稱(chēng)單數(shù)形式s / es）often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon )等He is often late for school.She usually goes to work on foot.一般將來(lái)時(shí)將要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)shall / will + 動(dòng)詞原形