工程管理外文翻譯

1、. 外 文 翻 譯 學(xué) 院 能源與建筑工程學(xué)院 專 業(yè) 工程管理 導(dǎo) 師 學(xué) 生 2015年 4月 10 日：THINKING OF COST ENGINEERING PROJECTAbstract: The premise of the project cost management is to meet the project quality, schedule, contract requirements, as for the project costs, as well as achieving the intended target by planning, organizatio

2、n, control and coordination, and as a scientific management activities to reduce the costAs far as possible. It is mainly through technology (such as the selection of the construction plan), economic (such as accounting) and management (such as construction organization management, rules and regulat

3、ions etc.) activities to achieve the intended target and the purpose of profit.Cost is the sum of all kinds of construction process in the project cost. The content of cost management is very extensive, runs through every procedure and every aspect of project management activities, from the signing

4、of the contract to the construction preparation, until the completion acceptance, every link cannot do without the cost management. As for the complete process of cost management to say, its content includes: cost prediction, cost control, cost accounting, cost analysis and cost assessment, etc. Her

5、e only to analysis through three aspects :project cost forecast, cost control, the effective way reduce the cost to elaborate.1. Do a good cost forecast, identify the objectives of cost control Cost prediction is the basis of cost plan, which provide the basis for compiling the scientific, reasonabl

6、e cost control target. Therefore, to improve the scientific cost forecast, cost plan to reduce costs and improve economic efficiency, which plays an important role in engineering management. Strengthening the control of cost, first of all to pay more attention on cost prediction is an essential beha

7、vior. The main content of Cost prediction is the use of scientific methods, to forecast according to cost target of the project ,construction conditions, mechanical equipment, and the quality of personnel of the project. 1.1.Prediction of workers, material, costThe first is to analysis the project&#

8、39;s artificial cost price, then analysis the wages and the market of the social workers , according to the amount of time and ready for the staff to analysis if the accommodation is covered in the project contract price of labor cost. The material costs accounted for a large proportion of Construct

9、ion and installation cost, should be the focus to accurately grasp. to analysis the main materials, auxiliary materials, other materials, approved materials supply locations, the purchase price, mode of transport and handling costs. analysis the quota material specified in the specifications with th

10、e actual material specifications of different comparison of actual use, with different cement content and quota ratio, pooled analysis of budget in other materials, in the concrete practice to be mixed with a certain amount of admixture. Fees for using machinery: the models and the number of machine

11、ry and equipment bidding application in the group is usually calculated by the construction method of the quota, which is different from the actual construction site in some ways, and work efficiency is also different. Therefore, We have to measure the actual forecast happen machine cost. At the sam

12、e time, we also have to calculate the amortization machinery rental possible fees and the purchase of new machinery and equipment costs, approve the main mechanical shift production quota.1.2 Prediction of cost changes caused by the plan of construction projectThe project after winning the bid, must

13、 develop advanced and feasible in technology and reasonable construction organization design according to the actual situation of the construction site of the project, combined with the local economy, natural and geographical conditions, the construction technology, equipment selection, and the actu

14、al situation of project scheduling. Comparing the different between the construction method implemented by applying group and tender preparation time, or the different of quota of construction method to design a correct prediction.1.3.Prediction of aided engineering feeAided engineering refers to en

15、gineering quantity list or not given in the design drawings, and it is indispensable in construction, such as concrete mixing station, tunnel construction of the three tube line two, high pressure into the hole, also need to predict by construction plan for actual.1.4 .Prediction of large temporary

16、facilities feePrediction of large temporary work fee should be investigated in detail and fully demonstration, to determine a reasonable target values. 1.5.Prediction of small temporary facilities fee, and the transferring of site fee Small temporary facility costs include: temporary facilities layo

17、ut, according to how much time period and planned to invest in personnel, equipment to determine the temporary facilities scale and standard, according to actual and reference of the historical data for the control of construction in the objective value determination. The transferring of site should

18、 be based on the distance and quasi transfer personnel, equipment to predict the target value.1.6. Prediction of the risk of out of control of costRisk analysis of project cost targets, is to implement the prediction of the factors that may affect the realization of ex ante analysis in the project,

19、often can be analyzed from the following aspects:1) Understanding of the technical characteristics of engineering project, such as structural characteristics, geological features.2) On the analysis of the unit owners, including credit of owners of units , the availability of funds, organization and

20、coordination ability.3) Analysis of internal project organization system, including the construction organization design, resources, quality and other aspects.4) The analysis of traffic, energy, electric power of project in local site.5) Analysis on climate.In short, through the prediction of the ma

21、in cost above, we can determine the control standard of worker, material, machine and indirect costs, can also determine the needed time to complete this project in the long period, so to finish the target control of the management fee. Therefore, cost forecasting is the basis of cost control.2.Arou

22、nd the cost objectives, determining the cost control principlesThe construction project cost control is the input of resources in the implementation process, and pay attention on the supervision of construction process and the results, inspection and measurement, and to take measures to ensure achie

23、ving the project cost goals.The object of cost control is project, its subject is the person's management activities, the purpose is reasonable use of manpower, material and financial resources, reduce cost, increase benefit. Therefore, the general principle of cost control are:2.1 Saving princi

24、ple Save means project save the human, material and financial resources construction, which is the basic principle of cost control. Saving is not absolutely negative restriction and supervision, but to create a condition actively, we should focus on the per inspection, process control , and check th

25、e deviation in the implementation process, to optimize the construction scheme, improve the scientific management level of the project to save.2.2 The principle of full controlThe principle of full control includes two meanings, namely the full staff control and full process control.1) Project full

26、staff controlCost control consists of all departments, team and staff in project organization of work involved, and related to each of the vital interests of employees, so should fully mobilize the enthusiasm of each department, each employee team for controlling and concerning about the cost, to es

27、tablish full control idea, if we only consider that cost control is responsible for ore settlement and financial matters, it is just one-sided.2) The entire process of project cost controlThe project cost involves the entire project cycle, the whole process of project cost formation, from the beginn

28、ing of construction preparation, through the construction process to be completed after the transfer of the warranty period. Therefore, the cost control work is to accompany each stage of project construction, such as the formulation of optimal construction scheme in the construction preparation sta

29、ge, according to the requirements of design and construction specification for construction, make full use of existing resources, reduce the construction cost, and ensure the project quality, reduce project rework fee and after the project there may form the transfer of the warranty cost. In works a

30、cceptance stage, we have to adopt timely manner to the additional contract price for the project settlement, so that the cost of the project from first to last can be hold under effect management.2.3 Target control principleTarget management is the basic techniques and methods of management activiti

31、es. It realize the plan policy, task, target and measures and make that to be implemented by decomposition. In the implementation process of the management of objectives, target setting should be practical, the more detailed the better, to implement the department, team and group or individual; targ

32、et responsibility should be comprehensive, not only have the responsibility, but also to have more responsibility of cost; combining the responsibility, right, benefit, make effort on the responsible departments (people) for examination and evaluation of the performance, and with the salary, bonus,

33、do award or publish.2.4 Dynamic control principleCost control is carried out in a continuously changing environment management activities, so we must adhere to the principle of dynamic control, dynamic control is to input the labor, material, machine into the construction process, to collect the act

34、ual value cost, compare it with the target value, check whether there have any deviation, if without deviation, continued the process, or to find the specific reasons, to take corresponding measures. The implementation of cost control process should follow the "exception" management method

35、, the so-called "exceptions" refers to problem which do not often appear in the project construction activities, but the key problem of cost have a major influence successfully completed, also must be attached great importance. In the project implementation of process the "exception&q

36、uot; belongs to usually has the following several aspects:1) Importance: general is difference from the amount of point of view which have important significance, it is called "exception", if we have to determine the cost difference between the amount, we should determine the percentage di

37、fference for the original standard according to the specific circumstances of the project. The difference also can be divided into favorable and negative. The actual cost is lower than the standard cost too much is not necessarily a good thing, it could cause two cases: one is the adverse impact to

38、the follow-up project or assignment: another may cause low quality, and lead to rework and increased warranty cost, quality cost control also affect corporate reputation.2) Consistency: although some of the cost difference is no more than the percentage specified or the minimum amount, but has been

39、hovering near the upper lower limit line, should also be regarded as "exception". Means that the original cost projections may be not accurate, should be timely adjusted according to actual situation.3) Ability to control: some are project managers can not control the cost of the project,

40、even if significant differences occurred, should also be regarded as "exceptional", such as land acquisition, demolition, temporary rental costs rise.4) The particularity of the project construction: which have effect on the whole process of project cost, even if the differences did not re

41、ach the importance position, should also be paid attention to cost management. Such as mechanical repair expenses of the one-sided emphasis on savings. It may reduce the cost in the short term, but due to lack of repair may cause future downtime repair, thereby affecting the smooth progress of const

42、ruction production.3 .To find effective ways ,and to achieve the cost control targetThere have a variety methods to reduce the project cost, it can take measures from organization technology, economy, to contract management.3.1 Organizational measures taken to control engineering costFirst of all to

43、 clear the institutions and personnel of Project Manager Department and division of functions and powers of that. The project manager department is operating management team, it is appointed by legal person of enterprise as his representative to power project management team, after the completion of

44、 the project this appointment will collapse, so he is not an economic entity , and he is responsible for the overall interests, also should coordinate responsibility, right, interests between the company and the company.Secondly, define the cost control and tasks, so that certain person will respons

45、ible for the cost control, avoid there have unclear responsibility while problem happen.3.2 To take technical measures to control project costTake technical measures is to give no limitation on subjective initiative of technical staff in the construction stage, and try to check and approve technical

46、 and economic demonstration which is necessary, then to seek more economic and reliable solution, thus reduce the cost of the project, including the use of new materials, new technology, new method to save energy, improve the mechanical operation etc.3.3Take economic measures to control engineering

47、costEconomic measures to control project cost includes: (1) The artificial cost control:Labor costs accounted for a larger proportion of project costs, generally at about 10%, so we should strictly control the labor cost. To control the amount of labor, we must reduce or shorten labor consumption in

48、 some procedures, so as to reduce the labor consumption, control engineering cost objective. (2) Control material cost:The cost of materials general of the total project cost of the 65%75%, directly influence the engineering cost and economic benefit. The general approach is to quantity-price separa

49、tion principle, mainly do the work of two.One is to control the amount of material: the first is to determine material consumption according to the quota, implement the system of limits: the second is to improve the construction technology, promote the use of reducing the material consumption of new

50、 technologies, new processes, new materials. Then there are the engineering function analysis, analyzing the performance of the material, in order to replace expensive materials to used cheap materials, strengthening material management turnover, prolong the number of circle.The two is to control th

51、e price of materials: mainly by the procurement department to control. First carries on the investigation to the market, with high quality, goods than three, then purchase preferential material: followed by the rational organization of transportation, the nearest purchase material, choose the most e

52、conomical mode of transport, to reduce the transportation cost: then is to consider the time value of money, reduce capital occupied, reasonably determining the purchase batch and batches as far as possible, reduce material reserve. (3) Control of mechanical cost:To reduce the current consumption in

53、 the construction, through the reasonable construction organization, machinery allocation, improve the use of machinery and equipment and good condition rate, at the same time, strengthen the on-site equipment repair, maintenance, overhaul, repair, often reduce the expenses, to avoid improper use ca

54、use mechanical equipment idle; strengthen the management plan of equipment leasing, make full use of idle machinery and social resources, reduce the mechanical stage class price from different angles.From the economic point of view, control engineering cost also includes the reward to participants i

55、n the Department and individual who participate cost control measures.3.4 Strengthen quality management, control the rework rateIn the construction process, to strict quality engineering, always implement the quality policy of our bureau "to fine, honest, better, update", the quality of se

56、lf personnel at all levels, post, duty, point to strengthen the quality inspection and management in construction process really carried out through the whole process, take preventive measures, eliminate the common quality problem, do a molding engineering, once qualified, eliminate rework phenomeno

57、n, avoid unnecessary human, financial, material and other large amount of investment and increase of project cost.3.5, Strengthening the contract management, control project cost Contract management is the important content of construction enterprise management, but also reduce the cost of the proje

58、ct, also is the effective way to improve the economic benefit. Time frame for project construction contract management should begin with contract negotiations, to the end of warranty date, especially to strengthen contract management in construction process, do well in contract management of attack and defense, attack means during the execution of the contract to pay close attention to the effect of our progress in performance of the contract, to prevent being claim. In contract management