托?；A(chǔ)閱讀(1)

1、.iBT TOEFL Reading (Basic Level).Introduction niBT TOEFL托福閱讀簡介niBT TOEFL基礎(chǔ)閱讀課程設(shè)置簡介n攻克iBT TOEFL閱讀的基本要求niBT TOEFL托福Direction講解n托福真題測試n總結(jié)iBT TOEFL考試的特點(diǎn)和做題原則n講解句子的結(jié)構(gòu).iBT 托福閱讀托福閱讀V.S.筆試托福閱讀筆試托福閱讀iBT托福托福筆試托福筆試托福文章數(shù)量文章數(shù)量3 5篇篇5篇篇文章長度文章長度650 750單詞單詞/篇篇300 400單詞單詞/篇篇題目數(shù)量題目數(shù)量12 14 個(gè)個(gè)/篇篇9 11 個(gè)個(gè)/篇篇測試時(shí)間測試時(shí)間20分鐘分鐘

2、/篇篇55分鐘分鐘 / 5篇篇測試分?jǐn)?shù)測試分?jǐn)?shù)0 30 分分0 67 分分.niBT TOEFL 特點(diǎn)1.新托福所有的文章都加了標(biāo)題新托福所有的文章都加了標(biāo)題nmain idea題型取消，取而代之的是文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題題型取消，取而代之的是文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題2.文章明顯加長文章明顯加長 n老托福老托福 350 新托福新托福 700n老托福老托福 11分分/篇篇 新托福新托福 20分分/篇篇n 注意加試：注意加試：第第1部分若部分若3篇，則聽力為篇，則聽力為9個(gè)段落或篇幅的文章個(gè)段落或篇幅的文章第第1部分若部分若5篇，則聽力為篇，則聽力為6個(gè)段落或篇幅的文章個(gè)段落或篇幅的文章.niBT TOEFL 特點(diǎn)

3、3.新托福的生詞明顯增多新托福的生詞明顯增多n高中：高中：3500個(gè)單詞個(gè)單詞 ；四級(jí)：；四級(jí)：4000多多 ；n新托福：新托福：8000（質(zhì)的突破）（質(zhì)的突破）n詞匯題占詞匯題占1/4的分?jǐn)?shù)的分?jǐn)?shù)4. 題目大多都是具有客觀無爭性（混淆題不多）題目大多都是具有客觀無爭性（混淆題不多）5. 順序原則順序原則出題的順序和文章議論的順序基本一致的出題的順序和文章議論的順序基本一致的第第1題，一般在前題，一般在前3行；第行；第2題，題，4-6行行.niBT TOEFL 特點(diǎn)6. 明顯增加了對(duì)句子和篇章的考察明顯增加了對(duì)句子和篇章的考察 n體現(xiàn)在新增題型中體現(xiàn)在新增題型中7. 新增題型新增題型n句子簡化

4、題：句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解句子簡化題：句子結(jié)構(gòu)的理解n句子插入題：考查邏輯句子插入題：考查邏輯n文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題目：文章內(nèi)容小結(jié)題目：6選選3（2分）；分）；7選選5（3分）分）n圖表題圖表題 ：從文字到表格：從文字到表格.TOEFL iBT Reading Question Types Basic Information & Inference questions Factual Information questions Negative Factual Information questionsInference questions Rhetorical Purpose questions Voc

5、abulary questions.TOEFL iBT Reading Question Types5. Sentence Simplification questions 6. Insert Text questionsReading to Learn questions 7. Prose Summary 8. Fill in a Table .niBT 托福閱讀的考察重點(diǎn)托福閱讀的考察重點(diǎn) (1) 主題主題 ：辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分；：辨析文章的主要觀點(diǎn)，并與局部小觀點(diǎn)區(qū)分；辨析段落主題。辨析段落主題。(2) 細(xì)節(jié)細(xì)節(jié) ：概括性信息的把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)?。：概括性信息?/p>

6、把握并判別具體信息的真?zhèn)巍?(3) 詞匯詞匯 ：辨析詞匯和短語的含義，并通過上下文推斷某：辨析詞匯和短語的含義，并通過上下文推斷某些詞匯和短語的含義。些詞匯和短語的含義。(4) 推斷推斷 ：根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息。：根據(jù)上下文推斷出隱藏的信息。(5) 態(tài)度態(tài)度 ：根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度。：根據(jù)文章描述判斷作者意圖和態(tài)度。(6) 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) ：判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并確定段落：判斷句子和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，并確定段落的結(jié)構(gòu)。的結(jié)構(gòu)。 .3攻克攻克iBT 托福的基本要求托福的基本要求詞匯是基礎(chǔ)：如何有效地記憶詞匯？詞匯是基礎(chǔ)：如何有效地記憶詞匯？n四級(jí)詞匯開始，四級(jí)詞匯開始，60

7、00 9000 n詞匯書如何看：詞匯書如何看：最難的：最難的： s,t,c,d,e,l,p最易得：最易得： q,u,v,w.x,y,zn詞匯書的選擇詞匯書的選擇.nTOEFL詞匯詞匯 n王玉梅編著王玉梅編著n 適合高中生，詞匯適合高中生，詞匯基礎(chǔ)比較差的同學(xué)基礎(chǔ)比較差的同學(xué)n 收錄詞匯比較多而全收錄詞匯比較多而全n 網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)：￥網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)：￥21.1.nTOEFL詞匯，詞以詞匯，詞以類記類記n張紅巖編著張紅巖編著n前面的題材分類詞前面的題材分類詞匯不錯(cuò)，但后面的匯不錯(cuò)，但后面的分類詞匯總結(jié)一般分類詞匯總結(jié)一般n 適合有一定基礎(chǔ)的適合有一定基礎(chǔ)的同學(xué)同學(xué)n 網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)￥網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)￥23.8.nTOEFL詞匯精

8、選詞匯精選n 張紅巖編著張紅巖編著n 收錄了比較多的?？际珍浟吮容^多的常考的中高級(jí)托福詞匯的中高級(jí)托福詞匯n比較適合過了比較適合過了4級(jí)的級(jí)的同學(xué)同學(xué)n網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)￥網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)￥17.3.nTOEFL核心詞匯核心詞匯21天天突破突破n李笑來編著李笑來編著n此書比較有成就感和規(guī)此書比較有成就感和規(guī)劃感，并且每個(gè)單詞都劃感，并且每個(gè)單詞都配備了托福考試的真題配備了托?？荚嚨恼骖}的原句的原句n 適合有一定基礎(chǔ)，特適合有一定基礎(chǔ)，特別是看得懂單詞可看不別是看得懂單詞可看不懂句子的同學(xué)懂句子的同學(xué)n 網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)：￥網(wǎng)絡(luò)價(jià)：￥21.8. 詞典的選擇￥22.5￥77.0.n詞匯記憶方法詞匯記憶方法 零散時(shí)間背誦零散時(shí)間背

9、誦 15天內(nèi)必須重復(fù)天內(nèi)必須重復(fù) 背單詞背單詞+閱讀閱讀 一詞多義一詞多義nE.g. freshman n freshwoman.n句子是關(guān)鍵：句子是關(guān)鍵： 如何快速高效地讀懂句子？如何快速高效地讀懂句子？ 句子的結(jié)構(gòu)句子的結(jié)構(gòu) .n背景是補(bǔ)充：背景是補(bǔ)充： 老真題老真題 的閱讀理解的閱讀理解 National Geography Discovery 原版專業(yè)教材原版專業(yè)教材 美國歷史文化書籍美國歷史文化書籍n美國風(fēng)情錄美國風(fēng)情錄、美加概況美加概況、美國介紹美國介紹n 比較原始的，中英文對(duì)照的，涵蓋地理、歷史、自比較原始的，中英文對(duì)照的，涵蓋地理、歷史、自然風(fēng)光、社會(huì)人文然風(fēng)光、社會(huì)人文.n幾

10、個(gè)重要的網(wǎng)站幾個(gè)重要的網(wǎng)站 (寄托天下寄托天下) (寄托天下論壇寄托天下論壇) (太傻網(wǎng)太傻網(wǎng)).(4) 信心是保障信心是保障n Once you make up your mind to succeed, failure will never defeat youn To do much is to be much To do little is to be little.n閱讀能力薄弱的原因 詞匯量不夠詞匯量不夠 詞匯量足夠，但是沒掌握一詞多義詞匯量足夠，但是沒掌握一詞多義 無法在文中快速定位找答案無法在文中快速定位找答案 單詞看得懂也能定位，但是放到句子就看不懂單詞看得懂也能定位，但是放

11、到句子就看不懂 想要看懂每一句話，沒看懂不放心想要看懂每一句話，沒看懂不放心.nRead iBT TOEFL Directions nTPO (TOEFL Practice Online)n Sample Test : Passage 22 on your handout.nAnswer to Passage 22 1-5 C D B B D 6-10 A B D D A.n托?？荚嚾笤瓌t托?？荚嚾笤瓌t 不要通讀全文不要通讀全文n 先讀段落首末句，然后帶著題目回原文找答先讀段落首末句，然后帶著題目回原文找答案案 閱讀考試題目具有很強(qiáng)的客觀性閱讀考試題目具有很強(qiáng)的客觀性n 原文必有出處，不能

12、靠猜測原文必有出處，不能靠猜測在速度與準(zhǔn)確率無法兼得的情況下，一定以準(zhǔn)在速度與準(zhǔn)確率無法兼得的情況下，一定以準(zhǔn)確率為主確率為主n 不可以邊做題邊查字典不可以邊做題邊查字典.n標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)的用法：句號(hào)句號(hào) 分隔句子分隔句子逗號(hào)逗號(hào) 逗號(hào)之間可以不用看逗號(hào)之間可以不用看冒號(hào)冒號(hào) 抽象到具體的過程，表示解釋抽象到具體的過程，表示解釋分號(hào)分號(hào) 并列（語義上和結(jié)構(gòu)上的并列）并列（語義上和結(jié)構(gòu)上的并列）破折號(hào)破折號(hào) - 之間是說明成分，可以不看之間是說明成分，可以不看引號(hào)引號(hào) 引用別人的觀點(diǎn)，表諷刺引用別人的觀點(diǎn)，表諷刺括號(hào)括號(hào) 解釋作用解釋作用.閱讀的方法n精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析

13、方法1. 簡單句簡單句 ： S+V+O 2. 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 : 主句主句+從句從句3. 三大從句：三大從句： n泛讀泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀1. 快速閱讀方法快速閱讀方法2. 閱讀中需要詳略結(jié)合閱讀中需要詳略結(jié)合 3. 理解單位擴(kuò)大理解單位擴(kuò)大 .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n簡單句簡單句 ： S+V+O 謂動(dòng)單一性原則謂動(dòng)單一性原則 ：在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有：在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一個(gè)一個(gè) 謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞nI am a student study economics. ()nI am a student studying economics ()

14、 非謂語動(dòng)詞非謂語動(dòng)詞 ： 現(xiàn)在分詞現(xiàn)在分詞 V-ing 過去分詞過去分詞 V-ed(P.P.) 不定式不定式 to do .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法2. 復(fù)合句復(fù)合句 : 主句主句+從句從句主句單一性原則：在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一主句單一性原則：在一個(gè)句子中，有且只有一個(gè)個(gè)主句主句 ( 從句從句 可以有若干個(gè)可以有若干個(gè))nS+V+O, S+V+O () SVO, and /but SVO SVO , 引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞+SVO.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n3. 三大從句：三大從句： 名詞性從句名詞性從句 ：主語從句、同位語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：

15、主語從句、同位語從句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句型形容詞性從句：定語從句形容詞性從句：定語從句 副詞性從句：狀語從句副詞性從句：狀語從句.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法名詞性從句名詞性從句（1） 主語從句主語從句 引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞: what, that, how, why, whether 結(jié)構(gòu)：結(jié)構(gòu)： That +S.+ V.+O. = n what /whatever+ S.+V. = n.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法nExample What you said is right That the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs

16、 is known 改寫改寫 ： It is known that the ancestors of birds are dinosaurs.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法名詞性從句名詞性從句（2）.同位語從句同位語從句 : 同位語：同位語：n1, n2 n1 = n2 同位語從句同位語從句 S,n,V.O. S, that+ SVO, VO e.g. The fact, that the ancestor of birds are dinosaurs , is known. 可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，如：可接同位語的名詞多為抽象名詞，如：n view, idea

17、, suggestion, fact , reason, conclusion ,doubt. e.g. There is no doubt that he was a fine scholar.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法nTest : Analyze the sentence structure (1) Though the actual boundaries and sizes and shapes of the plates are not known for sure, it has been postulated that there are six ma

18、jor plates. (2) It is generally accepted that the single super continent known as Pangaea indeed existed, that Panagaea subsequently broke apart into two giant pieces, Gondwanaland in the south and Laurasia in the north, and that the continents attached to the various crystal plates separated and dr

19、ifted in various directions.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is . that + SV / + VO . 注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu)注意強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的結(jié)構(gòu) “ It is /was + 被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分 + who/ that + 其它部其它部分分”，此結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為，此結(jié)構(gòu)常譯為 “是是；正是正是”。其特點(diǎn)是：去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)其特點(diǎn)是：去掉強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)“ It is / was who / that ” 原句仍成立原句仍成立It was about 600 years ago _ the first clock with a face an

20、d an hour hand was made. A. that B. until C. before D. when .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is . that + SV / + VO . 注意注意 who 和和 that 的選用的選用:n在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是主語，且指人在強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是主語，且指人時(shí)，可用時(shí)，可用 who 代替代替 that ；n若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是賓語，且指人時(shí)，可用若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是賓語，且指人時(shí)，可用 whom 代替代替 that ；但若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是狀語時(shí)，則只能；但若被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分是狀語時(shí)，則只能用

21、用 that ，即使指時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等，也不能，即使指時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因等，也不能用用 when ， where 或或 because 等替代。如：等替代。如： .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法nIt was my sister whom I met in the street yesterday. nIt was only when I reread his poems recently that I began to appreciate their beauty. nIt was for this reason that her uncle moved out o

22、f New York and settled down in a small town .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n強(qiáng)調(diào)句型強(qiáng)調(diào)句型: It is . that + SV / + VO 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型通常強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語，一般不強(qiáng)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型通常強(qiáng)調(diào)主語、賓語和狀語，一般不強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語。調(diào)謂語。 需強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，要在謂語動(dòng)詞原形前面加上助動(dòng)需強(qiáng)調(diào)謂語時(shí)，要在謂語動(dòng)詞原形前面加上助動(dòng)詞詞 do ， does 或或 did ，尤其是在祈使句或肯定，尤其是在祈使句或肯定句中，用來加強(qiáng)語氣。句中，用來加強(qiáng)語氣。如 ： nDo tell me where on earth you ar

23、e now! nBoys and girls, let me tell you something that does sound strange. nTo my surprise, he did come here on time last night. .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法 形容性從句形容性從句 ： 定語從句定語從句 引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞 ： : that , which , who, whom : when, where, whose結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) ： 第類引導(dǎo)詞第類引導(dǎo)詞 第類引導(dǎo)詞第類引導(dǎo)詞 + VO = a + SVO = a + SV = a .精讀精讀 句

24、子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法舉例舉例 n 第第I類引導(dǎo)詞類引導(dǎo)詞 This is the pig that / which is very fat This is the pig that/which I ate This is the pig from which I make fun This is the pig, which is very fat This is the pig, which I ate This is the pig, from which I make fun.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n第第II 類類 ：whose, w

25、hen, where + SVOThe book, whose cover is red, is quite interesting.This is the place where I grew up. = in which I grew up.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n形容詞性從句的省略形容詞性從句的省略 當(dāng)當(dāng)that/which/whom在定于從句中充當(dāng)在定于從句中充當(dāng)賓語賓語時(shí)，時(shí)，可以將它們省略：可以將它們省略： This is the movie I love. 當(dāng)當(dāng)that/which 在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，并在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語時(shí)，并且從句中的謂語

26、動(dòng)詞為且從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為be動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞時(shí)可將它們時(shí)可將它們省略省略 n. that/which + be n, The house, which was built in 1919, was destroyed. The house, built in 1919, was destroyed. .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n個(gè)別情況下, which或as在引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，也指代前面整個(gè)一句整個(gè)一句 As the plates drifted, they may have diverged, which was associated with the spread o

27、f the seafloor, or they may have converged, which resulted in collision, seduction and mountain building .精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n(III) 副詞性從句副詞性從句 : 省略省略引導(dǎo)詞引導(dǎo)詞when, though , while , although，if結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)When + s* + v*+adj/V-ing/V-ed, S+V+O省略條件：省略條件： s* = S v* = be 則：從句的則：從句的主語主語和和謂語謂語一起省略。一起省略。舉例：舉例：W

28、hen he was young, he was always beaten by his father. When young, he was always beaten by his father.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n測試測試1：寫出省略句：寫出省略句If you are in doubt, you could ask at your local library. If in doubt, you could ask at your local libraryThe room was a little shabby, though it is large

29、. The room was a little shabby, though large.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n測試測試2：找出該句子中的省略：找出該句子中的省略 Other possible chemical defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the establishment of parasitic relationship. For example, glycol-protein in plant cell wal

30、ls may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls.精讀精讀 句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法句子結(jié)構(gòu)分析和解析方法n 7 比較結(jié)構(gòu)比較結(jié)構(gòu)： 比較的形式要一致比較的形式要一致 ： The United States is larger than UK/ UK is/ is UK 比較的對(duì)象要泛指：比較的對(duì)象要泛指： Your car is much more expensive than the one I have.比較的對(duì)象要一致：比較的對(duì)象要一致： The temperature in Alaska is much lower than that

31、of Texas.二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀n1快速閱讀方法快速閱讀方法(I)句子簡讀法句子簡讀法: 所有的句子都先讀主干，再看引所有的句子都先讀主干，再看引導(dǎo)句導(dǎo)句 (1) n + that + V = 定語從句定語從句 (2) V. + that = 賓語從句賓語從句 (3) S+V, , O “” 省略不讀省略不讀 (4) S, , V+O “” 省略不讀省略不讀.二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀(II) n1 , n2 , n3 (名詞并列，則名詞并列，則找一個(gè)自找一個(gè)自己認(rèn)識(shí)的讀己認(rèn)識(shí)的讀 )n e.g. Aggressive beh

32、avior is intended to cause injury, pain , suffering , damage or destruction. .二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀 (III) n1 of n2 , n1是是中心詞、核心詞中心詞、核心詞 n1 of n2 of n3 , n1是是中心詞、核心詞中心詞、核心詞n e.gAn understanding of the derivation of the word competition supports that .n 翻譯的方式：從翻譯的方式：從后后向向前前翻譯依次加翻譯依次加“的的” .二、泛讀二、

33、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀 (IV) n1 or n2 , n1 and n2 (n1、n2認(rèn)識(shí)一認(rèn)識(shí)一個(gè)就行個(gè)就行) e.g. Based-20 or Vigesimal system are less used.二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀(V) A such as B.C.D 或者或者 such A as B. C. D. 只要認(rèn)識(shí)只要認(rèn)識(shí)A.B.C.D當(dāng)中的一個(gè)就可以當(dāng)中的一個(gè)就可以 Verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comme

34、nts can also be a type of aggression. .二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀(VI) 看到一下詞組，只讀逗號(hào)后面的內(nèi)容 In addition to , In addition, Rather than , While / though / even if / even though, .二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀 (VII) more A than B Than以后的內(nèi)容不讀 (VIII) as well as = and 同IV .二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀n2. 閱讀中需要詳略

35、結(jié)合閱讀中需要詳略結(jié)合 skimming but not skip. I 需要詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容需要詳細(xì)閱讀的內(nèi)容 結(jié)構(gòu)主體結(jié)構(gòu)主體(段落首末句段落首末句) 非舉例性質(zhì)的概括、描述非舉例性質(zhì)的概括、描述 題目定位返回原文的內(nèi)容題目定位返回原文的內(nèi)容 II 可以快速瀏覽的內(nèi)容可以快速瀏覽的內(nèi)容 大量數(shù)據(jù)堆積大量數(shù)據(jù)堆積 明顯舉例明顯舉例 對(duì)比、類比、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折只讀一半對(duì)比、類比、讓步、轉(zhuǎn)折只讀一半.二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀n 3. 理解單位擴(kuò)大理解單位擴(kuò)大 I 閱讀中的惡習(xí)閱讀中的惡習(xí) 指讀、聲讀、回讀、視角過指讀、聲讀、回讀、視角過窄、二次閱讀窄、二次閱讀 II 理解

36、單位擴(kuò)大理解單位擴(kuò)大 n理解單位理解單位 變單詞為意群組合進(jìn)行閱讀理變單詞為意群組合進(jìn)行閱讀理解解n焦點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練法焦點(diǎn)訓(xùn)練法 ： Example .二、泛讀二、泛讀 快速閱讀與有效閱讀快速閱讀與有效閱讀n可以合并為意群的成分可以合并為意群的成分 Adv, 介詞短語，介詞短語， 分詞短語，分詞短語， 非謂語不定式非謂語不定式 主謂或謂賓主謂或謂賓 固定搭配：固定搭配：tooto , such as .Topic 1 : Geology (地質(zhì)學(xué)地質(zhì)學(xué)).crust: 地殼地殼mantle 地幔地幔core 地核地核 .n地球構(gòu)造學(xué)說：地球構(gòu)造學(xué)說： plate tectonics 板塊構(gòu)造學(xué)板塊構(gòu)造

37、學(xué) continental drifts 大陸漂移學(xué)大陸漂移學(xué).n 板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式板塊運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式 ： converge 會(huì)聚運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)聚運(yùn)動(dòng) split apart / diverge 分開分開 A dive under B A潛入到潛入到B的下方的下方 slide pass each other 互相擦肩而互相擦肩而過過.nBoundary : 板塊與板塊之間的邊界 subduction zone 潛沒區(qū)潛沒區(qū)boundary mid-ocean ridge 海底山脊海底山脊.nvolcano火山火山active volcano活火山活火山extinct volcano死火山死火山dormant

38、 volcano休眠火山休眠火山.n volcano 火山火山eruption火山噴發(fā)火山噴發(fā)crater 火山口火山口lava火山巖漿火山巖漿magma 巖漿巖漿volcanic dust火山塵火山塵volcanic ash火山灰火山灰.nquake / tremor / seism地震地震seismic地震的地震的 seismology地震學(xué)地震學(xué)seismic wave地震波地震波magnitude震級(jí)震級(jí)epicenter震中震中aftershock余震余震.nfault 斷層斷層fault plane 斷層面斷層面 fault zone 斷層帶斷層帶nglacier 冰川冰川glac

39、ial 冰川的冰川的glacial epoch / period冰川期冰川期iceberg冰山冰山.Topic 1 : Geology Read Passage 1 . Topic 2 American geography(美國地理美國地理) .Northeast AmericanMaryland,nDelaware(特拉華州特拉華州), n New Jersey, n Pennsylvania,n New York , n Connecticut(康涅狄格州康涅狄格州), . Rhode Island(羅德島羅德島), Massachusett Vermont(佛蒙特州佛蒙特州), New

40、Hampshire(新罕布什新罕布什爾州爾州), Maine(緬因州緬因州) .n North America : the land The Smallest : the smallest state is Rhode Island, which has 36 islands The Shortest : New Hampshire has the shortest seacoast(18 miles) The Oldest : the oldest mountains in North America are the Appalachian Mountain .nNortheast Amer

41、ica : cities Boston , Philadelphia New York City, Washington D.C.n North America : the economy Megalopolis : New York City, nWall Street is in south of Manhattan nStatue of LibertynHudson River .A capital city : Washington D.C.n Capitol (國會(huì)大廈國會(huì)大廈)n Congress (國會(huì)國會(huì))n National Mall (草地廣場草地廣場).nNorth Am

42、erica : the culture New York City is the largest city in the nation with 7.5 million people. The Library of Congress in D.C. contains 80 million items in 470 languages. It is probably the biggest library in the world. The Declare of Independence was signed in Philadelphia in 1776 The nations first c

43、ollege was Harvard in Cambridge, Massachusetts.nGreat Lakes : Lake Superior Lake MichiganLake Huron Lake Erie Lake Ontario nMain States MinnesotaWisconsinIllinoisIndianaMichiganOhioMidwest of America.nChicago：鋼鐵城：鋼鐵城 ; Detroit : 汽車城汽車城 nCharacteristics : abundance of ore，forestation, labor benefit f

44、rom the transportation connection nThe land : The Midwest is the flattest region in the US. It is the only one with no mountain ranges The Midwest has more lakes than any other region in the country Midwest of America.The Midwest of AmericanOne of the worlds biggest open pit iron mines operates near

45、 Hibbing, Minnesotan The tallest building in the United States is in Chicago. It is the Sears Tower, 110 stories or 1454 feet talln More cars and trucks are made in Michigan cities , such as Detroit and Flintn Because Kansas is the nations top wheat-growing state, it has been called the bread-basket

46、 of America .The Midwest of American Famous Universities : The University of Chicago The Northwest University Michigan University Illinois Institute of Technology .The west of America n Main States : Washington Oregon California Nevada .California nWith many big cities including San Francisco, Los A

47、ngeles, and San Diego, California has the most people of any statenHollywood and Disneyland .n The land : The tallest tree in the world is the General Sherman tree in Californias Sequoia National Park. It is 368 feet tall and is 3000 to 4000 years old Rocky Mountain is called the “the backbone ” of

48、America. The mountains form a line called the continental Divide. The Dead Valley is in sunny southern California. It is called “ground on fire”. On a summer day the air is usually around 100 degrees in the shade. .n The economy Redmond, Washington is home to the biggest personal computer software c

49、ompany in the world , Microsoft Boeing , the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world , is one of Seattles most important employers. Silicon Valley in California is a cluster of towns that are high-tech today. Silicon is used to make computer chips that are brains of computers .The West of America

50、 nUniversities UC of Berkeley UC of L.A. Stanford University the University of Washington .corn , ricetobacco , cottonmanufactured goodsfinished product.New words summary : Geography nhemisphere 半球半球 equator赤道赤道nlatitude緯線緯線 longitude經(jīng)線經(jīng)線 / 經(jīng)度經(jīng)度naltitude 海拔海拔 horizon地平線地平線ntopography 地形地形 / 地形學(xué)地形學(xué)np

51、lain平原平原 basin盆地盆地nlowland 低地低地 oasis綠洲綠洲nplateau / highland 高地高地.New words summary : Geography nwaterfall 瀑布瀑布 cascade小瀑布、噴流小瀑布、噴流nreef 暗礁暗礁 coral reef珊瑚礁珊瑚礁ntide湖水湖水 dune沙丘沙丘ncliff山崖山崖 valley山谷山谷nhillside / mountain slope 山坡山坡ncanyon / gorge峽谷峽谷 channel / strait 海峽海峽nthe primeval forest原始森林原始森林ntr

52、opical rain forest熱帶雨林熱帶雨林.Topic 2 American Geography Read Passage 2 . Topic 3 American History(美國歷史美國歷史) .nPre-Columbian period The earliest known inhabitants of what is now the United States are thought to have arrived in Alaska by crossing the Bering land bridge, at least 14,000 30,000 years ago.

53、 Some of these groups migrated south and east, and over time spread throughout the Americas. .nThese were the ancestors to modern Native Americans in the United States and Alaskan Native peoples, as well as all indigenous peoples of the Americas.Mississippian culture Around 900 1450 AD the Mississip

54、pian culture developed and spread through the Eastern United States, primarily along the river valleys. The location where the Mississippian culture is first clearly developed is located in Illinois. .Colonial Period nAfter a period of exploration by people from various European countries, Spanish,

55、Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and Portuguese settlements were established. .nChristopher Columbus was the first European to set foot on what would one day become U.S. territory when he came to Puerto Rico on November 19, 1493, during his second voyage. nIn the 15th century, Europeans brought hors

56、es, cattle, and hogs to the Americas and, in turn, took back to Europe corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, and squash.Colonial period : British colonization colony 殖民地殖民地 colonial 殖民的殖民的 colonist = settler 殖民者殖民者The first successful English colony was established in 1607, on the James River at Jamestown

57、 in Virginia. .The Plymouth Colony was established in 1620. The area of New England was initially settled primarily by Puritans who established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630. The Middle Colonies, consisting of the present-day states of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, were ch

58、aracterized by a large degree of diversity .Formation of the United States of America (17761789) nThe 13 Colonies began a rebellion against British rule in 1775 and proclaimed their independence in 1776. They subsequently constituted the first thirteen states of the United States of America. .nThe U

59、nited States defeated the Kingdom of Great Britain with help from France and Spain in the American Revolutionary War ( the War of Independence). However, in 1777 the very first nation to recognize the sovereignty of a newly independent USA was Morocco.Westward expansion (17891849) nThe Louisiana Pur

60、chase, in 1803, removed the French presence from the western border of the United States and provided U.S. settlers with vast potential for expansion west of the Mississippi River.Civil War era (18491865) nIn the middle of the 19th century, white Americans of the North and South were unable to recon