直接引語間接引語

1、直接引語和間接引語直接引語就是直接地引用或復(fù)述別人的話，并放在引號內(nèi)。間接引語那么是說話人用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述他人的原話，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。間接引語是說話者站在自己的角度進行轉(zhuǎn)述，因此，不同的直接引語要用不同的句式來進行轉(zhuǎn)述，且直接引語中的代詞、動詞的時態(tài)以及時間或地點狀語都要有相應(yīng)的變化，局部引述動詞有時也需做適當?shù)恼{(diào)整。這些變化有一定的規(guī)那么，但在具體運用時往往呈現(xiàn)復(fù)雜的情況。本章的學習重點是要掌握陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、感慨句等由直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語最根本的規(guī)那么，特別是特殊疑問句轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時的詞序變化、時態(tài)的前后照應(yīng)以及規(guī)那么以外的不同變化。準確地進行直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換有助

2、于我們準確地進行交際。一、直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)換 在將直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，不僅句式上要有變化，而且要在時態(tài)、人稱、時間、地點等方面作相應(yīng)的變化。1、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的句式變化不同的直接引語句式，如：陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感慨句，轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語時要遵循一定的句式轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)那么，還要注意根據(jù)句意，使用適當?shù)囊鰟釉~。1陳述句的間接引語將陳述句轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語，通常用that引導的賓語從句來表達。連詞that 在不引起歧義的情況下可以省略。引述分句的動詞常見的有say 和tell等。He said, “I caught a cold yesterday. 他說：“我昨天感冒了。- He said (t

3、hat) he had caught a cold the day before. 他說他前天感冒了。Helen said to me, “Im tired of taking such exams. 海倫說：“我討厭參加這種考試。- Helen told me (that) she was tired of taking such exams. 海倫說她討厭參加這種考試?！军c津坊】在以下情況下，往往要保存that。 that 的省略會產(chǎn)生歧義。Linda said disappointedly that when she arrived at the station, the train h

4、ad already left.琳達很失望地說，她到達車站時火車已經(jīng)開走了。如不用that，when狀語從句既可以理解為修飾said, 又可以理解為修飾had left 當引述動詞后面不止跟一個that引導的從句時，第二個that不能省略。He said (that) he was leaving for Europe the next week and that he would stay there for half a year. 他說他下周要到歐洲去并在那里呆半年。第二個that不能省略2疑問句的間接引語直接引語如果是疑問句，變成間接引語后，叫做間接問句。引述的動詞常用ask, inq

5、uire, wonder, want to know等。間接問句的詞序一般都用正常詞序，句末不用問號，用句號。一般疑問句的間接引語直接引語為一般疑問句時，用連詞whether或if 引導，某些表示請求的疑問句也可以轉(zhuǎn)換成間接祈使句。I asked him, “Are you satisfied with the results? 我問他：“你對這結(jié)果滿意嗎？- I asked him whether he was satisfied with the results. 我問他對這結(jié)果是否滿意?！癉id you go to the British Museum yesterday? asked

6、Kate.凱特問：“你昨天有沒有去大英博物館？Kate asked me if I had gone to the British Museum the day before.-凱特問我昨天有沒有去大英博物館。The old man said to a passer-by, “Will you tell me the way to get to the Great Wall Hotel?那位老人跟一位過路人說：“請問到長城飯店的路怎么走。-The old man asked a passer-by to tell him the way to the Great Wall Hotel.那位老人

7、請一位過路人告訴他去長城飯店的路。 選擇疑問句的間接引語直接引語為選擇疑問句時，用連詞whether/ifor引導。He said, “Are you interested in English or not? 他說：“你是否對英語感興趣?- He asked (me) whether I was interested in English or not. 他問我是否對英語感興趣?！癉o you like Chinese food or Japanese food? he asked. 他問：“你喜歡中國食物還是日本食物？- He asked whether / if I liked Chin

8、ese food or Japanese food. 他問我喜歡中國食物還是日本食物。 特殊疑問句的間接引語直接引語為特殊疑問句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，仍用原來的疑問詞引導?！癢hat do you do in your free time? he asked me. 他問我：“你業(yè)余時間干什么？-He asked me what I did in my free time. 他問我業(yè)余時間做什么。“Why did she go to America? Paul asked. 保羅問：“她為什么去美國？- Paul asked why she had gone to America. 保羅問她為什

9、么去了美國。【小帖士】“Whats the matter with you?和“Whats wrong with you?改為間接引語時詞序不變。He asked me what was wrong with me. 他問我出什么事了。 He asked me what was the matter with me. 他問我怎么了。3祈使句的間接引語 直接引語如果是祈使句，變成間接引語后，叫間接祈使句。祈使句表示命令時，要把直接引語的動詞say變成command, order, tell等動詞，被轉(zhuǎn)述的局部改為動詞不定式。否認祈使句改為not to do結(jié)構(gòu)?！癝tay where you a

10、re, she said. 她說：“呆在原地。- She told me to stay where I was. 她告訴我呆在原地?！癉ont smoke in the room, he said. 他說：“別在房間里抽煙。-He told me not to smoke in the room. 她叫我別在房間里抽煙。祈使句表示請求時，常把直接引語的動詞say變成ask, beg, request, urge等動詞。She said to me, “Please wait till I return, will you? 她說：“請你一直等到我回來，好嗎？ -She begged me t

11、o wait till she returned. 她請求我一直要等到她回來。 以Lets開頭的祈使的句，通常將引述動詞改為suggest，然后再接that從句。John said to Bill, “Lets go hiking tomorrow.約翰比照爾說，“我們明天去徒步旅行吧。-John suggested to Bill that they (should) go hiking the next day.約翰向比爾提議第二天去徒步旅行。4感慨句的間接引語直接引語是感慨句，變成間接引語后，叫做間接感慨句。間接感慨句多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導，也可用that引導，還

12、可以根據(jù)句子表達的不同感情選用適當?shù)膭釉~和狀語來轉(zhuǎn)換。He said, “What a beautiful view it is! 他說：“多么漂亮的景色！-He said that it was a very beautiful view. 他說景色非常漂亮。- He cried out what a beautiful view it was. 他大聲說這景色是多么地漂亮。She often says, “What a great country China is! 她常說：“中國是一個多么偉大的國家！-She often says that China is a very great c

13、ountry. 她常說中國是一個非常偉大的國家。- She often remarks with admiration (that) China is a great country.她常常贊賞地說中國多么偉大5并列句和復(fù)合句的間接引語當轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容為并列句或復(fù)合句，或有兩種以上的句子時，應(yīng)根據(jù)不同的句式來選擇不同的引述動詞和連接詞。He said, “I told her to wait, but she went away.他說：“我告訴她等一下，但她還是走了。-He said (that) he had told her to wait but that she went away.他說他

14、已經(jīng)告訴她等一下，但她還是走了。She said, “It is cold here. Is the window shut?她說：“這兒很冷。窗戶關(guān)了嗎？-She said that it was cold there and asked if the window was shut.她說那兒很冷，并問窗戶是否關(guān)了。Fenwick said to me, “Go and see Robin. He will tell you everything you want to know.芬威克對我說：“去看看羅賓吧，他會告訴你想要知道的事情。-Fenwick advised me to go an

15、d see Robin, and said that he would tell me everything I wanted to know. 芬威克建議我去看羅賓，因為他會告訴我想要知道的事情。二、引語轉(zhuǎn)換時的各種相應(yīng)變化直接引語轉(zhuǎn)換成間接引語除了有句式的變化外，還要掌握動詞時態(tài)、人稱代詞、指示代詞、時間狀語、地點狀語和詞序的變化。1動詞時態(tài)的變化 如果引述動詞為現(xiàn)在時態(tài)，間接引語的動詞可以保持原來的時態(tài)。He says, “I have been writing a novel. 他說：“我一直在寫一本小說。- He says that he has been writing a nov

16、el. 他說他一直在寫一本小說。 如果引述動詞為過去時態(tài)，間接引語中的時間就要往后推，即現(xiàn)在時間推至過去時間，過去時間推至過去的過去，將來時間推至過去將來時間。具體變化見下表：直接引語時態(tài)間接引語時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成進行時過去完成進行時一般過去時過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時將來進行時過去將來進行時The teacher said, “You are doing OK. 老師說：“你們干得很不錯。- The teacher said we were doing OK. 老師說我們干得很不錯。現(xiàn)在進行時變?yōu)檫^去進行時I as

17、ked her, “Where have you spent your holiday? 我問她：“你去哪里度假了？- I asked her where she had spent her holiday. 我問她去哪里度假了?，F(xiàn)在完成時變?yōu)檫^去完成時She said, “I went to Shanghai. 她說：“我去過上海。- She said that she had gone to Shanghai. 她說她去過上海。過去時變?yōu)檫^去完成時He said, “I had finished my work before 10 oclock. 他說：“我在十點鐘前就完成工作了。- He

18、 said that he had finished his work before 10 oclock. 他說他在十點鐘前就完成工作了。過去完成時不變The mayor said: “The people of Beijing will be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world. 這位市長說：“北京人民將準備點燃奧運火炬來迎接來自全世界的運發(fā)動和運動迷。- The mayor said that the people of Beijing would

19、 be preparing to light the Olympic torch to welcome athletes and fans from all over the world.這位市長說北京人民將準備點燃奧運火炬來迎接來自全世界的運發(fā)動和運動迷。將來進行時變?yōu)檫^去將來進行時2情態(tài)動詞的變化 在間接引語中，有些情態(tài)動詞沒有過去式，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時仍用原來的形式，或用其它表示法。 直接引語間接引語 must 必然推測 mustmustnt禁止mustntmust必須had to/ would have to shallshould shouldshould willwould woul

20、dwould maymight mightmight cancould couldcould daredared needneed ought toought to He said, “I really must go. 他說：“我一定得走了。- He said that he really must go. 他說他一定得走了?！癕ust we hand in our exercise this afternoon? he asked. 他問：“我們得今天下午交作業(yè)嗎？-He asked if they had to hand in the exercise that afternoon. 他

21、問他們是否那天下午得交作業(yè)?！癥ou need not take an umbrella with you, he said. 他說：“你不用帶雨傘。-He said that I need not take an umbrella with me. 他說我不用帶雨傘。【點津坊】因為人稱發(fā)生了變化，在直接引語中可用shall或should，而在間接引語中那么用would。“I should be glad to come. “我會很愿意來的。- He said he would be glad to come. 他說他會很愿意來。3人稱代詞的變化人稱代詞的變化要以轉(zhuǎn)述者的立場作適當?shù)母淖儭８淖?/p>

22、方式通常與漢語根本相同，即第一、三人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱；第二人稱轉(zhuǎn)換成第一、三人稱?！癐m fond of surfing the Internet, he said. 他說：“我喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪。-He said he was fond of surfing the Internet. 他說他喜歡網(wǎng)上沖浪?！癥ou should pay more attention to your pronunciation, the teacher said.老師說：“你應(yīng)該更注意你的發(fā)音。 -The teacher said that I should pay more attention to my pro

23、nunciation. 老師說我應(yīng)該更注意我的發(fā)音?！拘√俊康绻f話人引述自己的話，人稱代詞不必改動。I said, “ I had a good time at the party. 我說：“我在晚會上玩得很開心。I said that I had had a good time at the party. 我說我在晚會上玩得很開心。4指示代詞的變化在間接引語中，指示代詞this轉(zhuǎn)換成that，these轉(zhuǎn)換成those。He said, “Please show me this one. 他說：“請拿這個給我看一下。- He asked me to show him that one.

24、 他要我拿那個給他看一下。He said, “Id like to see these sunglasses. 他說：“我想看這些太陽鏡- He said that he wanted to see those sunglasses. 他說他想看那些太陽鏡。5時間狀語和地點狀語的變化根據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)述的時間和地點不同，時間狀語和地點狀語存在著較多的變化。 直接引語 間接引語todaythat daythis morning/ afternoon/eveningthat morning / afternoon / eveningyesterdaythe day before, the previous d

25、ayyesterday morning /afternoon etc.the previous morning / afternoon etc.the morning before, the afternoon before the day before yesterdaytwo days beforetomorrowthe next day, the following daythe day after tomorrowin two days time, two days afternext week / month / year etc.the next week / month / ye

26、ar, etc.the following week / month / year etc.last night / month / year, etc.the previous night / month / year etc.the night before, the month before etc.two weeks / months / years agothe weeks before, two months beforenowthenso far by thenin 1990in 1990herethere“Well leave here tomorrow, he said. 他

27、說：“我們明天離開這里。-He said that they would leave there the next day.他說他們將在第二天離開那里?！癐 met him the day before yesterday, she said.她說：“我前天遇見過他。-She said that she had met him two days before.她說她前兩天遇見過他。(6) 間接引語的詞序變化直接引語為疑問句時，間接引語要把倒裝詞序變?yōu)檎Ｔ~序。He asked, “How did these differences come about? 他問：“這些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的？-

28、He asked how those differences had come about. 他問那些不同之處是如何產(chǎn)生的。“What is adventure travel? he asked. 他問：“冒險旅游是什么？-He asked what adventure travel was. 他問什么是冒險旅游?！驹囶}播報】No one can be sure_ in a million years.A. what man will look like B. what will man look likeC. man will look like what D. what look will

29、 man like【分析】此題考查賓語從句的詞序。賓語從句引導詞為what，充當介詞like的賓語，先排除C項。B和D的詞序仍是疑問句的倒裝詞序。故此題正確答案是A。一、選擇填空1. He asked _ for the violin. A. did I pay how much B. I paid how much C. how much did I pay D. how much I paid2. Can you make sure _ the gold ring? A. where Alice has put B. where had Alice put C. where Alice h

30、ad put D. where has Alice put3. These photos will show you _.A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks likeC. how our village look like D. how our village looks like4. You cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents. A. how they were excited B. how excited they

31、 were C. how excited were they D. they were how excited5. _ she said suggested that she hadnt decided _ to go or not. A. What, if B. That, whether C. What, whether D. What, whichever6. Ill ask my parents _. A. whether they will agree to go B. if they let me go C. if they will let me go D. whether th

32、ey allow me to7. -Do you mind if Jim will come to help? -I really dont know _ a person like him can help me with. A. what B. that C. how D. if8. He asked me if _. A. the train will late B. the train always arrived late C. the train arrives on time D. the train stops here9. It is said in the book tha

33、t Thomas Edison (1847-1931) _ the world leading inventor for sixty years. A. would be B. has been C. had been D. was10. Sorry to have interrupted you. Please go on. -Where was I? -You _ you didnt like your fathers job. A. had said B. said C. were saying D. had been saying二、把以下直接引語變成間接引語1. “You have done a good job, said the teacher.2. He said, “Ill help you with it later.3. “Be careful with the dog, I said.4. “Are you sure about this? ha asked.5. She asked, “Whats the matter w