2018年高考英語非謂語動詞專項講解練習(xí)

1、第5章 非謂語動詞【非謂語動詞作狀語】一.不定式,分詞作狀語的基本原則不定式,分詞作狀語時,不定式,分詞的邏輯主語必須與句子的主語保持一致,即不定式,分詞作狀語時必須和句子的主語保持一致,即不定式,分詞作狀語時必須和句子主語含有邏輯上的主動或被動關(guān)系,否則一般不能使用不定式,分詞作狀語.二.不定式作狀語1.不定式作目的狀語不定式作目的狀語的情況比較多,如果強(qiáng)調(diào)目的性時,不定式前還可加in order或so as,構(gòu)成in order to do或so as to do結(jié)構(gòu).in order to do結(jié)構(gòu)作目的狀語時,可以放在句首也可放在句中;so as to do結(jié)構(gòu)只能放在句中.Her m

2、other plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year(so as/in order)to visit her.Bob took down my telephone number so as/in order not to forget it.2.不定式作結(jié)果狀語不定式作結(jié)果狀語常用在下列句式中:so.as to;such.as to;.enough to;only to(常表示以外的或事與愿違的結(jié)果);too.to等.Im not so stupid(a fool)as to write it down.Jane hurried ba

3、ck only to find that her mother had left.Im too tired to stay up longer.備注:在only too.to結(jié)構(gòu)中,too.to.并非是太.而不能.之意.此時,與too.to.搭配的形容詞常見的有pleased,ready,willing,glad,happy等.Im only too glad to have passed the exam.3.不定式作原因狀語形容詞作表語時,后面可接不定式作原因狀語,用以說明產(chǎn)生這種情緒的原因.用于這類結(jié)構(gòu)中的形容詞常見的有:happy,glad,sorry,anxious,proud,di

4、sappointed,angry,surprised,ready,delighted,pleased等.You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.4.在主語+系動詞+表語(形容詞)+to do結(jié)構(gòu)中,句子的主語與動詞不定式有邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,且形容詞表示主語的特征或性質(zhì),這時,需用不定式的主動形式表示被動意義.該結(jié)構(gòu)中常用的形容詞有:easy,hard,difficult,important,impossible,interesting,pleasant,nice,comfortable,safe,dangerous等.T

5、his question is easy to answer.This book is difficult to understand.三.分詞作狀語1.分詞作狀語時其形式的選擇形式意義v-ing(doing) 與句子主語為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,與句子謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生,或基本上同時發(fā)生having+v-ed(having done)與句子主語為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生v-ed(done)與句子主語為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,表完成being+v-ed(being done)與句子主語為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,且與謂語動詞動作同時發(fā)生having been+v-ed(having been do

6、ne)與句子主語為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,且先于謂語動詞動作發(fā)生2.分詞作狀語的句法功能分詞作狀語時,可以表時間,原因,結(jié)果，條件,讓步，行為方式,伴隨狀況等.為了強(qiáng)調(diào),還可與 while,when,once,if,unless等連詞連用.When offered help,one often saysThank youor Its kind of you.(時間)Separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many plants and animals not found in any other coun

7、try in the world.(原因) Generally speaking,if taken according to the directions,the drug has no side effect.(條件)He glanced at her,nothing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.(結(jié)果)Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.(讓步)The teacher came into the lab,followed by some

8、students.(伴隨)四.獨(dú)立成分作狀語有些分詞或不定式短語作狀語,其形式的選擇不受上下文的影響,稱作獨(dú)立成分.常見的有:generally speaking一般來說;frankly speaking坦白地說;judging from/by.根據(jù).來判斷;considering./o consideration考慮到.;to tell you the truth說實(shí)話;compared to/with與.相比.Judging from his accent,he is from Hong Kong.Considering your health,youd better

9、have a rest.To tell you the truth,I am a little tired. 五.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語應(yīng)和句子主語保持一致.但有時非謂語動詞帶有自己的邏輯主語,在 句子中作狀語,我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu).獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn):獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語與句子的主語不同,它獨(dú)立存在.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中作邏輯主語的名詞或代詞與后面的分詞或不定式是邏輯上的主動或被動關(guān)系.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般有逗號與句子分開. 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的構(gòu)成:名詞/代詞+分詞 名詞/代詞+不定式 with/without+名詞/代詞+分詞/不定式 The test finished(=Wh

10、en the test was finished),we began our holiday. The president assassinated(=Because the president was assassinated),the whole country was in deep sorrow. Weather permitting(=If weather permits),we are going to visit you tomorrow. I stood before her with my heart beating fast.【練一練】Anxiously,she took

11、the dress out of the package and tried it on,only (find)it didnt fit.Clearly and thoughtfully (write),the book inspires confidence in students who wish to seek their own answers.Group activities will be organized after class (help)children develop team spirit. (spend)the past year as an exchange stu

12、dent in Hong Kong,Linda appears more mature than those of her age.The lecture (give),a lively question-and-answer session followed.【非謂語動詞作定語】一.不定式作定語 1.作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點(diǎn),工具等,不定式后面需有相應(yīng)的介詞.The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.He had no place to live. 2.用不定式作定語的幾種情況: 不定式

13、表將來 The car to be bought is for his sister. 用來修飾被序數(shù)詞,最高級或no,all,any等限定的中心詞,且與中心詞為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系. He was the best man to do the job. She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games. 有些名詞的同根詞常跟不定式,因而它們也常跟不定式作定語,常見的有:promise,plan,attempt,offer,decision,refusal,failure,ability,chance,warnin

14、g,anxiety,eagerness,willingness,readiness等. I dont trust his promise to come for a visit. He said he had no plans to go there. He made an attempt to stand up. 二.分詞作定語 1.作定語的及物動詞的分詞形式為:v-ing,being+過去分詞和過去分詞.當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為主動關(guān)系時,用v-ing;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為被動關(guān)系且表正在進(jìn)行時,用being+過去分詞;當(dāng)被修飾的名詞與非謂語動詞為被動關(guān)系且表完成時,用過去分詞

15、. The houses being built are for the teachers.(被動,正在進(jìn)行) 2.作定語的不及物動詞的分詞形式為:v-ing和過去分詞.v-ing表示正在進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成. boiling water沸騰的水(表示正在進(jìn)行) boiled water白開水(表完成) falling leaves正在下落的葉子(表正在進(jìn)行) fallen leaves已經(jīng)落下的葉子(表完成) developing countries發(fā)展中國家(表正在進(jìn)行) developed countries發(fā)達(dá)國家(表完成)三.to be done,done和being done

16、作定語的區(qū)別 to be done表被動,將來;done表被動,完成;being done表被動,正在進(jìn)行. Have you read the novel written by Dickens?(表被動,完成) Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.(表被動,正在進(jìn)行) The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very important.(表被動,將來) 【練一練】 There are still many problems (solve)b

17、efore we are ready for a long stay on the Moon. Prices of daily goods (buy)through a computer can be lower than store prices. The flowers (smell)sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.【非謂語動詞作賓語,補(bǔ)語,主語,表語】 一.非謂語動詞(不定式,動名詞)作賓語 1.下列動詞一般用不定式作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣: 決心學(xué)會想希望,拒絕設(shè)法愿假裝.

18、主動答應(yīng)選計劃,同意請求幫一幫. decide/determine,learn,want,expect/hope/wish;refuse,manage,care,pretend;offer,promise,choose,plan;agree,ask/beg,help. She pretended not to see me when I passed by. We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. 此外,afford,strive,happen,wait,threaten等也要用不定式作賓語. 2.下列動詞或詞組一般

19、用動名詞作賓語,請牢記下面的口訣: 考慮建議盼原諒,承認(rèn)推遲沒得想.避免錯過繼續(xù)練,否認(rèn)完成就欣賞. 禁止想象才冒險,不禁介意準(zhǔn)逃亡.consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/pardon;admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,設(shè)想);avoid,miss,keep/keep on,practice;deny,finish,enjoy/appreciate;forbid,imagine,risk;cant help(禁不住),mind,allow/permit,escape.He got well-prepared for

20、 the job interview,for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.此外,be used/accustomed to,lead to,devote to,go back to,stick to,object to,get down to,pay attention to,cant stand(無法忍受),give up,feel like,insist on,be busy,have difficulty(in),have a good/wonderful/hard time(in),spend time (in)等短語后也要用

21、動名詞作賓語. 3.下列動詞或詞組既可以跟動名詞作賓語,也可以跟不定式作賓語,但意義上有區(qū)別,要特別注意. to do sth.忘記要做某事 forget doing sth.忘記已經(jīng)做過某事 to do sth.記著要做某事 remember doing sth.記得曾經(jīng)做過某事 to do sth.努力做某事 regret doing sth.后悔做過某事 to do sth.努力做某事 try doing sth.試著做某事 to do sth.打算做某事 mean doing sth.意味著做某事 4.在動詞allow,advise,forbid,permit,consider后直接跟

22、動名詞作賓語;如果后面有名詞或代詞作賓語,則用動詞不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語 sb.to do sth. allow/permit/forbid/advise/consider doing sth. Smoking is forbidden here so we dont allow you to smoke. We dont allow smoking in the wall. 5.動詞need,require,want作需要,deserve作應(yīng)受,應(yīng)得解時,其后用動名詞的主動形式(doing)或不定式的被動形式(to be done)表被動意義.be worth后用動名詞的主動形式(doing)表

23、示被動意義,而worthy則需用被動形式.此外,need,require,want后可以接名詞或代詞作賓語,然后接不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,表示需要/要求/想要某人做某事. to be done (需要) need/require/want doing sb.to do sth.(需要/要求/想要) 名詞 deserve doingto be done 名詞 be worth doing to be donebe worthy 名詞(表錢數(shù)或表價格的名詞除外) of being done to be cleanedThe window needs/requires/wants cleaning wo

24、rth visiting to be visited This place is worthy a visit ofbeing visited considering These proposals deserve to be considered 6.不定式作動詞(詞組)tell,show,understand,explain,teach,learn,advise,discuss,ask,decide,wonder,find out等的賓語時,前面常帶引導(dǎo)詞how,what,whether,where,when,who等,但why后加不帶to的不定式.備注:此用法中的不定式的邏輯主語需與句子

25、的主語或賓語保持一致,否則用賓語從句.He showed us how to do the work.(=He showed us how we should do the work)I dont know what to do.(=I dont know what I should do.)We must decide whether to stay or go.(=We must decide whether well stay or go)Can you tell me why do it?The film star wears sunglasses.Therefore,he can g

26、o shopping without (recognize).One learns a language by making mistakes and (correct)them.In some parts of London,missing a bus means (wait)for another hour.二.非謂語動詞作補(bǔ)語1.后接不定式作補(bǔ)語的動詞及動詞詞組advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,intend,invite,love,order,persuade,prefer,remind,requir

27、e,teach,tell,want,warn,wish,wait for,call on,depend on等.You are not allowed to smoke here.The doctor warned him not to eat too much meat.注意:think,consider,believe,suppose,feel,find,imagine,prove,appoint,judge等后常用to be.作賓補(bǔ)/主補(bǔ)People considered him to be a great leader.They found the answer to be quite

28、 satisfactory.Chinese food is considered to be the healthiest in the world.He imagines himself to be an able man.2.非謂語動詞作感官動詞(詞組),使役動詞的賓補(bǔ)listen to,feel的賓語補(bǔ)足語有四種形式,以see為例: doing sth.看見.正做. (賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系) do sth.看見.做了. see+賓語+ being done看見.正在做 (賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系) done看見.被做 I heard her sing an English s

29、ong just now.(主動,完成) I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday.(主動,正在進(jìn)行) I heard an English song being sung by the little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.(被動,正在進(jìn)行) Id like to see the plan carried out.(被動,沒有一定的時間性) 2.使役動詞make,let,have,get后接復(fù)合賓語的情況. do讓.做.（賓語與賓補(bǔ)為

30、邏輯上的主動關(guān)系） make+賓語+ done讓.被做(賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系)He made his workers work 12 hours a day. He tried to make himself understood. do讓.做.(賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系) let+賓語+ be done讓.被做(賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系)Dont let your child play with matches.Let the work be done immediately. do sth.讓.做某事 doing sth.使.持續(xù)做某事 (賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系)ha

31、ve+賓語+ done使.被做(賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系)備注: .have sth. done還表示使.遭受.之意 Tom had his leg broken while playing football. Mr.Smith had his house broken into while he was away on holiday.have sb. doing常用于否定句中,其中have有允許,容忍之意.I wont have you speaking to your dad like that.have還可用于have sth. to do結(jié)構(gòu),該結(jié)構(gòu)中have作有講,不定式作定語

32、.I have something urgent to inform you. to do sth.使.做 doing sth.使.做 (賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的主動關(guān)系).get+賓語+ done使.被做(賓語與賓補(bǔ)為邏輯上的被動關(guān)系)He got me to post the letter for him. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front after a short rest.Ill get my bike repaired tomorrow. 3.下列動詞(詞組)在主動語態(tài)中用不帶to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語,但在被動語態(tài)

33、中要加上to;它們是吾看三室兩廳一感覺-5看(look at,see,watch,notice,observe);3使(make,let,have);2聽(listen to,hear);1感覺(feel) Someone was heard to come up the stairs. (三)動詞leave,keep,find,catch及介詞with后加非謂語動詞作復(fù)合賓語的情況: sb./sth. doing sth.讓某人/物一直處于某種狀態(tài)(賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間是邏輯上的主動關(guān)系,表示動作正在進(jìn)行) sth. undone留下某事未做(賓語與賓語補(bǔ)足語之間是邏輯上的被動關(guān)系,表示被動

34、和完成,一般以undone,unfinished,unsettled,untouched為多)1.leave sb. To do sth.讓某人去做某事 （不定式表示將來的動作） sth. To be done.留下某事要做 Its wrong to leave the machine running.(主動,正在進(jìn)行)The guests left most of the dishes untouched,because they didnt taste delicious.(被動,完成) He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.(主動,將來)

35、We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.(被動,將來) sb./sth. doing使某人/物一直做某事 2.keep sb./sth. done使某人/物被.(表示被動且完成,或表示狀態(tài))Keep the engine running. You should keep me informed of his whereabouts. sb. doing發(fā)現(xiàn)某人正在做某事 3.find sb/sth. done發(fā)現(xiàn)某人/物.(表完成或狀態(tài)) sb./sth.(to be).發(fā)現(xiàn)某人/物.We found

36、 him(to be)dishonest. Often I found her quietly weeping alone.I found him buried in a novel.4.catch sb. doing sth.撞見某人正在做某事 I caught John reading my private letters. sb./sth. doing(表主動且進(jìn)行,或表特征) sth. being done(表被動且進(jìn)行) 5.with sth. done(表被動且完成,或表狀態(tài)) sth. to do(表示將來) John received an invitation to dinn

37、er,and with his work finished,he gladly accepted it.With a lot of difficult problems to settle,the newly elected president is having a hard time.(四)常用不定式作主語補(bǔ)足語的句型 Sb. be said/believed/known/supposed/reported/considered/found/thought+to do/to have done/to be done/to have been done+其他. He is said to h

38、ave gone abroad.(=It is said that he has gone abroad.) Heat is considered to be a form of energy. Youre supposed to pay the bill by Friday. The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see (carry)out the next year. The missing boy was last seen (play)near the East Lake.【非謂語動詞作主語,表語】(一)非謂語

39、動詞(不定式,動名詞)作主語1.不定式,動名詞都可作主語,但動名詞作主語多指抽象的,概念性的動作,可以是多次的,經(jīng)常性的行為;不定式作主語多表示具體的動作,尤其是某一次的動作. Playing with fire is dangerous.(泛指玩火) To play with fire will be dangerous.(指一次具體的動作)2.下列句型中常用動名詞作主語. no use/good not any use/good It is/was+ +doing sth. of little use/good worth It is worth making an appointment

40、 before you go.3.Wh-+不定式可作主語 When to leave hasnt been decided yet. Whether to drive or take the train is still a question.(二)非謂語動詞(不定式,動名詞,分詞)作表語 1.不定式,動名詞都可作表語,但動名詞作表語多指抽象的,概念性的動作,可以是多次的,經(jīng)常性的行為;不定式作表語多表示具體的動作,尤其是某一次的動作. His favorite sport is swimming.(泛指游泳) Your task today is to wash the curtains.(

41、指一次具體的動作)2.現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞都可作表語,但現(xiàn)在分詞用來說明主語的特征,意為:令人.的;過去分詞用來說明主語的狀態(tài),意為:感到.的. The film is exciting. He is excited at the news. 3.非謂語動詞作remain的表語 remain作仍需去做(或說,處理)講,后面加to be done作表語One problem remains to be solved.It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful. remain作仍然是講,后面可加現(xiàn)在分詞或過去分詞作表語.She

42、 remained standing though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.The true author of the book remains unknown.Its standard practice for a company like this one (employ)a security officer.As we joined the big crowd I got (separate)from my friends.The pilot asked all the passengers on board to remain (sea

43、t)as the plane was making a landing.【練習(xí)】【非謂語動詞作狀語】1. (catch)the early flight,we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early. 2.Much time (spend)sitting at a desk,office workers are generally troubled by health problems. 3. (absorb)in painting,John didnt notice evening approaching. 4. (work)for t

44、wo days,Steve managed to finish his report on schedule. 5. (learn)more about Chinese culture,Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course. 6.When the clerk saw a kind face wrinkled in an apologetic smile,she stood rooted to the ground, (wonder)whether to stay or leave. 7.Sometim

45、es I act as a listening ear for fellow students (talk)over what is bothering them.8.Like ancient sailors,birds can find their way (use)the sun and the stars.9. (raise)in the poorest area of Glasgow,he had a long,hard road to becoming a football star.10.Children,when (accompany)by their parents,are a

46、llowed to enter the stadium.11.There is no greater pleasure than lying on my back in the middle of the grassland, (stare)at the night sky.12. (free)ourselves from the physical and mental tensions,we each need deep thought and inner quietness.13. (work)out the difficult maths problem,I have consulted

47、 Professor Russell several times.14.I hope to take the computer course.Good idea. (find)out more about it,visit this website.15.A good listener takes part in the conversation, (offer)ideas and raising questions to keep the talk flowing.16.I got to the office earlier that day, (catch)the 7:30 train f

48、rom Paddington.17. (eat)at the cafeteria before,Tina didnt want to eat there again.18.I stopped the car (take)a short break as I was feeling tired.19.The sunlight is white and blinding, (throw)hard-edged shadows on the ground.20.Lionel Messi, (set)the record for the most goals in a calendar year,is

49、considered the most talented football player in Europe.21.The sun began to rise in the sky, (bathe)the mountain in golden light.22. (stay)warm at night,I would fill the woodstove,then set my alarm clock for midnight so I could refill it.23. (found)in the early 20th century,the school keeps on inspiring childrens love of art.24.The old man sat in front of the television every evening,happy (watch)anything that happened to be on.25.Wh