中山大學(xué)管理學(xué)院會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)系first,congratula

1、1 First, congratulations for studying the new and exciting area of accounting 2 Topic oneTopic one Introduction to Introduction to International AccountingInternational AccountingInstructor: Guangyou LIU,Associate professor of accountingSchool of Business, Sun Yat-sen University3Why should we study

2、International Accounting?4 利潤(rùn)表利潤(rùn)表項(xiàng) 目 行 次 本年累計(jì)數(shù) 一、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入一、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)收入 1 6250000 減：主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)成本 4 3750000 主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)稅金及附加 5 10000 二、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)利潤(rùn)二、主營(yíng)業(yè)務(wù)利潤(rùn) 10 2490000 加：其他業(yè)務(wù)利潤(rùn) 11 0 減：營(yíng)業(yè)費(fèi)用 14 100000 管理費(fèi)用 15 790000 財(cái)務(wù)費(fèi)用 16 207500 三、營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn)三、營(yíng)業(yè)利潤(rùn) 18 1392500 加：投資收益 19 157500 補(bǔ)貼收入 22 0 營(yíng)業(yè)外收入 23 250000 減：營(yíng)業(yè)外支出 25 248500 四、利潤(rùn)總額四、利潤(rùn)總額 27

3、 1551500 減：所得稅 28 462495 五、凈利潤(rùn)五、凈利潤(rùn) 30 1089005 5Sellers ElectronixIncome StatementFor the Year Ended December 31, 2006Revenues Net sales$ 460,000 Interest revenue3,000 Gain on sale of equipment600 Total revenues463,600Expenses Cost of goods sold$ 316,000 Selling expenses76,000 Administrative expense

4、s38,000 Interest expense1,800 Casualty loss from vandalism200 Total expenses432,000Net income$ 31,600INCOME STATEMENT6Exemple de compte de rsultat 7Exemple de compte de rsultat Le compte de rsultat est un document qui prsente tout les produits et toutes les charges dune entreprise durant un exercice

5、 comptable (un an). Il doit tre remis au fisc avant le 31 mars de lanne suivante. Il permet de savoir si lexploitation de cette entreprise durant lanne est :- une bnfice : total des produits total des charges- une perte : total des produits total des charges 8Quest-ce que le bilan ? 9Quest-ce que le

6、 bilan ? Le bilan est tabli tous les ans. Ce document traduit le patrimoine de lentreprise, cest dire tous ce quelle possde la date ou il est tabli. Il mesure la richesse de lentreprise. 10An Email MessageThe following is an email message from a GE intern:劉老師:好久沒(méi)有見(jiàn)了,您最近好嗎?我現(xiàn)在在上海的通用電氣中國(guó)總部實(shí)習(xí),作為全球業(yè)務(wù)支持部

7、的財(cái)務(wù)系統(tǒng)分析員，每天上班,接觸不同國(guó)家的財(cái)務(wù)主管和信息系統(tǒng)實(shí)施工程師,過(guò)的緊張忙碌.假期已經(jīng)過(guò)去一個(gè)月了,我在財(cái)務(wù)管理項(xiàng)目上學(xué)到很多東西,也深深感到GE是很卓越的公司,有很多發(fā)展的機(jī)會(huì).同時(shí),我也很想念學(xué)校的老師和同學(xué).同在上海實(shí)習(xí)的財(cái)務(wù)管理項(xiàng)目學(xué)員都是來(lái)自復(fù)旦、交大、上財(cái)、北大、外經(jīng)貿(mào)的學(xué)生，和他們?cè)谝黄穑腋械街写蟮膶W(xué)生一樣能和各個(gè)國(guó)家的財(cái)務(wù)經(jīng)理處理各種問(wèn)題，也可以表現(xiàn)的更加出色。11More Reasons a12Challenges Facing International Accounting l Global operations of MNCs A wide spectrum,

8、 including product development, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. Technology alliances are an increasingly important factor in global operations. l Global capital markets They provide opportunities for investors and borrowers to engage in financing activities worldwide ( Read appendix 1) .

9、 13Domestic & Foreign Share Trading on different Stock Exchanges ($US millions) Countries 2000 1995 Total Domestic Foreign Total Domestic Foreign-Australia 226,484.9 222,845.7 3,639.2 98,310.3 97,543.9 766.4China (PRC) 377,099.0 377,099.0 0.0 49,774.0 49,774.0 0.0Japan (Tokyo) 2,315,501.8 2,314,

10、660.0 627.1 884,000.4 882,961.0 1,039.4Taiwan Province 983,782.1 983,782.1 0.0 389,272.7 389,272.7 0.0France 1,064,866.0 1,054,475.7 10,390.3 213,161.0 209,545.0 3,616.0UK 4,558,663.0 1,862,588.6 2,669,122.1 1,153,221.3 512,323.4 626,862.9USA-Amex 945,390.7 n.a n.a. 72,716.8 n.a n.a.USA-Nasdaq 19,79

11、8,799.3 18,950,660.3 844,399.8 2,398,213.0 2,316,860.0 81,353.0USA-NYSE 11,060,046.0 9,885,993.0 1,141,896.0 3,082,916.1 2,789,054.0 260,643.414broadening the scope of international accounting l Foreign currency transaction l Foreign currency translation l Foreign exchange risk management l Taxation

12、 of international operations l Consolidation of financial statements of foreign subsidiaries and affiliates l General purchasing power adjustments of financial statements l Multinational transfer pricing l Comparative disclosure requirements15They require: Understanding of different cultures (cultur

13、al dimensions) Understanding the cross-functional linkages Financial analysis and comparability Global information system development 16中國(guó)的國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)研究中國(guó)的國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)研究 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)新教育的核心會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)新教育的核心: 培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)和培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)和思考能力思考能力 我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化的提法我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化的提法 目前我國(guó)的幾本國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)教材目前我國(guó)的幾本國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)教材 17l 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)新教育的核心會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)的創(chuàng)新教育的核心: 培養(yǎng)思維品質(zhì)和思考能力培養(yǎng)思

14、維品質(zhì)和思考能力以往的大學(xué)過(guò)于注重教育會(huì)計(jì)專(zhuān)業(yè)知識(shí), 忽略了培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的思考能力和溝通能力,使會(huì)計(jì)畢業(yè)生不能夠適應(yīng)高級(jí)專(zhuān)業(yè)性的會(huì)計(jì)、審計(jì)和咨詢(xún)工作。 凡是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，會(huì)計(jì)沒(méi)有不發(fā)達(dá)的；凡是會(huì)計(jì)不發(fā)達(dá)的國(guó)家，也沒(méi)有一個(gè)是經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)達(dá)的。（王光遠(yuǎn)，2001） 天下未亂計(jì)先亂，天下欲治計(jì)乃治。 “計(jì)”=會(huì)計(jì)（王光遠(yuǎn)，2001） 看百年中國(guó)：會(huì)計(jì)教育一正規(guī)，會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)上軌，政治清明、官守廉潔、國(guó)家昌隆、人民富強(qiáng)； 會(huì)計(jì)教育一紊亂，會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)脫軌，貪污不治、官守腐敗、賄賂風(fēng)行、國(guó)衰民殃。（王光遠(yuǎn)，2001） 18我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化的提法我國(guó)學(xué)者對(duì)會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化的提法 *楊紀(jì)琬教授：“會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化是加強(qiáng)提高各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)

15、信息的可比性?！?可比性*閻達(dá)五、陳亞民：“會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化是指，隨著國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)管理問(wèn)題被提上日程，客觀上要求各國(guó)在其會(huì)計(jì)事務(wù)處理中盡量采用國(guó)際通行的做法，一方面促使會(huì)計(jì)所提供的信息可以滿(mǎn)足國(guó)際經(jīng)濟(jì)管理的需要，一方面促使各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)在其改造對(duì)內(nèi)管理職能時(shí)盡可能采用一些先進(jìn)的方法。會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際化主要表現(xiàn)為各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)處理方法的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化、規(guī)范化和在一定程度上的趨同化。”-標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化和趨同化*常勛：“會(huì)計(jì)協(xié)調(diào)化，指通過(guò)一些國(guó)際性組織或?qū)ｉT(mén)機(jī)構(gòu)（政府或民間），制定或認(rèn)可采納一些統(tǒng)一的會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則或其他標(biāo)準(zhǔn)文件，促進(jìn)一定地區(qū)或世界范圍內(nèi)各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)和財(cái)務(wù)信息的統(tǒng)一和可比活動(dòng)?！?通過(guò)統(tǒng)一準(zhǔn)則，促進(jìn)可比性 19Reas

16、ons for going international theory of comparative advantage product cycle theory imperfect market theory technology transfers 20Types of international involvement *international companies-exporters: an exporter may be either a direct exporter or an indirect exporter. An indirect exporter uses an int

17、ermediary to sell its products in other countries. A direct exporter maintains its own marketing operations worldwide. *strategic alliance: all strategic alliances involve sharing varying levels of risks and associated rewards. Forming a strategic alliance is often a good way to avoid the bias again

18、st “foreign” companies. *multinational corporations: they make the globe a single market place. They do not limit their operations to the domestic political boundaries 21Definition of International Accounting *the definition includes (1)international transactions (2)comparative GAAP (3)harmonization

19、 and (4)control of global operations. International accounting encompasses all major areas of accounting.*The study of international accounting involves two major areas: descriptive/comparative accounting and the accounting dimensions of international transactions/multinational enterprises. (L. Rade

20、baugh & S. Gray)*Accounting for international transactions, comparisons of accounting principles in different countries, harmonization of diverse accounting standards worldwide, and accounting information for the management and control of global operations. (Z.Iqbal)*Accounting for international

21、 transactions, the operations of international firms, and comparisons of accounting principles and practices in foreign lands. (T. Evans et al.)22 Definition in Chinese 世界會(huì)計(jì)世界會(huì)計(jì) 國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)是可以為所有國(guó)家采納的世界性會(huì)計(jì)制度，國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)是可以為所有國(guó)家采納的世界性會(huì)計(jì)制度，即國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)體系的最終目標(biāo)。即國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)體系的最終目標(biāo)。 國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)際會(huì)計(jì) 包括所有國(guó)家的各種會(huì)計(jì)原則、方法和準(zhǔn)則，即強(qiáng)調(diào)包括所有國(guó)家的各種會(huì)計(jì)原則、方法和

22、準(zhǔn)則，即強(qiáng)調(diào)各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和實(shí)務(wù)的特殊性方面。各國(guó)會(huì)計(jì)準(zhǔn)則和實(shí)務(wù)的特殊性方面。 國(guó)外子公司會(huì)計(jì)國(guó)外子公司會(huì)計(jì) 關(guān)于母公司和子公司的會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)，即強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)跨國(guó)公司關(guān)于母公司和子公司的會(huì)計(jì)實(shí)務(wù)，即強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)跨國(guó)公司會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的換算和調(diào)整等會(huì)計(jì)處理。會(huì)計(jì)報(bào)表的換算和調(diào)整等會(huì)計(jì)處理。 23An in-class QUIZWhich of the following is a way to conduct business internationally? A)Foreign direct investment B)Exporting C)Joint ventures D)All of the abovedWhic

23、h of the following most hinders performance evaluation of foreign operations? A)Culture B)Language C)Foreign currency D)None of the abovec24An in-class QUIZMajor obstacles to auditing international operations include A)Language B)Local culture and customs C)Local laws and legislation D)All of the ab

24、ovedThe three countries with the largest amount of exports, in order, are A)Germany, United States, Japan B)Japan, United States, United Kingdom C)United States, United Kingdom, France D)China, United States, Germanya25An in-class QUIZA multinational corporation A)Is a company headquartered in one c

25、ountry but has operations in other countries B)Owns or controls production or service facilities outside the county in which it is based C)Is an enterprise comprising a parent company and its foreign affiliates D)All of the above dWhich of the following is NOT a reason to cross-list securities? A)Ob

26、tain additional capital B)Hedge foreign currency risk C)Have an “acquisition currency” for acquiring local firmsD)Expand into different marketsB26An in-class QUIZWhich of the following statements regarding the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is true? A)Only U.S. companies are allowed to list their sh

27、ares on the NYSE B)Foreign companies listed on the NYSE need not provide financial information on a U.S. GAAP basis C)Several hundred foreign companies are listed on the NYSE D)None of the aboveCThe first step in preparing consolidated financial statements for foreign subsidiaries is to A)Translate

28、from the foreign currency into the parent company currency B)Adjust amounts from foreign GAAP to local GAAP basis C)Adjust for the effect of income taxes on foreign operations D)Combine like accountsb27Appendix I In June 1999, the National Association of Securities Dealers Inc. formed a joint ventur

29、e with Softbank Corp. to develop a version of its electronic U.S. Nasdaq Stock Market in Japan. The market, to be known as Nasdaq-Japan, is expected to be open in the latter part of 2000. Eventually, the Nasdaq-Japan market and the planned market together will provide investors with the ability to t

30、rade up to 21 hours a day. Stocks listed on the U.S.Nasdaq Stock Market include Intel Corp. and Microsoft. 28A Discussion Factors Relevant in Choosing an Overseas Market 29Possible Motivations/Considerations What is the extent of interest in a company shown by financial analysts and investors who no

31、rmally participate in a market? What is the level of trading activity on the exchange? Higher trading volume means more potential buyers of a companys securities? How easy is it to raise capital? Some jurisdictions have complex listing or ongoing reporting requirements that may be difficult or impos

32、sible for a smaller company to meet. 30Continued What is the availability of capital in a market? What is the reputation of the exchange? A growing international company may want the increased credibility and recognition that come with listing on a preeminent market such as the New York Stock Exchan

33、ge. To what extent does the company desire to raise its pro establish its brand identity in a particular market? A stock exchange listing can benefit companies that operate or plan to operate in an overseas country. 31Continued To what extent are the markets regulatory environment and language similar to those in the companys home market? For example, a company from an English-speaking country with a common law (American-British) legal and regulatory system, such as Australia, might find it easier to list in the United Kingdom than in Continental E