精品英語文檔：第三部分

1、.第三部分 概括大意與完成句子概括大意部分四種方法找到段落主題句:lHeartbeat of America1. New York - the Statue of Liberty1, the skyscrapers, the beautiful shops on Fifth Avenue2 and the many theaters on Broadway3. This is Americas cultural capital. It is also her biggest city, with a population of nearly 8 million. In the summer i

2、t is hot, hot, hot and in the winter it can be very cold. Still there are hundreds of things to do and see all the year round.2. Manhattan is the real center of the city. When people say New York City, they usually mean Manhattan. Most of the interesting shops, buildings and museums are here. In add

3、ition, Manhattan is the scene of New Yorks busy night life. In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan from Holland. They bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces worth about $26 today.3. Wall Street in Manhattan is the financial heart of the USA. It is also the most

4、important banking center in the world. It is a street of skyscrapers. These are those incredible, high buildings, which Americans invented, and built faster and higher than anyone else. Perhaps the two most spectacular skyscrapers in New York are the two towers of the New York World Trade Center4. W

5、hen the sun sets, their 110 floors shine like pure gold. 4. Like every big city, New York has its own traffic system. Traffic jams can be terrible. Its usually quickest to go by subway. The New York subway is easy to use and quite cheap. The subway goes to almost every corner of Manhattan. But it is

6、 not safe to take the subway late at night because in some places you could get robbed. New York buses are also easy to use. You see more if you go by bus. There are more than 30,000 taxis in New York. They are easy to see, because they are bright yellow and carry large TAXI signs. Taxis do not go o

7、utside the city. However, they will go to the airports. In addition to the taxi fare, people give the taxi driver a tip of 15 percent of the fares value. 5. Central Park is a beautiful green oasis in the middle of New Yorks concrete desert. It is surprisingly big, with lakes and woods, as well as or

8、ganized recreation areas. New Yorkers love Central Park, and they use it all the time. In the winter, they go ice-skating, and in the summer roller-skating. They play ball, ride horses and have picnics. They go bicycling and boating. There is even a childrens zoo, with wild birds and animals.6. Alon

9、g the east side of Central Park runs Fifth Avenue, once called Millionaires Row. In the 19th century, the richest men in America built their magnificent homes here. It is still the most fashionable street in the city, with famous department stores.7. Broadway is the street where you will find New Yo

10、rks best-known theaters. But away from the bright lights and elegant clothes of Broadway are many smaller theaters. Their plays are called off-Broad-way and are often more unusual than the Broadway shows. As well as many theaters, New York has a famous opera house. This is the Metropolitan5, where i

11、nternational stars sing from September until April. Carnegie Hall6 is the citys more popular concert hall. But night life in New York offers more than classical music and theater. There are hundreds of nightclubs where people go to eat and dance.l Why Does Food Cost So Much? Vegetables and chicken c

12、ost more when they have been cut into pieces by someone other than the one who buys it, A family should expect to pay more when several TV dinners are taken home from the store. These are fully cooked meals, consisting of meat, vegetables and sometimes desert, all arranged on a metal dish. The dish

13、is put into the oven and heated white the housewife is doing something else. Such a convenience costs money. Thus, as economists point out: Some of the basic reasons for widening food price spreads are easily traceable to the increasing use of convenience foods, which transfer much of the time and w

14、ork of meal preparation from the kitchen to the food processors plant.Transport and TradeTransport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted if it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no

15、longer have to live on4 what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport has raised the standard of living.l Why Does Food Cost So Much? Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a h

16、ousewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answer to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women

17、 dont want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches the market. AlaskaIn 1896 gold was discovered near the Klondike River in Canada just across the Alaskan border. Thousands of Americans rushed to the region on their way to Klondik

18、e; some never returned. Alaska was never completely cut off again, although even today transportation is a major problem. There are only two motor routes from the U,S. mainland, and within the state, every town has its own airfield. Planes fly passengers, mail and freight to the most distant village

19、s.l HurricaneDid you know that before 1950 hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. But in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms. In 1979, realizing the sexist nature of such names, t

20、he lists were expanded to include both men and women. Carl SaganI first met Sagan at a meeting of the AAAS- the American Association for the Advancement of Science - where he took part in a session on the Viking Mars Project. When Viking landed on Mars in 1976, it was at a site he had helped select.

21、 Then I interviewed him in Washington, D.C. after Mariner had sent back spectacular pictures of the Martian surface. Sagan had acted as a head of one of Mariners imaging teams. The interview, “ Close-up Photos Reveal a Turbulent Mars.” appeared in Popular Science in September, 1972. Family Gardening

22、Theme gardens have been a big hit in the program, and are easy to do in a home garden. Try a barnyard garden, suggests Kraemer-Doell, using plants whose names have associations with barnyard animals - lambs ears, hen and chicks, and cowslip, for example. Let kids grow a salsa garden, with all sorts

23、of tomatoes, hot peppers, onions, and cilantro. A pizza garden can have basil, oregano, and tomatoes. In a Persian carpet garden, kids can focus on colored flowers. A seed garden can include plant that disperse their seeds in different forms, from milkweed to sunflowers. AlaskaThe gold that changed

24、life so suddenly for Alaska was soon ended, and although many stories about mining camps have become part of American literature, the gold from Alaskan earth contributed less to economic progress than the fish from Alaskan waters. The fish caught in a single year range in value from $80 million to $

25、90 million. Fur-bearing animals are plentiful in the forests and streams, and valuable fur seals inhabit the waters. After fishing, the states chief industry is lumber and the production of wood pulp. In recent years, Alaskas single most important resource has become oil. The state also has large de

26、posits of coal, copper, gold and other minerals.選項結(jié)構(gòu)分析a 名 + 介 + 名 A The Wide Use of EnglishB Historical Account of English and Its CommunityC The Advantages of Learning a Second LanguageD The Composition of the English CommunityE The Definition of a Speech CommunityA. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers

27、from RadiationB. Difficulty in Forecasting the Course of a HurricaneC. The Cost of Convenienceb.動 + 賓 A. Investigating the Effect of ScreeningB. Harnessing the Hurricane Energy； c. 定語 + 名 / 名 + 定語 A. Middlemens Limited Share in the Additional ProfitB A Surprising Answer Given by the EconomistsC Farm

28、ers Denial of Increased ProfitD. Effects Predicted by Two Different Models答案特點：lWhy Does Food Cost So Much?3. But farmers claim that this increase was very small compared to the increase in their cost of living. Farmers tend to blame others for the sharp rise in food prices. They particularly blame

29、those who process the farm products after the products leave the farm. These include truck drivers, meat packers, manufacturers of packages and other food containers, and the owners of stores where food is sold. They are among the middlemen who stand between the farmer and the people who buy and eat

30、 the food. Are middlemen the ones to blame for rising food prices?4. Of the $1,311 family food bill in 1972, middlemen received $790, which was 33 per cent more than they had received in 1959. It appears that the middlemens profit has increased more than farmers. But some economists claim that the m

31、iddlemans actual profit was very low. According to economists at the First National City Bank, the profit for meat packers and food stores amounted to less than one per cent. During the same period all other manufacturers were making a profit of more than 5 per cent. By comparison with other members

32、 of the economic system both farmers and middlemen have profited surprisingly little from the rise in food prices.5. Who then is actually responsible for the size of the bill a housewife must pay before she carries the food home from the store? The economists at First National City Bank have an answ

33、er to give housewives, but many people will not like it. These economists blame the housewife herself for the jump in food prices. They say that food costs more now because women dont want to spend much time in the kitchen. Women prefer to buy food which has already been prepared before it reaches t

34、he market.A The Cost of ConvenienceB A Surprising Answer Given by the EconomistsC The Effect of InflationD Middlemens Limited Share in the Additional ProfitE Farmers Denial of Increased ProfitF Housewives Need to Find JobsEnglish and English Community2. A speech community is similar to other kinds o

35、f communities. The people who make up the community share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in a neighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech

36、 community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.3. We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native

37、 language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.4. Learning a second language extends ones vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and th

38、eir culture; a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.A The Wide Use of EnglishB Histori

39、cal Account of English and Its CommunityC The Advantages of Learning a Second LanguageD The Composition of the English CommunityE The Threat That English Poses to Other LanguagesF The Definition of a Speech Communityl Hurricane1. Did you know that before 1950 hurricanes had no names? They were simpl

40、y given numbers. The first names were simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. But in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms. In 1979, realizing the sexist nature of such names, the lists were expanded to include both men and women.2. Predicting the path of a hu

41、rricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters. It moves at a typical speed of 15mph. But not always. Some storms may race along at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location in the ocean for several days. It can be maddening if you live in a coastal area that m

42、ay be hit. A. A Short History of Naming HurricanesB. Harnessing the Hurricane EnergyC. Difficulty in Forecasting the Course of a HurricaneD. Huge Energy Stored in a HurricaneE. Forecast a Hurricane Through Satellite WatchingF. No Much Difference Between Hurricane and TyphoonBlasts from the Past3. Wi

43、gnall calculated the killing efficiency for these volcanoes by comparing the proportion of life they killed off with the volume of lava that they produced. He found that size for size, older eruptions were at 1east 10 times as effective at wiping out life as their more recent rivals.A Killing Power

44、of Ancient Volcanic EruptionsB Association of Mass Extinctions with Volcanic EruptionsC Calculation of the Killing Power of Older EruptionsD A Mass ExtinctionE Volcanic Eruptions That Caused No Mass ExtinctionF Accounting for the Killing Power of Older EruptionsScreen Test5. The researchers argue th

45、at the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cases of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened. A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younge

46、r WomanB. Investigating the Effect of ScreeningC. Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE. Treatment of CancersF. Factors That Trigger CancersTransport and Trade3. Transport also prevents waste. Much of the fish landed at the ports would be wasted i

47、f it could not be taken quickly to inland towns. Transport has given us a much greater variety of foods and goods since we no longer have to live on4 what is produced locally. Foods which at one time could be obtained only during a part of the year can now be obtained all through the year. Transport

48、 has raised the standard of living.A Higher Living StandardB Importance of Transport in TradeC Various Means of TransportD Birth of Transport-related Industries and TradeE Role of Information in TradeF Public TransportationlIntelligence: a Changed View4. Two major findings have emerged from these re

49、searches. Firstly, the greater part of the development of observed intelligence occurs in the earliest years of life. It is estimated that 50 per cent of measurable intelligence at age 17 is already predictable by the age of four. Secondly, the most important factors in the environment are language

50、and psychological aspects of the parent-child relationship. Much of the difference in measured intelligence between privileged and disadvantaged children4 may be due to the latters lack of appropriate verbal stimulation and the poverty of their perceptual experiences.56. The modern ideas concerning

51、the nature of intelligence are bound to have some effect on our school system. In one respect a change is already occurring. With the move toward comprehensive education and the development of unstreamed classes,6 fewer children will be given the label low IQ7which must inevitably condemn a child in

52、 his own, if not societys eyes. The idea that we can teach children to be intelligent in the same way that can teach them reading or arithmetic is accepted by more and more people. A Main Results of Recent ResearchesB Popular Doubt about the New ViewC Effect of Environment on IntelligenceD Intellige

53、nce and AchievementE Impact on School EducationF A Changed View of IntelligenceScreen Test3. Researchers at the Polytechnic University of Valencia analyzed the effect of screening more than 160,000 women at 11 local clinics. After estimating the womens cumulative dose of radiation, they used two mod

54、els to calculate the number of extra cancers this would cause.5. The researchers argue that the level of radiation-induced cancers is “not very significant” compared to the far larger number of cancers that are discovered and treated. The Valencia programme, they say, detects between 300 and 450 cas

55、es of breast cancer in every 100,000 women screened.A. Harm Screening May Do to a Younger WomanB. Investigating the Effect of ScreeningC. Effects Predicted by Two Different ModelsD. Small Risk of Inducing Cancers from RadiationE. Treatment of CancersF. Factors That Trigger CancersEarthquake4 In orde

56、r to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. Scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to i

57、ndicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquakeA Earthquakes ForecastB Historical Records of EarthquakesC Intensity of EarthquakesD Cause of EarthquakesE Indications of EarthquakesF Damaging Earthquakesl .( way, use, definition, culture, history, explanation, finding, relationship, type, effect, factor, clue, comparison, significance, benefit, importance, composition, advantage, comment, contrast, basics, measure, action, indication, classification, criticism, effort, feature, discovery,