直譯及意譯 英語翻譯相關(guān)

1、(一)Literal translation, free translation1） Literal translation直譯直譯直譯(Literal translation)指不僅忠實(shí)于原文內(nèi)容,而且忠實(shí)于原文形式的翻譯方法.第一位：忠于原文內(nèi)容；第二位：忠于原文形式要求在保持原文內(nèi)容的前提下，力求使譯文與原文在選詞用字、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、形象比喻及風(fēng)格特征等方面盡可能趨同(無限接近)。第三位：通順的譯文形式。漢譯英: 感：sense責(zé)任感，安全感，自卑感，優(yōu)越感，A sense of responsibility , A sense of safety, A sense of inferiori

2、ty, A sense of superiority,節(jié)奏感，正義感，羞恥感，幽默感，A sense of rhythm, A sense of justice, A sense of shame, A sense of humor,無助感，方向感，緊迫感，歸屬感A sense of hopelessness, A sense of direction, A sense of urgency, A sense of belonging2） Features of Literal translation A. to be faithful to the original ideological

3、content. A literal translator makes great efforts to transplant the original word order, sentence structure, etc, in the TL（target language ）.B. be faithful to the form of the original work;It is of less importance for translators to maintain a smooth TL form;魯迅： rather to be faithful (in thought) t

4、han smooth (in language).寧信而不順【趙景?。簉ather to be smooth (in language) than faithful (in thought).寧順而不信】注意1) A qualified translation must be not only faithful in thought but smooth in language, which is a basic demand of a translator.2) literal translation & word-for-word translation3) literal tra

5、nslation & dead translation3）When should we depend on 直譯法直譯法 ?（1） Common civilization core, 某些習(xí)語和短語的翻譯 ,例如：cold war 冷戰(zhàn)hot line 熱線hot girls in cool suit, spicy girl 辣妹Hot-selling books 熱銷書/暢銷書black market 黑市pillar industry 支柱產(chǎn)業(yè) Blood is thicker than water. 血濃于水（2）含義廣為流傳，讀者較為熟悉的短語、習(xí)語）含義廣為流傳，讀者較為熟悉

6、的短語、習(xí)語等等,直譯可以豐富譯語語言。直譯可以豐富譯語語言。例如： 1) He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬隊(duì)伍的前頭，還不時用一條大手絹抹去那鱷魚的眼淚鱷魚的眼淚。 2) The Senate Foreign Relations Committee today extended the olive branch to the Clinton Government by p

7、leading for cooperation in developing foreign policy. 參議院外交委員會今天向克林頓政府伸出了橄欖枝橄欖枝，要求在發(fā)展外交政策上合作。 3) In the court action, Alain sprang his trump card by calling a surprise witness. 在法庭訴訟中，阿蘭突然打出了他的王牌王牌 請出一位意想不到的證人。(殺手锏)4）海內(nèi)存知己，天涯若比鄰。Bosom friends there are within four seas, even the remotest regions are

8、 like close neighborsA bosom friend afar brings a distant land near.In wine there is truth. 酒后吐真言。（ 3）英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)與中文較為接近時，直譯能使）英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)與中文較為接近時，直譯能使譯文顯得通順自然。譯文顯得通順自然。 例如： 1) “Merry”, as you may know, has two meanings: happy and drunk. 你可能知道“MERRY”有兩層意思：快樂和醉酒。 2) Ill always remember Thanksgivings as the tim

9、es we ate good food, sang old-fashioned songs, and shared a lot of love with family and friends. 我將永遠(yuǎn)記得，感恩節(jié)是我們吃美食、唱老歌、與家人朋友分享愛的時刻。 to show ones cards 攤牌shuttle diplomacy 穿梭外交a gentlemans agreement 君子協(xié)定to strike somebody when he is unprepared 攻其不備Soon got, soon gone. 來得容易，去得快。Speech is silver, silenc

10、e is golden. 雄辯是銀，沉默是金。二、意譯法二、意譯法 free translation1）意譯(歸化法)指只忠實(shí)原文內(nèi)容，不拘泥原文結(jié)構(gòu)形式與修辭手法的翻譯方法。信息的傳遞為第一位。第一位忠于原文內(nèi)容第二位通順的譯文形式要求在保持原文內(nèi)容的前提下，力求使譯文在選詞用字、句法結(jié)構(gòu)、形象比喻及風(fēng)格特征等方面盡可能符合譯語讀者的閱讀習(xí)慣和審美心理。通用、聯(lián)用、慣用第三位忠于原文形式John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game.約翰為人可靠，他既忠誠又正直。 例證分析三口之家 nuclear family 三世同堂 t

11、he extended family with three generations under the same roof. 爸爸，感謝您對我們的愛，你的辛勤工作讓我和媽媽衣食無憂。 Dear dad, thank you for your affection on us, your hard work always keeps bread on the table and roof over our head.bread-winner2） Features of free translation A. be faithful to the original ideological conte

12、nt. B. to make the TL form as smooth as possible3） 使用意譯的五個條件：由于語言的差異，有時很難保持逐字對等且保持原文結(jié)構(gòu)和語義，在這種情況下，就得借助意譯。奈達(dá)（Nida）提出在翻譯中改變形式，1）literal trans will cause misunderstanding； 2）an adopted expression has not taken root in the TL so that the TL readers will offer a free interpretation； 3）a corresponding TL f

13、orm will make the TL version seriously vague and gloomy； 4）a corresponding TL form will make the TL version seriously ambiguous； 5）a corresponding TL form will conflict with the sociolinguistic norm of the TL in style, communicative modes, etc.4）主要有以下幾種情況需要意譯：1包含典故的文化習(xí)語：包含典故的文化習(xí)語：英語和中文表達(dá)的語義有較大差異，需要按

14、英語和中文表達(dá)的語義有較大差異，需要按照漢語習(xí)慣進(jìn)行表達(dá)，以避免違反文化習(xí)慣。照漢語習(xí)慣進(jìn)行表達(dá)，以避免違反文化習(xí)慣。例如：(1)Two heads are better than one.(2)你不要班門弄斧了.Remain modest before an authority.Dont display your axe at Lu Bans door. 聯(lián)想對應(yīng)Dont teach a fish how to swim. Dont teach your grandmother how to suck eggs.as timid as a hareat a stones throw wet

15、like a drown rat as stupid as a goose as stubborn as a mule seek a hare in a hens nest as dumb as an oyster膽小如鼠一箭一箭之遙濕如落湯雞雞蠢得像豬豬犟得像牛牛緣木緣木求魚魚守口如瓶瓶lead a dogs life過著牛馬牛馬一樣的生活cry up wine and sell vinegar 掛羊頭羊頭，賣狗肉狗肉put back the clock 開倒車車talk horse 吹牛牛 kill the goose that lays the golden eggs 殺雞雞取卵卵dri

16、nk like a fish 牛牛飲Once the wife of a parson, always the wife of a parson.嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗嫁雞隨雞，嫁狗隨狗。Last night I heard him driving his pigs into market.昨夜我聽見他鼾聲如雷。情人眼里出西施.Love is blind.Love makes the beloved lovely in the loves eye.收紅包 receive glove money.Receive a red envelope with some money inside as a C

17、hinese New Year gift.穿新衣Put on your Sunday best說曹操，曹操就到。 Talk of the devil and he will appear. 老馬識途。Sense comes with age. 一花獨(dú)放不是春。 One swallow does not make a summer.2英譯漢時能找到漢語的對等含義，但是語英譯漢時能找到漢語的對等含義，但是語義有所差異，必須按照漢語的語言習(xí)慣表達(dá)義有所差異，必須按照漢語的語言習(xí)慣表達(dá). 例如： Every dog has his day. 人人都有得意的日子。風(fēng)水輪著轉(zhuǎn)。三十年河?xùn)|，三十年河西。It

18、 is a long lane that has no turning.One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.一個和尚挑水吃，兩個和尚抬水吃，三個和尚沒水吃。人多互打亂，雞多不下蛋。Everyones business is nobodys business.beauty times brains equals a constant”的意思為：的意思為：漂亮乘以智力等于一個常數(shù)。這話意味著，漂亮乘以智力等于一個常數(shù)。這話意味著，一個人越漂亮，智商就越低。一個人越漂亮，智商就越低。漢語講究對仗漢語講究對仗美者不慧，慧者不

19、美美者不慧，慧者不美The more in love a woman (man) is with a man (woman) , the more physically attractive she (he) finds him (her).3根據(jù)上下文語境，對有些詞匯、句式進(jìn)行根據(jù)上下文語境，對有些詞匯、句式進(jìn)行適當(dāng)調(diào)整、轉(zhuǎn)換。適當(dāng)調(diào)整、轉(zhuǎn)換。例如： chain stores 連鎖商店非請莫入。Staff only.Everyman is the architect of his own fate.每個人都是自己命運(yùn)的主宰者。天不生人上之人，也不生人下之人。A virtuous wife i

20、s a mans best prize.賢惠的妻子是對一個男人最大的獎賞。妻賢夫禍少。(1)My master is dear to me, but still dearer is the truth.吾愛吾師,我更愛真理(2)生命誠可貴，愛情價更高，若為考研故，二者皆可拋。Love is dearer to me than life, but for the sake of the success in the postgraduate entrance examinations, both of them may be ignored.(3）They seemed to be perfec

21、tly compatible, both intellectually and spiritually. 他們才情并茂，精神融洽。The relationship between literal translation and free translation1) Both should be faithful to the original idea of the original work. 2) Literal translation and free translation are complementary to each other3)There are some limitati

22、ons for both直譯和意譯的比較：例如：三個臭皮匠，頂個諸葛亮。Wits of three cobblers combined equal those of Zhu Geliang, our master mind.As wise as SolomonLiteral Translation and Free Translation例句例句: I talked to him with brutal frankness.（1）我同他談話用粗暴的坦率。（逐詞翻譯）我同他談話用粗暴的坦率。（逐詞翻譯）（2）我同他談話時，使用了令人不快的真誠的語言。）我同他談話時，使用了令人不快的真誠的語言。（

23、直譯）（直譯）（3）我對他講的話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠言。（意譯）我對他講的話，雖然逆耳，卻是忠言。（意譯）2. His irritation could not withstand the silent beauty of the night. （1）他的煩惱不能承受夜晚寧靜的美麗。（逐詞翻譯）他的煩惱不能承受夜晚寧靜的美麗。（逐詞翻譯）（2）他的煩惱經(jīng)不起這寧靜的良宵美景的感染。（直）他的煩惱經(jīng)不起這寧靜的良宵美景的感染。（直譯）譯）（3）面對這寧靜的良宵美景，他的煩惱不禁渙然冰釋）面對這寧靜的良宵美景，他的煩惱不禁渙然冰釋了。了。(意譯）意譯） 第二種譯法（見后頁）不拘泥于原文形式，處理得比較靈活。它根據(jù)上下文的意思加了一些字，把句子聯(lián)結(jié)得十分自然，如在翻譯時加了“霧散”，成為“云消霧散”。在第二句話的前面加了“這一帶充滿著”。這些意思符合原文精神實(shí)質(zhì)，這種加法是容許的。第一種譯法太機(jī)械了，一字對一字，不敢越出原文一步。根本原因在于對原文食而不化，沒有完全吃透。Literal Translation or Free Translation? When I had satisfied the first sharpness of hunger, I could eat no more. 意譯在最初的強(qiáng)烈饑餓感滿足以后，我就再也吃不下去了。Thus, I ima