英語時態(tài)及被動語態(tài)

1、初中語法專題（一）時態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時一般過去時現(xiàn)在進行時過去進行時現(xiàn)在完成時過去完成時一般將來時過去將來時一般現(xiàn)在時一般現(xiàn)在時一、一般現(xiàn)在時：一、一般現(xiàn)在時：概念概念：經常、反復發(fā)生的動作或行為及現(xiàn)在的某種狀況。時間狀語：時間狀語：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本結構基本結構：be動詞；行為動詞否定形式否定形式：am/is/are+not;此時態(tài)的謂語動詞若為行為動詞，則在其前加dont,如主語為第三人稱單數，則用doesnt，同時還原行

2、為動詞。一般疑問句一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首；用助動詞do提問，如主語為第三人稱單數，則用does，同時，還原行為動詞。什么情況下用？表示經?；蛄晳T性的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。表示主語通常的能力、興趣愛好、和性格特征。表示客觀的事實或真理。表示按照時刻表或已經計劃安排好的將來行為。（只限于是go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, take off, stop, be等表示開始或移動意義的詞。）在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。（主將（主將從現(xiàn)）從現(xiàn)）當主語是第三人稱時，謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數形

3、式，加-s/es-s/es。除此之外都用動詞原形。動詞第三人稱單數形式變化規(guī)則 規(guī)則規(guī)則例子例子一般在詞尾加一般在詞尾加-s -s，( (清輔音后讀清輔音后讀/s/s/，在濁輔音后讀在濁輔音后讀/z/z/；在；在t t后讀后讀/ts/,/ts/,在在d d后讀后讀/dz/dz/。) )PlayPlayplays plays leaveleaveleavesleavesswimswimswimsswims以字母以字母s, x, ch, sh, os, x, ch, sh, o結尾的詞加結尾的詞加-es-es，讀讀/iz/,/iz/,如果動詞原形詞尾已有如果動詞原形詞尾已有e, e,則則只加只加-

4、s -s。pass pass passes passes fixfixfixesfixesteachteachteaches teaches wishwishwisheswishesdododoesdoes以輔音字母加以輔音字母加y y結尾的詞結尾的詞，先變，先變y y為為i, i, 再加再加-es,-es,讀讀/z/z/studystudystudies studies carrycarrycarriescarriesflyflyfliesflies1. 1. He_(be, am, is, are) a teacher at No. 2 Middle School.2. 2. He_(ha

5、ve, has) classes in the afternoon.3. 3. He_(get, gets) up at half past six every morning.4. 4. He always _(come, comes ) to school on time.5. 5. He _(study, studies) very hard at his lesson.6. 6. One and two _(be, is, are) three.7. 7. The earth _(move, moves) round the sun.8. 8. I will go there if I

6、 _( be, will be, am, is, are) free tomorrow.10. 10. I will go there when I _(have, will have, has) time tomorrow.11. 11. He wont come to the party unless he _(be, will be, am, is, are) invited.12. 12. Ill wait here until my mother _(come, comes, will come) back.13. 13. Please return the book to the

7、library as soon as you _(finish, finishes, will finish) reading it.14. 14. Once you _(see, sees, will see) him, you will never forget him.一般過去時概念：過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；概念：過去某個時間里發(fā)生的動作或狀態(tài)；過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。過去習慣性、經常性的動作、行為。時間狀語：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989,

8、just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本結構：be動詞；行為動詞否定形式：was/were+not;在行為動詞前加didnt，同時還原行為動詞。一般疑問句：was或were放于句首；用助動詞do的過去式did 提問，同時還原行為動詞。謂語動詞使用過去式形式，加ed，分為規(guī)則和不規(guī)則變化。表示過去經常發(fā)生的動作，也可用“used to do used to do ”和“would +動詞原形”。構成規(guī)則構成規(guī)則例子一般在動詞原形末尾加-ed，(在清輔音后讀/t/；在濁輔音和元音后讀/d/

9、；在/t/,/d/后讀/id/。looklooked playplayedworkworked結尾是e的動詞在末尾加-dlikeliked livelivedhopehoped末尾只有一個輔音字母的重讀閉音節(jié)，先雙寫這個輔音字母，再加-edplanplanned stopstoppeddropdropped結尾是“輔音字母y”的動詞，先變“y”為“i”再加-edstudystudied worryworriedcrycried1. 1. He_(be, was, were, been) here a moment ago.2. 2. They _(be, was, were, been) he

10、re just now.3. 3. The scientists _(leave, leaves, leaved, left) for America yesterday.4. 4. Last week we _(visit, visited ) the Science Museum.5. 5. When I was a child, I often _(play, played) football.6. 6. The students ran out of the classroom as soon as the bell _(ring, rang, rung).現(xiàn)在進行時作謂語的動詞用來表

11、示動作（情況）發(fā)生時間的各種形式稱為時態(tài)。1.概念：表示現(xiàn)階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。 2.時間狀語：Now, at this time, days, look. listen等時間狀語做標志。3.基本結構：主語+be +doing +其他4.否定形式：主語+be +not +doing+其他5.一般疑問句：把be動詞放于句首。6. 6. 用法：現(xiàn)在進行時表示用法：現(xiàn)在進行時表示1)、現(xiàn)在（說話的瞬間）正在進行或發(fā)生的動作，強調“此時此刻”。 E.g. He is reading . They are talking now.2)、當前一段時間內的活動或現(xiàn)階段正在進行的動作。E.g. T

12、hey are working these days.3)、 某些動詞的現(xiàn)在進行時，表預定的計劃或即將發(fā)生的動作。E.g I am coming. 現(xiàn)在分詞的變法有現(xiàn)在分詞的變法有1)、一般在動詞詞尾加上-ing ,E.g. jump2)、以不發(fā)音字母e結尾的動詞，先去e，再加-ing. E.g have write3)、.以重讀閉音節(jié)末尾只有一個輔音字母結尾的詞，它前面是單個元音字母時要先將詞尾的輔音字母雙寫，再加上-ing. E.g. sit put 其句式變換都在be上做文章。1.I _(write, am writing, is writing, are writing) a lett

13、er now.2.Look, it _(begins, is beginning, am beginning, are beginning) to rain.3.They _(study, is studying, am studying, are studying) medicine at the Medical Institute of Chengde these days.4.He _(teach, am teaching, is teaching, are teaching) an English lesson at this time.過去進行時1.概念：表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正

14、在發(fā)生或進行的行為或動作。 2.時間狀語：at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。 3.基本結構 主語+was/were +doing +其他 4.否定形式：主語+was/were + not +doing+其他 5.一般疑問句：把was或were放于句首。(第一個字母大寫） 其句式變化仍然要在be上做文章。過去進行時常與過去某一特定時間的狀語連用，如 last night, at that time, at noon yesterday, last Sunday 等。 也有時沒有時間狀語，要通過上下文的暗示來

15、確定用過去進行時。1.I _(cook, cooked, was cooking, were cooking) breakfast when you arrived.2.What _you_( do, did, was.doing, weredoing) at this time yesterday evening?3.We_(have, are having, had, were having) dinner when the doorbell rang.4.While/ When/ As we_( have, had, are having, were having) dinner, th

16、e doorbell rang.一般將來時構成構成: :will,shall+動詞原形，其中shall只用于第一人稱。be going to +動詞原形，表示主觀打算，按計劃，安排要發(fā)生的事情。 be to +動詞原形，表示客觀安排 be about to +v原，意為馬上要做某事，正要做某事。某些動詞，可用進行時態(tài)表將來，如come, go, arrive, leave。在時間狀語從句和條件狀語從句中，主句用一般將來時(will+動詞原形)，從句中用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。一般現(xiàn)在時可表示按時間表發(fā)生的將來的動作(限start, begin, arrive, end, close, leave-等

17、表示開始或移動意義的詞)時間狀語：Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 否定形式否定形式：主語+am/is/are not going to do ；主語+will/shall not do+其他 一般疑問句一般疑問句：be放于句首；will/shall提到句首。 e.g. She will be back in three days. She will not be back in three days. Will She be back in

18、 three days? They are going to clean their classroom. They are not going to clean their classroom. Are they going to clean their classroom? 1 _you _a doctor when you grow up?A Will; going to be B Are; going to be C Are; / D Will; be2 I dont know if his uncle _. I think he _ if it doesnt rain.A will

19、come; comes B will come; will come C comes; comes D comes; will come3 He will be back _a few minutes. A with B for C on D in4 What time _we meet at the gate tomorrow? A will B shall C do D are5 He will have a holiday as soon as he _the work next week.A finishes B doesnt finish C will finish D wont f

20、inish6 There _some showers this afternoon. A will be B will have C is going to be D are going to have 7 It _my brothers birthday tomorrow. He _a party.A is going to be; will have B will be; is having C will be; is going to have D will have; is going to be8 Li Ming is 10 years old now, next year he _

21、11. A is B is going to be C will be D will to be 過去將來時構成：構成：（would + 動詞原形，或將來時的其它過去構成形式was going to do）表示以過去某一時間為參照，在過去看將要發(fā)生的動作或存在的狀態(tài)。在賓語從句及間接引語中，時態(tài)呼應，經常會用到過去將來時。如I thought it was going to be fun. 時間狀語時間狀語：-soon/the next day-that-clause(名詞性從句或上下文中-)1.I told my friend that I _ (should/ would arrive,

22、shall/ will arrive) soon.2.They looked at those clouds over the sky. It_(is going to rain, was going to rain).3.They said that they _(are to meet, were to meet) at the gate the next day.4.We _(are about to go, were about to go) out when it started to rain.現(xiàn)在完成時1. 1.概念：概念：表示發(fā)生在過去，持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，可能剛剛結束也有可能繼續(xù)進行

23、下去的動作或狀態(tài)，甚至延續(xù)到將來，并對現(xiàn)在造成一定的影響或結果。常與since+過去時（間）, for+一段時間連用。表示與現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系的過去的動作。2. 2.時間狀語：時間狀語：yet, already, just, never, ever, so far, by now, since+時間點，for+時間段，recently, lately, in the past few years, etc. 3. 3.基本結構：基本結構：主語+have/has +p.p（過去分詞）+其他 4. 4.否定形式：否定形式：主語+have/has + not +p.p（過去分詞）+其他 5. 5.一般疑問句

24、：一般疑問句：have/has+主語 +p.p（過去分詞）+其他?非延續(xù)性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞非延續(xù)性動詞和延續(xù)性動詞 非延續(xù)性動詞在時間上沒有延續(xù)性，常見的有come, go, arrive, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, buy, find, stop, become, open, borrow, lend, appear, close, fall, finish, sell, lose, kill等，這些動詞不能和表示一段時間的時間狀語連用。 但是，非延續(xù)性動詞的否定形式可以表示狀態(tài)的延續(xù)，可與for/since等時間狀語連用。 有些同學錯誤地認為

25、這類非延續(xù)性動詞不能用于完成時態(tài)中。其實，錯誤的本質在于非延續(xù)性動詞與時間段的錯誤搭配，與現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)無關。延續(xù)性語境中的非延續(xù)性動詞的使用延續(xù)性語境中的非延續(xù)性動詞的使用 在具體的語言環(huán)境中，往往會出現(xiàn)非延續(xù)性動詞與時間段相連用的情況。由于受漢語影響，往往錯誤地直譯為：He has fallen asleep for an hour.他睡了一小時了。（）His father has died for three years.他父親去世三年了。（）當出現(xiàn)這種情況時，我們往往采取以下解決方法：（1）將非延續(xù)性動詞轉化為相應的狀態(tài)動詞。所謂狀態(tài)動詞就是指這一動作發(fā)生后接下來所呈現(xiàn)的狀態(tài)。如： He

26、 has been asleep for an hour. （fall asleep,“入睡”為短暫動作，但be asleep“睡著”則為狀態(tài)動詞，可延續(xù)。） His father has been dead for three years.（die為短暫動詞，“死”后的狀態(tài)可用“be dead”這種系表結構來描述，可延續(xù)。）常見的這種動詞的轉化有以下幾類：常見的這種動詞的轉化有以下幾類： go therebe there, come backbe back, borrowkeep, buy/catchhave, arrivebe in, beginbe on, openbe open, cl

27、osebe closed, diebe dead, leavebe away from, get upbe up, fall asleepbe asleep, becomebe, joinbe in/a member of, receivehave, catch/get a coldhave a cold, get marriedbe married，come be in，finish be over， leaver be away have have （hashas）been been 和和have have （hashas） gone gone 的區(qū)別的區(qū)別 have been to a

28、place意思是“到過、去過”，表示曾到過某處，但現(xiàn)在人不在那兒；have gone to a place表示“去了”，已經去了某地，現(xiàn)在人可能在去的途中或已經到那兒了。You have _ a tall young man. A grown B grown into C grown us D grown up2. He has _ the watch for a year. A buy B bought C have D had3. Has your brother _ the dog? A kept in B fed C fed on D kept on4. I _this book fo

29、r two weeks, I have to return it now.A borrowed B have borrowed C kept D have kept5. Have you ever _to the Great Wall? Its very beautiful. A gone B been C went D go 6. Her brother _the Party since 1978. A joined B has joined C has been in D was in 7. The Greens _many places of interest since they ca

30、me to China. A will visit B visited C have visited D visit8 Im sorry, I _ your name. A had forgotten B forgot C have forgotten D forgotten9 The bookshop _ for eight years. A has been open B has been opened C has opened D has open10 We have_ all the paper so we need to buy some.A used up B made of C

31、filled with D hunted for11 The flower I _grown up. A planted has B planted have C has planted D have planted巧解現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)題巧解現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)題技巧技巧1: 1:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時中的尋找現(xiàn)在完成時中的“段時段時間間”。(1) 現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去已經開始并持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),多和表示一段時間的狀語連用:for+一段時間;since+點時間(since作連詞后接從句時,該從句要用一般過去時) 。(2) 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)也用在含有during / in/ over the last years或

32、in recent years等的句子中。趁熱打鐵1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower _ tens of thousands of visitors since 1995. attracted B. attracts C. has attracted D. will attract 2. How long _ you _ here? For about two years so far.have, studied B. did, live C. do, stay D. were, swimming 3. How is your father? I _him for a

33、 long time.He is fine, but busy.dont see B. hadnt seen C. didnt see D. havent seen 4. Meimei has received several letters from her hometown since she _ to the city. A. cameB. comes C. has comeD. will come 技巧技巧2: 2:尋找現(xiàn)在完成時的副尋找現(xiàn)在完成時的副詞標志或句型。詞標志或句型。(1) 在做時態(tài)題時,注意觀察句中是否有常用于現(xiàn)在完成時的副詞:yet, already, never, l

34、ately, recently, ever, just, before, (ever) since等。(2) 句型:It has been + 段時間+since + 過去時. 也可以表示為: It is + 段時間+since + 過去時.技巧技巧3: 3:把握把握have been tohave been to與與have gone tohave gone to的區(qū)別。的區(qū)別。 have been to 曾經去過某處(現(xiàn)在已經不在那個地方,強調以前的經歷)have gone to去了某處(強調主語已經離開說話者所在的地方,現(xiàn)在還沒有回來) 趁熱打鐵1. Is that Jack speak

35、ing? Sorry, he isnt in right now. He _ the cinema with his aunt. has been to B. has gone to C. have been to D. have gone to 2. Hello, may I speak to your father, please? Sorry, my father _ to Shanghai. He went there this morning. A. goes B. has gone C. has beenD. go 3. How many times _ you _ to Beij

36、ing this year? Three times. have, been B. had, been C. have, gone D. had gone 技巧技巧4: 4:分清延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動分清延續(xù)性動詞和非延續(xù)性動詞。詞。延續(xù)性動詞是指那些動作可以持續(xù)的動詞。如:have, keep, study, live, teach等。非延續(xù)性動詞是指那些動作瞬間完成的動詞。如:begin, buy, borrow, lend等。做題時,要注意句中是否有段時間,如果有則用延續(xù)性動詞。趁熱打鐵1. Oh, Mrs. King, your dress looks nice. Is it new?

37、 No, I _ it since two years ago. had B. bought C. have had D. have bought2. Tom _ the CD player for two weeks. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had 3. How long has the foreigner _ here? He has _ here for several hours. arrived; come B. come; got C. stayed; been D. left; been away 4. The

38、 film _ for half an hour. has begun B. has been begun C. has been on D. began過去完成時過去完成時過去完成時 1 1、概念：、概念：過去完成時表示在過去某一時間或動作之前已經發(fā)生或完成了的動作，即“過去的過去（ past-in-the-past ）”。-|- |-|-|- |-|- 那時以前那時以前 那時那時 現(xiàn)在現(xiàn)在 2 2、構成：過去完成時由、構成：過去完成時由“助動詞助動詞 had + had + 過過去分詞去分詞”構成，其中構成，其中 had had 通用于各種人稱。通用于各種人稱。 They had alre

39、ady had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 ：00 this morning. 3、它的否定句是在had后邊加not，變一般疑問句是把had提前。E.g. I had reached the station before 9:00 oclock. I had not reached the station before 9:00 oclock. Had you reached the station before 9:00 oclock? 4

40、、它通常和before, by the end of before, by the end of 等引導的表示過去的時間狀語連用. 另外, 復合句的主句為一般過去時, 賓語從句表達過去發(fā)生的動作時,從句也要用過去完成時. E.g. He said he had never seen such an exciting match before.過去完成時需要與一個表示過去的時間狀語連用，它不能離開過去時間而獨立存在。此時多與 already ， yet ， still ， just ， before ， never 等時間副詞及 by ， before ， until 等引導的短語或從句連用。1

41、. We _(have read, had read) 500 stories by the end of last term.2. He said that they _(have arrived, had arrived) an hour before.3. After /When he _(has done, had done) his job, he went to bed.4. I waited till he _(has finished, had finished) his work.5. When I got there, he _(has been, had been) aw

42、ay for half an hour.6. I went back to the classroom because I _(have left, had left) my dictionary there.被動語態(tài)中謂語動詞的基本構成：be + done2.八種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)：（變 be 的時態(tài)即可，done不動）1）一般現(xiàn)在時：am / is / are + donePeople grow rice in the south of the country.Rice is grown in the south of the country.稻米在這個國家的南部被種植。The school

43、doesnt allow us to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.We are not allowed to enter the chemistry lab without a teacher.我們不被允許在沒有老師的情況下進入化學實驗室。 2）一般過去時：）一般過去時：was / were + doneThey agreed on the building of a new car factory last month.The building of a new car factory was agreed on last month.

44、建立一個新的汽車工廠在上個月被一致同意。The students didnt forget their lessons easily.Their lessons were not easily forgotten.他們的功課沒有被輕易遺忘。3）一般將來時：）一般將來時：will+bedone They will send cars abroad by sea. Cars will be sent abroad by sea.汽車通過海路被送到國外。 They will give plenty of jobs to school-leavers. Plenty of jobs will be g

45、iven to school-leavers.大量的工作將被提供給中途輟學者。4）一般過去將來時：）一般過去將來時：would + be doneThe manager said they would complete the project by the end of the year.The manager said the project would be completed by the end of the year.經理說這項工程將會在年底被完成。 The workers told me they would mend the car as soon as possible.The

46、 workers told me that the car would be mended as soon as possible.這些工人告訴我這輛汽車將盡可能快的被修理。5）現(xiàn)在進行時：）現(xiàn)在進行時：am / is / are + being + doneThe radio is broadcasting English lessons.English lessons are being broadcasted on the radio.英語課正在通過收音機被廣播。 We are painting the rooms.The rooms are being painted.這些房間正在被刷

47、油漆。6）過去進行時：）過去進行時：was/were+being+done The workers were mending the road. The road was being mended.這條公路正在被修理。 This time last year we were planting trees here. Trees were being planted here this time last year.去年這個時候，這些樹正在這里被植。7）現(xiàn)在完成時：）現(xiàn)在完成時：have/has+been+done Someone has told me the sports meeting might be put off. I have been told the sports meeting might