環(huán)境工程專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)第二版

1、pollution污染 acid rain酸雨interaction of systems系統(tǒng)的交互作用environmental problem環(huán)境問(wèn)題environmental disturbance環(huán)境破壞biotic habitat生物環(huán)境sulfur dioxide二氧化硫nitrogen oxide氧化氮carbon dioxide二氧化碳automobile exhaust汽車(chē)尾氣infectious diseases有傳染性的疾病waterborne diseases水傳染的疾病agrarian society農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)industrial society工業(yè)社會(huì)industri

2、al revolution產(chǎn)業(yè)革命urbanization城市化industrialization工業(yè)化developed country發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家developing country發(fā)展中國(guó)家undeveloped country落后國(guó)家primary air pollutant一次大氣污染物secondary air pollutant二次大氣污染物monoxide一氧化物dioxide二氧化物trioxide三氧化物carbon monoxide一氧化碳carbon dioxide二氧化碳sulfur dioxide二氧化硫sulfur trioxide三氧化硫nitrous oxide一

3、氧化二氮nitric oxide一氧化氮nitrogen dioxide二氧化氮carbon oxides碳氮化物sulfur oxides硫氧化物nitrogen oxides氮氧化物hydrocarbons碳?xì)浠衔飌hotochemical oxidants光化學(xué)氧化物particulates顆粒物inorganic compound無(wú)機(jī)化合物organic compound有機(jī)化合物radioactive substance放射性物質(zhì)heat熱 noise噪聲contaminant污染物 strength強(qiáng)度 foreign matter雜質(zhì) domestic sewage生活污水mu

4、nicipal wastewater城市廢水 microbe微生物microorganism微生物 bacteria細(xì)菌total solids總固體 inorganic constituents無(wú)機(jī)要素suspended solids (SS)固體懸浮物volatile suspended solids (VSS)揮發(fā)性懸浮固體顆粒 organic matter有機(jī)物質(zhì)total organic carbon, TOC 總有機(jī)碳chemical oxygen demand, COD化學(xué)需氧量biochemical oxygen demand, BOD生化需氧量biodegradable可微生

5、物分解的contamination污染 recontamination再污染groundwater地下水 surface water地表水restriction限制 colloid膠體screening隔柵 coagulation凝聚flocculation絮凝 sedimentation沉淀filtration過(guò)濾 disinfection消毒chlorination氯化消毒 prechlorination預(yù)加氯 ozonation臭氧消毒 aeration曝氣 softening軟化 activated carbon活性炭adsorption吸附 reverse osmosis反滲透des

6、alination脫鹽處理microbial degradation微生物降解biological degradation生化降解biofilm process生物膜法activated sludge process活性污泥法attached-growth吸著生長(zhǎng)suspended-growth懸浮生長(zhǎng)shock loading沖擊負(fù)荷organic loading有機(jī)負(fù)荷mixed liquor suspended solids混合液懸浮固體metabolize使代謝化metabolism新陳代謝dissolved oxygen 溶解氧pretreatment process 預(yù)處理工藝pr

7、imary clarifier初沉池equalization basin均質(zhì)池biological treatment process生物處理工藝aeration basin曝氣池secondary clarifier二沉池biomass生物質(zhì)heterotrophic bacteria異養(yǎng)菌autotrophic bacteria自養(yǎng)菌hydraulic retention time (HRT) 水力停留時(shí)間sludge residence time (SRT) 污泥停留時(shí)間solid waste固體廢物municipal城市化industrial工業(yè)的agricultural農(nóng)業(yè)的haza

8、rdous危險(xiǎn)的residential住宅的commercial商業(yè)的putrescible易腐爛的combustible易燃的flammable可燃的explosive易爆的radioactive放射性的 汽車(chē)尾氣automobile exhaustLandfilling土地填埋 incineration: 焚燒 composting: 堆肥 compaction: 壓實(shí)，緊湊sanitary landfill衛(wèi)生填埋 balance剩下的，余額，結(jié)余 batch-fed分批投料 refuse垃圾municipal waste城市垃圾 perform: 執(zhí)行 shut down: 關(guān)閉 en

9、ergy recovery能量回收incomplete combustion不完全燃燒 combustion燃燒 volume reduction體積縮小 anaerobic厭氧硝化 中英互譯短語(yǔ)Biological degradation生化降解 equalization basin調(diào)節(jié)池 aeration basin曝氣池 sludge blocs污泥絮體 settling tank沉淀池 dissolved oxygen溶解氧suspended-growth懸浮生長(zhǎng) pulverized refuse垃圾破碎 biofilm生物膜well-compacted landfill壓實(shí)填埋場(chǎng)

10、nutrient source營(yíng)養(yǎng)源 mass-burning大量燃燒fluidized fed incarceration硫化床燃燒法 soil conditioners土壤改良劑 溫室效應(yīng)greenhouse effect 由CO2引起的caust by CO2 世界碳預(yù)算the world carbon budget 天氣自然波動(dòng)natural fluctuations 全球變暖global warming 厭氧的anaerobic 腐爛Putrefied 甲烷methane 臭氧層ozone layer 氣候模型climatic model 正常濃度：normal concentrat

11、ion 嚴(yán)重污染物：heavily polluted 決定因素：determining factor 光化學(xué)氧化物：photochemical oxidants 液體微滴：liquid particulates 含硫的：sulfur-containing 放射性物質(zhì)：radioactiue substance 汽車(chē)尾氣：automobile exhaust wet oxidation濕式氧化 1、 Environment is the physical and biotic habitat which surrounds us; that which we can see, hear, tou

12、ch, smell, and taste. 環(huán)境是我們周?chē)奈锢砗蜕锃h(huán)境，我們可以看到、聽(tīng)到、接觸到、聞到和品嘗到的。2、 Pollution can be defined as an undesirable change in the physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of the air, water, or land that can harmfully affect the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms污染可以定義

13、為大氣、水或者土壤在物理、化學(xué)或者生物方面的特征所產(chǎn)生的不愉快的變化，它對(duì)人類(lèi)的健康、生存和活動(dòng)或者其他的有機(jī)體都產(chǎn)生了有害的影響。3、 Two examples of interaction between systems that cause major environmental disturbances are presented-the buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a global problem, and the acid rain problem, normally of regional nature目前大氣中二氧化碳的增多，是

14、一個(gè)全球性的問(wèn)題，還有酸雨問(wèn)題，一般來(lái)說(shuō)它都具有一定的區(qū)域特性，這就是兩個(gè)關(guān)于系統(tǒng)之間的相互聯(lián)系而產(chǎn)生重大環(huán)境問(wèn)題的例子。4、 With these improvements, however, have come disturbing side effects, such as lost arable land, disappearing forests, environmental pollution, and new organisms resistant to controls.經(jīng)過(guò)這些進(jìn)步，盡管還是有一些破壞性的影響，例如耕地、森林的消失，環(huán)境的污染和新的生物反抗的控制5、 Both

15、 phenomena, urbanization and industrialization, were and are fundamental causes of water and air pollution which the cities of that time were unable to handle.城市化和工業(yè)化兩者的現(xiàn)象，是過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在水污染和大氣污染的根本原因，在過(guò)去這些城市是處理不了的6、 Rapid advances in technology for the treatment of water and the partial treatment of wastewa

16、ter took place in the developed countries over the next few decades.在接下來(lái)的幾十年理發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家，在水治理和部分廢水治理技術(shù)方面都取得了快速的進(jìn)展。1、 What Is Air Pollution? Air pollution is normally defined as air that contains one or more chemicals in high enough concentrations to harm humans, other animals, vegetation or materials. Ther

17、e are two major types of air pollutants .A primary air pollutant is a chemical added directly to the air that occurs in a harmful concentration. It can be a natural air component, such as carbon dioxide, that rises above its normal concentration, or something not usually found in the air, such as a

18、lead compound emitted by cars burning leaded gasoline. A secondary air pollutant is a harmful chemical formed in the atmosphere through a chemical reaction among air components. Serious air pollution usually results over a city or other area that is emitting high levels of pollutants during a period

19、 of air stagnation. The geographic location of some heavily populated cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City, makes them particularly susceptible to frequent air stagnation and pollution buildup什么是大氣污染？大氣污染一般定義為含有一種或多種濃度足夠高得而且對(duì)人類(lèi)、其他動(dòng)物、植物或者物質(zhì)產(chǎn)生有害影響的物質(zhì)，有兩種主要類(lèi)型的大氣污染，一次大氣污染是一種化學(xué)物質(zhì)直接排放到大氣中并達(dá)到一定的有害濃度

20、，他可以是空氣仲的自然組分，例如二氧化碳，當(dāng)它的濃度升高到超過(guò)它的正常值時(shí)，或者一些平常在大氣中找不到的組分，例如汽車(chē)燃燒含鉛汽油而導(dǎo)致大氣中散發(fā)出一些化合物。二次大氣污染物是指在大氣中通入現(xiàn)有組分間發(fā)生的化學(xué)反應(yīng)而產(chǎn)生的一種有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。嚴(yán)重的大氣污染通常是在靜風(fēng)條件下經(jīng)過(guò)一段時(shí)間后結(jié)果一個(gè)城市或其他地區(qū)的大氣中有高濃度的污染物。一些人口非常稠密的城市的地理位置，例如洛杉磯和墨西哥的地理位置，使得它們經(jīng)常特別易受空氣流動(dòng)停滯和污積物的增加的影響。1、 The most severe consequence of CO2 induced global warming would be melt

21、ing of the polar ice caps and he subsequent rise of ocean levels and inundation of coastal plains. 二氧化碳導(dǎo)致全球變暖最嚴(yán)重的后果將會(huì)是兩極冰塊的融化和海平面的上升以及沿海地區(qū)洪水的泛濫。2、 Although global warming from the already elevate levels of atmospheric CO2 has been predicted by most climatic models, such a warming has not been empiri

22、cally observed.雖然全球氣候變暖已經(jīng)是通過(guò)大氣仲CO2的濃度升高而被許多氣候模型而預(yù)測(cè)得到，如此的一種變暖還沒(méi)有以經(jīng)驗(yàn)為主地觀察3、 Although they indicate trends in average surface temperatures and climate, they unfortunately coincide with increased industrialization and pollution雖然他們指出表面溫度和氣候的平均趨勢(shì)，但是他們不幸地與工業(yè)化增加和污染相一致4、 High biomass systems: Many current a

23、pproaches to high biomass system employ a combination of fixed film suspended biomass in the process. High biomass systems have gained a certain popularity in Europe. During the past few years, a number of investigations undertaken in the Federal Republic of Germany have been reported. Among the adv

24、antages attributed to such systems have been improvements in nitrification performance, sludge settleability, and effluent quality.高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)：現(xiàn)在很多應(yīng)用在高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的方法是生物質(zhì)固定膜上的組合工藝法。高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)在歐洲得到了廣泛的普及，在過(guò)去的幾年里，由德國(guó)聯(lián)邦政府著手的大量調(diào)查研究都被報(bào)道，在這樣的優(yōu)勢(shì)歸因于系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)改善了硝化性能，污泥的沉降性和出水水質(zhì)5、 Reasons for selecting high biomass systems over c

25、onstruction of additional aeration tanks and clarifiers(or other secondary treatment process) include reduced space requirements, increased process stability, and capital/operating cost savings.選擇高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)的原因是在傳統(tǒng)的曝氣池和澄清池或者其他二次處理工藝的構(gòu)筑物中都有減少空間的需要，增加工藝的穩(wěn)定性能和節(jié)省操作費(fèi)用6、 High biomass systems call for installat

26、ion of supplemental equipment over that contained in a conventional activated sludge plant, More installed equipment generally implies more maintenance, and, to some extent, this is true for some of the systems. In addition, the presence of both suspended and fixed biomass forms and higher biomass c

27、oncentrations may require a certain level of additional operator time to achieve optimum system performance.高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)需要安裝輔助設(shè)備在那些常規(guī)的活性污泥廠里面，很多安裝的設(shè)備一般需要較多的維修費(fèi)用，在某些程度上，對(duì)于一些系統(tǒng)來(lái)說(shuō)這是真的，除此之外，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的懸浮和固定的生物質(zhì)的形式和高生物質(zhì)濃度都需要一個(gè)合適程度的額外操作時(shí)間來(lái)達(dá)到最佳的系統(tǒng)性能。The presence of inert support media and higher biomass concentrations i

28、n these systems can increase overall power consumption. To achieve desired mixing patterns in retrofitted aeration tanks, power input may have to be increased. Also, the presence of additional biomass increases system oxygen requirements which, in turn, requires additional power input. In addition,

29、high biomass systems generally yield higher levels of nitrification, which also can affect overall power consumption. Such factors should be addressed when analyzing operating costs. 這些系統(tǒng)的惰性支持介質(zhì)和較高的生物量集中的出現(xiàn)能增加全部的耗電量。為了達(dá)到在曝氣池改進(jìn)理想混合模型，使輸入有力量可能必須被增加。同時(shí)另外生物量的出現(xiàn)增加系統(tǒng)氧需求，依次需要額外的電源輸入。除此之外，高生物質(zhì)系統(tǒng)一般達(dá)到較高的硝化水平，

30、也能影響全部的耗電量。當(dāng)分析操作費(fèi)用的時(shí)候，如此的因素應(yīng)該被提到。英譯中1、 Typical waste generation facilities, activities, or locations associated with each of these sources are presented in Table1. The types of wastes generated, which are discussed next, are also identified.固體廢棄物的來(lái)源與設(shè)備、活動(dòng)和土地有關(guān)的每一個(gè)這些來(lái)源在Table1中呈現(xiàn)，廢棄物類(lèi)型的產(chǎn)生，然后被討論，也被識(shí)別2、 Haza