級(jí)考試資料跨文化交際

1、1. Non-verbal communicationIt refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distanc

2、e we stand from each other.2. privacy privacy: It could be understood as the right of an individual to self-determination as to the degree to which the individual is willing to share with others information about himself that may be compromised by unauthorized exchange of such information among othe

3、r individuals or organizations.3. slang Words and expressions which are regarded as very informal and so are not considered suitable for formal social situations or serious writing.4. collectivist culture Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identi

4、ty. They have been labeled as “we” cultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. 5. culture shockculture shock： It is a psychological phenomenon that is experienced most often by those who, whether voluntarily or involuntarily, in the process of adjusting themselves to a new culture.6.

5、proverb Proverbs are those popular short sayings containing words of advice or warningare an important part of the language and culture of a society.7. intercultural communication.8. Individual Culture Individuals tend to define themselves by the extent to which they are different from, rather than

6、similar to other. People are encouraged to display self-confidence and assertiveness, disclosure of personal thoughts and feelings.9. Culture Culture means: (a) The arts, customs, and habits that characterize a particular society or nation. (b).The beliefs, values, behavior and material objects that

7、 constitute a people's way of life.10. Proxemics Proxemics refers to the study of spatial relations. The study of proxemics includes three aspects of space: (a) fixed features of space. (b) semifixed features of space, and (c) personal space11. Norms Norms refer to rules for appropriate behavior

8、, which provide the expectations people have of one another and of others. Norms are the outward manifestations of beliefs and values.12. Individualism Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties origi

9、nate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.13. Paralanguage The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of me

10、aning.14. Low-context culture Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context.1. Explain the term “intercultural communication competence” and its three components. The intercultural competence refers to the ability to unde

11、rstand and adapt the target culture. Intercultural communicative competence involves cognitive, affective and operational aspects, which are inseparable in reality. The interrelatedness of cognitive, affective, and operational components is very important in the improvement of the communicators inte

12、rcultural communication competence. There are also three aspects in terms of affective components: adaptation motivation, Identity flexibility and esthetic co-orientation, the cognitive aspects of intercultural communication competence are the mental capacities of comprehension and ability to unders

13、tand the meanings of various verbal and nonverbal codes. Operational components are that Individuals capacity to express cognitive and affective experiences outwardly is shown through specific behaviors.2. What are the five basic themes in individualist culture? 1) There is a tendency for foreigners

14、 to treat strangers as equals, seen in the politeness with which foreigners treat out-group members and their willingness to follow public rules and laws that guarantee the rights of all. 2) There is a desire for independence and separateness, found in foreigners' needs for their own privacy and

15、 autonomy and in the freedom they give to children. 3) There is a lack of inhibition on the part of foreigners in terms of expressive behaviors, seen in their lack of concern about drawing attention to themselves and their willingness to disclose feelings and emotions. 4) There is a lack of understa

16、nding if the reciprocal bonds and duties that regulate in-group members, found in foreigners' casual attitudes towards hospitality. 5) There is a lack of concern at public displays of physical or sexual intimacy.3. What are the differences between Chinese and English Kin Terms? In Chinese cultur

17、e, people refer to people strictly according to the kin terms. It is completely unacceptable to refer to one's parents by using the names. When children address relatives, Chinese kin terms tell whether they are older or younger than their father or mother. Chinese kin terms tell whether the rel

18、atives are from the mother' or father's side and whether one's brother, sister or cousin is older or younger than he/she. Chinese kin terms are also to other people who are not one's relatives; kin terms are widely used to address known or unknown people While in English culture, in

19、some families in Western countries, some children address their parents directly by their first names. In Britain, children are expected to address the parents' brother and sisters with the title of Uncle or Aunt plus their names and sometimes simply address them by first name without a title. E

20、nglish kin terms dont tell whether the relatives are from the mother' or father's side ,and there are not distinct kin terms for elder brother or younger brother. Kin terms are not as frequently used as in Chinese. In all kinds of social situations, either formally or informally, people won&

21、#39;t use kin terms to address each other if they are not relatives.4. What is the significance of Nonverbal Communication? Nonverbal behavior is a significant area of communication study for at least three reasons. Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations. Nonve

22、rbal behavior spontaneously reflects the subconsciousness. We cannot avoid communicating through nonverbal signals. Besides, nonverbal behavior is significant because nonverbal communication can be open to many interpretations.5. Describe the U.S. cultural patterns with the five value orientation ca

23、tegories. People in the United States generally believe in a supreme God or universal spirit and believe that they can control nature. They have a lot of faith in science and technology and are materialistic. They get a sense of identity from work and generally separate work from play. People, in th

24、e United States are efficient, practical, and see progress and change as a good thing. They place a high value on time and have a future time orientation, although they often divide it into short-term goals. People in the United States do not agree about whether humans are naturally good, bad, or a

25、mixture of both. However, two beliefs related to human naturerationality and mutability- are still believed by many in the United States. One of the most fundamental beliefs of people is individualism. Associated with this belief are the ideas of self-motivation, competition, and responsibility for

26、ones own actions. People in the United States also have an unshakable belief in equality. They do not believe that everyone is the same, but they do believe that everyone does or should have the same opportunities as everyone else. Last, people in the United States are conformistit is important to s

27、tay in touch with the latest fashion in hair, clothing, and so forth. 6. Explain high-context culture and low-context culture. Cultures in which little of the meaning is determined by the message is encoded in the explicit code are labeled low-context. Cultures in which less has to be said or writte

28、n because more of the meaning is in the physical environment or already shared by people are labeled high context.7. Explain the definition of “collectivist culture” a. Collectivist cultures place little value on individual identity and great value on group identity. They have been labeled as “we” c

29、ultures because basic unit is the in-group or collective. b. kindness to visitors: friendly, welcoming, and generous treatment offered to guests or strangersc. Individualism is the moral stance, political philosophy, ideology, or social outlook that stresses "the moral worth of the individ

30、ual" . Individualists promote the exercise of one's goals and desires and so independence and self-reliance while opposing most external interference upon one's own interests, whether by society, or any other group or institution .8. How do people from different cultures understand “sil

31、ence”? The use of silence in communication is different from culture to culture. Silence can communicate agreement, apathy, awe, confusion, contemplation, disagreement, embarrassment, obligation, regret, repressed hostility, respect, sadness, thoughtfulness, or any number of meanings. In eastern cul

32、tures, silence has long been regarded as a virtue. While in western cultures, silence has generally been considered socially disagreeable. To most people in the United States, silence means lack of attention and lack of initiative. To the Chinese, silence means agreement.9. Why do we need to study i

33、ntercultural communication?(1). Technological development The development of new transportation and information technologies has connected all nations in ways that were possible before this century only in the imagination. (2). Widespread population Migrations (3). The changes in the international b

34、usiness community have compelled China to reexamine her business. (4). Development of Multiculturalism. Cultural diversity or multiculturalism will become the norm; not the exception. The public must acknowledge and adjust to difference but build on commonality.10. What are the characteristics in naming Chinese Given Names? There have existed differences in naming given names to