漢譯英長(zhǎng)句的翻譯方法

1、1漢譯英長(zhǎng)句翻譯的基本方法漢譯英長(zhǎng)句翻譯的基本方法主講教師：徐劍平2每日練習(xí)每日練習(xí)l我們恢復(fù)和采取這些貿(mào)易方式的原因很簡(jiǎn)單：我們出口商品就是為了滿足國(guó)外客戶(hù)消費(fèi)方面的需要。lThe reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple. Our export commodities are to meet the need of the consumption of our foreign customers. . 3l也許有些人很可惡，有些人很卑鄙（despicable）。而當(dāng)我設(shè)身為他想象

2、的時(shí)候，我才知道：他比我還可憐。所以請(qǐng)?jiān)徦心阋?jiàn)過(guò)的人，好人或者壞人 lSome may be wicked, and some may be despicable. Only when I put myself in his position did I know he is more miserable than I. So forgive all that you have met, no matter what kind of persons they are. 4形合和意合問(wèn)題形合和意合問(wèn)題5基本方法基本方法l合并法l正譯法和反譯法l倒置法l插入法6合并法合并法l合并法是把若干個(gè)短

3、句合并成一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，一般用于漢譯英。漢語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)意合，結(jié)構(gòu)較松散，因此簡(jiǎn)單句較多；英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)調(diào)形合，結(jié)構(gòu)較嚴(yán)密，因此長(zhǎng)句較多。所以漢譯英時(shí)要根據(jù)需要注意利用連詞、分詞、介詞、不定式、定語(yǔ)從句、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)等把漢語(yǔ)短句連成長(zhǎng)句l(1)根據(jù)原文各句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，在譯文的句與句之間加上連接詞語(yǔ)如and,while,for.with 7Case 1l中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)，百分之八十的人口從事農(nóng)業(yè)，但耕地只占土地面積的十分之一，其余為山脈、森林、城鎮(zhèn)和其他用地。 lChina is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agricultu

4、re, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses. l舊歷新年快來(lái)了。這是一年中的第一件大事。除了那些負(fù)債過(guò)多的人以外，大家都熱烈地歡迎這個(gè)佳節(jié)的到來(lái)8Case 2lThe traditional New Year was soon approaching, the first big event of the year, and everyone, except those who owed heavy de

5、bts was enthusiastically looking forward to itl男人在結(jié)婚前覺(jué)得適合自己的女人很少，結(jié)婚后覺(jué)得適合自己的女人很多 lMan might think that few women fit him before his marriage, and contrarily when they get married. 9Case 3l農(nóng)民缺乏培訓(xùn)，許多農(nóng)場(chǎng)生產(chǎn)效率低，使得絕大多數(shù)農(nóng)村人口在國(guó)內(nèi)處于不利的地位。l譯：Inadequate training for farmers and the low productivity of many farms p

6、lace the vast majority of country dwellers in a disadvantageous position in their own country.10Case 3l沒(méi)有農(nóng)業(yè)，人類(lèi)便不能生存，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)也就不能繼續(xù)下去。l譯：But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed.l(2)原文是并列句，排比句。l我們不能出賣(mài)我們的國(guó)格，不能出賣(mài)我們的人民。 lWe can neither give up our national dignity nor be

7、tray our people. 11主從區(qū)分法主從區(qū)分法l漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句中往往不用關(guān)聯(lián)詞，分句之間的邏輯關(guān)系在很多情況下主要靠順序來(lái)表示，即采用所謂“意合法”。同時(shí)，漢語(yǔ)復(fù)句里接二連三出現(xiàn)的動(dòng)詞，從形式上看，它們都是平等的，沒(méi)有主從，偏正之分；從邏輯上分析，分句之間也有主從之分。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，凡是為主的分句即正句，用英語(yǔ)限定式動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)表達(dá)；從屬的分句即偏句，用非限定式動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，介詞短語(yǔ)，或增加從屬關(guān)聯(lián)詞，或通過(guò)其他各種從句形式來(lái)處理。12Case 1l表示原因或結(jié)果的部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于表示結(jié)果的部分l他們患得患失，拒絕接受分配給他們的任務(wù)。lConsidering the gain and loss

8、,they refused to accept the jobs assigned to them.l沒(méi)有農(nóng)業(yè)，人類(lèi)便不能生存，社會(huì)生產(chǎn)也就不能繼續(xù)下去。l譯：But for agriculture, man could not exist, nor could social production proceed.13Case 2l表示方式或狀態(tài)的部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于表示行為或動(dòng)作的部分。l其后走過(guò)三個(gè)人，都有四五十歲光景，手搖白紙扇，緩步而來(lái)。lBehind him came three men, all some forty to fifty years old. Fanning thems

9、elves with white paper fans, they advanced slowly.14Case 3l表示方法和手段的部分，應(yīng)從屬于表示目的的部分l我們用自己動(dòng)手的方法，達(dá)到了豐衣足食的目的。lBy using our own hands we have attained the objective of “ample food and clothing”.15Case 4l屬于修飾或說(shuō)明關(guān)系的分句或短語(yǔ)，一般應(yīng)譯作從屬部分。l這個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)，在東方歷史上是空前的，在世界歷史上也將是偉大的，全世界人民都關(guān)心這個(gè)戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。lThe people of the whole world are

10、 concerned about this war,which has no precedent in the history of the East,and which will be a great war in world history,too. 16Case 5l背景情況描述部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于結(jié)論部分l帝國(guó)主義國(guó)家對(duì)外侵略擴(kuò)張，爭(zhēng)奪世界霸權(quán)，必然走向戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)。lEngaged in aggression and expansion abroad for the purpose of the world hegemony,the imperialist inevitably will go

11、 to war. 17Case 6l否定或反說(shuō)部分，一般應(yīng)從屬于肯定或正說(shuō)部分。l國(guó)際爭(zhēng)端在此基礎(chǔ)上予以解決，而不訴諸武力威脅。lInternational disputes should be settled on this basis, without resorting to the use of threat or force.18正譯法和反譯法正譯法和反譯法l這兩種方法通常用于漢譯英，偶爾也用于英譯漢。所謂正譯，是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相同的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。所謂反譯則是指把句子按照與漢語(yǔ)相反的語(yǔ)序或表達(dá)方式譯成英語(yǔ)。正譯與反譯常常具有同義的效果，但反譯往往更符合英語(yǔ)的思維方式和表

12、達(dá)習(xí)慣。因此比較地道。 19Case 1l在美國(guó)，人人都能買(mǎi)到槍。 l譯1：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正譯)l譯2：In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反譯) 20Case 2l他仍然沒(méi)有弄懂我的意思。l譯1：He still could not understand me. (正譯)l譯2：Still he failed to understand me. (反譯) 21倒置法倒置法l在漢語(yǔ)中，定語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)修飾語(yǔ)往往位于被修飾語(yǔ)之前；在英語(yǔ)中，許多

13、修飾語(yǔ)常常位于被修飾語(yǔ)之后，因此翻譯時(shí)往往要把原文的語(yǔ)序顛倒過(guò)來(lái)。倒置法通常用于英譯漢, 即對(duì)英語(yǔ)長(zhǎng)句按照漢語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣表達(dá)法進(jìn)行前后調(diào)換，按意群或進(jìn)行全部倒置，原則是使?jié)h語(yǔ)譯句安排符合現(xiàn)代漢語(yǔ)論理敘事的一般邏輯順序。有時(shí)倒置法也用于漢譯英。 22Case 1l改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，中國(guó)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。 l譯：Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.23Case 2l我原來(lái)計(jì)劃今年二月訪問(wèn)美國(guó)，后來(lái)不得不推遲，這使我感到很掃興。l譯：It was a k

14、een disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to U.S. in February. 24插入法插入法l指把難以處理的句子成分用破折號(hào)、括號(hào)或前后逗號(hào)插入譯句中。這種方法主要用于筆譯中。偶爾也用于口譯中，即用同位語(yǔ)、插入語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句來(lái)處理一些解釋性成分。 25Casel如果說(shuō)宣布收回香港就會(huì)像夫人說(shuō)的“帶來(lái)災(zāi)難性的影響”，那我們要勇敢地面對(duì)這個(gè)災(zāi)難，做出決策。 l譯：If the announcement of the recovery of Hong Kong would br

15、ing about, as Madam put it, “disastrous effects,” we will face up to that disaster and make a new policy decision. (用前后逗號(hào)插入信息）26連動(dòng)式表達(dá)法連動(dòng)式表達(dá)法l所謂“連動(dòng)式”即同一主語(yǔ)可以有兩個(gè)或以上的動(dòng)詞做謂語(yǔ)。連動(dòng)式分為并列式，從屬式和鏈?zhǔn)饺N。l并列式連動(dòng)式中的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作間先后關(guān)系或同時(shí)關(guān)系。表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作的同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)關(guān)系，常將其中比較次要的譯作英語(yǔ)中的現(xiàn)在分詞（作伴隨狀況的狀語(yǔ)）；表示兩個(gè)動(dòng)作先后關(guān)系時(shí)，常譯作兩個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，并用and連接.l這個(gè)犯罪團(tuán)伙，持

16、槍搶劫，殺人越貨，真是罪大莫及。27Case 1lThis band of criminal gunman hijacked trucks,killed drivers and looted the goods.Even death cannot atone for their offence.l從屬式連動(dòng)式的幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞有主次之分，主要?jiǎng)釉~與次要?jiǎng)釉~之間有目的，方式，條件，因果關(guān)系，翻譯時(shí)，一般將主要?jiǎng)釉~譯成英語(yǔ)的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，將其他的動(dòng)詞譯成恰當(dāng)?shù)男问剑ú欢ㄊ?，分詞，介詞短語(yǔ)等），以表示出它們與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯關(guān)系。28文學(xué)翻譯練習(xí)文學(xué)翻譯練習(xí)lTwo roads diverged in a yel

17、low wood,lAnd sorry I could not travel bothlAnd be one traveler, long I stood lAnd looked down one as far as I could lTo where it bent in the undergrowth;l黃色的樹(shù)林里分出兩條路 , l可惜我不能同時(shí)去涉足 ,l我在那路口久久佇立 ,l我向著一條路極目望去 ,l直到它消失在叢林深處。29Part 2lThen took the other, as just as fair,lAnd having perhaps the better clai

18、m,lBecause it was grassy and wanted wear;lThough as for that the passing therel Had worn them really about the same,l但我卻選了另外一條路 , 它荒草萎萎 , 十分幽寂 ,l顯得更誘人 , 更美麗 ; 雖然在這兩條小路上 ,l都很少留下旅人的足跡 30Part 3lAnd both that morning equally laylIn leaves no stephad trodden black.?lOh, I kept the first for another day!

19、l雖然那天清晨落葉滿地 ,l兩條路都未經(jīng)腳印污染。l呵 , 留下一條路等改日再見(jiàn) !31Part 4lYet knowing how way leads on to way,l I doubted if I should ever come back.lI shall be telling this with a sighl但我知道路徑延綿無(wú)盡頭 ,l恐怕我難以再回返。l也許多少年后在某個(gè)地方 ,32lSomewhere ages and ages hence:lTwo roads diverged in a wood, and I-l-I took the one less traveled

20、 by,lAnd that has made all the difference.l我將輕聲嘆息將往事回顧 :l一片樹(shù)林里分出兩條路一一l而我選了人跡更少的一條l從此決定了我一生的道路 33HamletlTo be，or not to be- that is the question：lWhether tis nobler in the mind to sufferlThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortunelOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,lAnd by opposing end them.34

21、l是生存還是毀滅，這是一個(gè)問(wèn)題。l默然忍受命運(yùn)的暴虐的毒箭。l或是挺身反抗人世的無(wú)涯的苦難，l在奮斗中結(jié)束了一切，l這兩種行為，哪一種是更勇敢的？35My Heart Will Go On我心依舊我心依舊lEvery night in my dreams I see you, I feel you. lThat is how I know you go on.lFar across the distance, and spaces between us lYou have come to show you go on.l夜夜長(zhǎng)夢(mèng)夢(mèng)見(jiàn)你 , 撫摩你。 l所以你愛(ài)依舊我心知 l跨越我們之間的距離和

22、空間 l夢(mèng)里相見(jiàn)表明你愛(ài)依舊。 36lNear, far, wherever you are,lI believe that the heart does go on. lOnce more, you open the doorlAnd youre here in my heart, lAnd my heart will go on and on.l近在咫尺遠(yuǎn)在天涯 , 不論你在何方 , l我相信愛(ài)心依舊。l再一次 , 你推開(kāi)門(mén)扉 l你出現(xiàn)在我的心里 , l我心依舊我心依舊。 37lLove can touch us one time and last for a lifetime. lAnd

23、 never let go till were gone.lLove was when I loved you, one true time I hold to.lIn my life well always go on.l愛(ài)情觸動(dòng)我們一回 , 持續(xù)一生 , l只要生命存在就別放棄愛(ài)情 l鐘愛(ài)你的時(shí)候 , 愛(ài)情是我忠貞不渝的一段光陰l在我的生活中我們將永遠(yuǎn)相愛(ài)38l愛(ài)情觸動(dòng)我們一回 , 持續(xù)一生 , l只要生命存在就別放棄愛(ài)情 l鐘愛(ài)你的時(shí)候 , 愛(ài)情是我忠貞不渝的一段光陰l在我的生活中我們將永遠(yuǎn)相愛(ài)。39lNear, far, wherever you are,lI believe that

24、 the heart does go on. lOnce more, you opened the door.lAnd youre here in my heart, lAnd my heart will go on and on.l近在咫尺遠(yuǎn)在天涯 , 不論你在何方 , l我相信愛(ài)心依舊。 l再一次 ,你推開(kāi)門(mén)扉 l你出現(xiàn)在我的心里 , l我心依舊我心依舊。40lYoure here, theres nothing I fear,lAnd I know that my heart will go on.lWell stay forever this way,lYou are safe in

25、my heart,lAnd my heart will go on and on.l你在這里 , 我就無(wú)所畏懼 ,l我知道我心依舊 l我們將永不變心。 l你安然元恙在我的心里。 l我心依舊我心依舊。 41靜夜思靜夜思李白李白 l床前明月光，疑是地上霜。 舉頭望明月，低頭思故鄉(xiāng)。 l1.In the still of the nightlIdescrybrightmoonlightinfrontofmybed.lI suspect it to be grey frost on the floor.lI watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head.l

26、I yearn, while stooping , for my homeland more.42l1.A tranquil NightlAbed, I see a silver light,lI wonder if its frost aground.lLooking up, I find the moon bright;lBowing, in homesickness Im concerned.43l1.In the Quiet NightlSo bright a gleam on the foot of my bed-lCould there have been a frost alre

27、ady?lLifting my head to look, I found that it was moonlight.lSinking back again, I thought suddenly of home.44寓言故事寓言故事l(1). The Dogs and the FoxlSome dogs found the skin of a lion and began to tear it to pieces with their teeth. lA fox, seeing them, said, “ If this lion were alive, you would soon fi

28、nd out that his claws were stronger than your teeth.”lIt is easy to kick a man that is down.45Translating versionl(1) 狗和狐貍 l幾條狗撿到一張獅子皮 , 他們就用尖牙把它撕成一片片。狐貍看見(jiàn)了就說(shuō) : 這獅子如果是活的 , 你們就會(huì)懂得獅子的爪子比你們的牙齒還厲害得多哩。 l打落水狗并不難。462l(2). The Countryman and the SnakelA countryman returning home one winters day, found a sna

29、ke by the hedge-side, half dead with cold. Taking compassion on the creature, he laid it in his bosom and brought it home to his fire-side to revive it. No sooner had the warmth restored it, than it began to attack the children of the cottage. Upon this the countryman, whose compassion had saved its

30、 life, took up a club and laid the snake dead at his feet. 47Translating versionl一個(gè)冬日里 , 有個(gè)農(nóng)夫在回家路發(fā)現(xiàn)籬笆旁邊有一條凍得半死的蛇。他對(duì)這條蛇起了憐憫之心 , 便把它抱在懷里帶回家去 , 放在爐邊 , 讓它暖和過(guò)來(lái)。溫暖的爐火才使蛇醒不久 , 它就開(kāi)始追咬屋里的小孩。這位好心把蛇救活了的農(nóng)夫 , 只好舉起棍子 , 把它打死在腳下。 483l(3). The Thief and the DoglA thief coming to rob a house would have stopped the ba

31、rking of a dog by throwing bread to him. “Away with you!” said the dog. “ I had my suspicious of you before, but this excess of civility assures me that you are a rogue.”lA bride in hand betrays mischief at heart.49Translating versionl一個(gè)小偷來(lái)到一戶(hù)人家偷東西 , 為了讓狗不再吠叫 , 就扔給狗一塊面包。狗說(shuō) : 你滾吧 ! 起初我還只是有點(diǎn)懷疑 , 但你這樣過(guò)

32、分禮貌卻使我斷定你是個(gè)壞蛋。 l手里的賄賂暴露了心中的險(xiǎn)惡。 504lA crowd of students was gathered on the campus of Oxford University. “You can have no doubt,” shouted a young man excitedly, “ that if the Dean does not take back what he said to me this morning, Ill leave Oxford this very evening!”lA buzzing noise followed. “What

33、a man of action!” one said in admiration. “How should we support him and learn from him!” said another.lSuddenly, a girl asked, “Well,erer Miss Rose, er he told me to get clean away from Oxford this evening!”51Translating versionl牛津大學(xué)的校園里 , 有一群學(xué)生聚集在一起 , 一位男生在慷慨陳詞 : 請(qǐng)你們相信 , 如果教務(wù)長(zhǎng)不收回今晨他對(duì)我說(shuō)過(guò)的話 , 我就在今晚離

34、開(kāi)牛津大學(xué) !l接著 , 學(xué)生們議論紛紛。這個(gè)嘆服地說(shuō) : 真不愧是個(gè)說(shuō)話算話的大丈夫啊 !l那個(gè)說(shuō) : 我們應(yīng)該支持他并向他學(xué)習(xí)哪 !l忽然 , 一位女生問(wèn) : 霍布 , 教務(wù)長(zhǎng)跟你說(shuō)什么來(lái)著 ? 他彎下腰來(lái) , 小聲地對(duì)她耳語(yǔ) : 這個(gè) , 嗯嗯羅斯小姐 呀 , 嗯他叫我就在今晚滾出牛津 !l 52Chinese humorsl(1) 一起走l女 : 這個(gè)家 , 我再也呆不下去了 , 我馬上就離開(kāi)l 男 :“ 這個(gè)家 , 我也呆不下去了 , 等等我 , 我和你一起走。l (1) LeaveTogetherlWife,This homeisawreck.Icantstanditanymore,Imleaving. lHusband,Youreright. This homeis awreck.Wait, Illgowithyou.532l(2) 別老遲到l女兒： 我每次跟他約會(huì) , 他下巴的胡子總是沒(méi)刮干凈 , 不知什么原因？l父親 : 以后約會(huì) , 你不要再遲到太久就行了。 l2) Dont Always Arrive LatelDaughter, Every time I have a date with him. he neve