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1、12高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)講解:介詞及介詞短語【知識要點】介詞又叫前置詞,是一種虛詞。1.介詞可按其構(gòu)成分為:(1) 簡單介詞,即一個介詞,如 about, at, in, of, since等。(2) 復(fù)合介詞,由兩個介詞組成,如 as for, as to, out of等。(3) 二重介詞,由兩個介詞搭配而成,但沒有復(fù)合介詞那樣固定,如from under, from behind , until after ,except in 等。(4) 短語介詞, 由短語構(gòu)成,如 according to, because of, in spite of, on behalf of, with refe

2、rence to 等。(5) 分詞介詞, 由現(xiàn)在分詞構(gòu)成,如 regarding , concerning , including 等。2.介詞還可按其詞義分為下列常見的幾種:(1)表地點(包括動向),如about,above, across, after, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, upon, with , within , without 等。beyond, by, down , from, in, into , near, off, on,over, through

3、, throughout, to, towards, under, up,注 有不少表地點的介詞可表動向,除很明顯的 across, around, over, towards, near夕卜,還有 among, behind, beneathi, between, on, to, under 等。(2)表時間,如 about, after, around, as, at, before, behind, between, by, during , for, from, in, into, of, on, over, past, since, through, throughout, till

4、 (until), to, towards, within 等。(3)表除去,如 besides, but, except等。(4)表比較,如 as, like, above, over 等。(5)表反對,如 against, with 等。(6)表原因、目的,如 for, with , from等。(7)表結(jié)果,如 to, with , without 等。(8)表手段、方式,如 by, in, with等。(9)表所屬,如 of, with等。(10)表條件,如 on, without, considering 等。(11)表讓步,如 despite, in spite of 等。(12)

5、 表關(guān)于, 如 about, concerning , regarding , with regard to , as for, as to 等。(13)表對于,如 to, for, over, at, with 等。(14)表根據(jù),如 on, according to 等。(15)表其他,如for (贊成),without (沒有)等。(一)介詞的句法功能介詞不能獨立在句中做成份,介詞后必須與名詞、代詞、或動名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語在句中充當(dāng)一個成份, 表示人、物、事件等與其它人、物、事件等之間的關(guān)系。1、作定語: The book on the table is mine.2、作狀語: We ha

6、ve breakfast at seven.(表時間);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表方法)3、作表語:My dictionary 中學(xué) is in the bag.4、作賓語補足語:I found him in the office.(二)主要介詞區(qū)別1、表示時間的 at, in, on : at表示片刻的時間, 如:at 8 o ' cloc常用詞組有:at noon, at night, at

7、midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。in 表示段的時間, 如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future等。on 總是跟日子有關(guān), on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day,

8、 on a warm morning等。2、表示時間的since和from : since表示從過去到現(xiàn)在的一段時間的過程,常與現(xiàn)在完成時連用。from表示從時間的某一點開始, 不涉及與現(xiàn)在的關(guān)系。 一般多與現(xiàn)在時、 過去時、將來時連用。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995.3、表示時間的in和after :兩者都表示“在(某個時間)之后,區(qū)別在于in表示“在(一段時間)之后”,而after則表示“在(某一具體時間點之后)",in短語和將來時態(tài)連用,af

9、ter短語和過去時態(tài)或?qū)頃r態(tài)連用。如: We ll be backin three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall we do after graduation?注意:after有時也可以表示在一段時間之后(常用在過去時里)。如:After two months he returned.4、表示地理位置的in, on, to : in表示在某范圍內(nèi),on指與什么毗鄰,to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外。如: Changchun is in the northeast of China./ Mongolia is on the

10、north of China./ Japan is to the east of China.5、表示"在上”的on和in : on只表示在某物的表面上,而用in表示占去某物一部分。如:Thereis a book on the piece of paper./ There is an interesting article in the newspaper./ He dug a hole in the wall.6、表示“穿過"的 through和across: through表示從內(nèi)部通過,與 in有關(guān);across則表示從一端至另端在表面上的通過, 與on 有關(guān)。如:

11、 Water flows through the pipe./ The old man walked across the street.7 、 in the corner, on the corner, at the corner : in the corner 表示在角落里, in 指角的內(nèi)面; on the corner 表示“在角上” , on 指的不是內(nèi)面,也不是外面,而含內(nèi)外兼有之意; at the corner 指“在拐角處” , at 指 的是拐角外附近的外面。如: The lamp stands in the corner of the room./ I met with h

12、im at the street corner./ He sat on the corner of the table.8 、 in the end, at the end of, by the end of : in the end 作“最后”、 “終于”解,可單獨使用,后不接介詞of; at the end of表示“在末梢”,“到盡頭”,既可指時間,也可以指地上或物體。不可單獨使 用;by the end of作"在結(jié)束時","到末為止“ 解,只能指時間。不可單獨使用。如:In the end theyreached a place of safety./

13、At the end of the road stands a beautiful garden./ They decided to have an English evening at the end of this week./ by the end of last month he had finished the novel.9 、表示“關(guān)于”的 about 和 on: 兩者都有“關(guān)于”的意思,不過前者為一般用詞,而后者為較正式的“論述” 。如: He came to tell me about something important./ He wrote a book on scie

14、nce.10 、 between, among : 一般說來, between 表示兩者之間, among 用于三者或三者以上的中間。如:You are to sit between your father and me./ He is always happy among his classmates.注意: 但有時說的雖然是三個以上的人或東西,如果強調(diào)的是兩兩相互間接關(guān)系,適用于between。如: Agreements were made between the different countries. 在談到一些事物或一組事物,而把它們視為分居兩邊時用between。 如: The l

15、ittle valley lies between high mountains. 。 在談事物間的差別時, 總是用 between。如: They don kt now the difference between wheat, oats and barley.11 、 besides, except, but, except for : besides指”除了還有,再力口上“。如:All went out besides me.;except指“除了,減去什么",不能放在句首。如: All went out except me. ; but與except意思近似,表示 “除了外”

16、經(jīng)常用在no, all, nobody, anywhere, everything 等和其他疑問詞后面。如: I never saw himreading anything but the newspaper. ; except for 表示“如無就, 只是“ 表明理由細節(jié)。 如:His diary is goodexcept for a few spelling mistakes. 。12 、表示“用”的 in 和 with : 表示工具的“用” ,用 with ,而表示材料、方式、方法、度量、單位、語言、聲音等的“用” ,用 in 。如: He is writing a letter wi

17、th a pen./ He wrote the letter in pencil./ We measured it in pounds./ Read the text in a loud voice./ Tell me the story in English.13 、 in charge of 和 in the charge of : 兩者都表示“由誰負責(zé)、照顧、管理” 。區(qū)別在于: in charge of 后接被照管的人或物, 而 in the charge of 后面則跟照管的人。 如: Who is in charge of the project?/ The project is

18、in the charge of an engineer.。14 、as, like : as作"作為"、"以地位或身份“解。如: Let me speak to you as a father.(事實是父親);like 作"象一樣"解。如: Let me speak to you like a father.(事實上不是父親)。15 、in front of 和 in the front of : in front of = before ,是“在前面” 的意思(不在某物內(nèi));in thefront of 貝U是“在前部” 的意思(在某物內(nèi))

19、。如:There is a desk in front of the blackboard./ The boy sat inthe front of the car. 。16 、 in, into : into 表示動向,不表示目的地或位置。如: We walked into the park. ; in 通常表示位置。如: We walked in the park ; in 和 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等終止性動詞連用時, 也可以表示動向。 如: I have put the coin in (into) my pocket. 我把硬幣放進衣袋。復(fù)習(xí)時需

20、注意的要點17 、介詞一般放在名詞之前,但它后面的介詞賓語是疑問代詞、疑問副詞或者關(guān)系代詞時,這些詞提到了前面而只剩下介詞在后了。18 、 介詞和動詞、形容詞、名詞等常常構(gòu)成固定搭配,也就是說,在這些詞的后面常常要求用一定的介詞。這一點在學(xué)習(xí)時要特別注意。如:a. 動詞 +介詞:laugh at, wait forb. 形容詞、過去分詞+介詞:be good at, be proud ofc 名詞+介詞:pay a visit to , the key to3、 表示選擇關(guān)系的連詞,連接的雙方只取其一。常用連詞有or, either.or, otherwise例如:a) You can go

21、to Beijing either today or tomorrow.b) You must get up early or you won t catch the early bus.4 、 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,連接的雙方構(gòu)成對比,意義上有轉(zhuǎn)折。常用連詞有but, however, while, only例如:a) His brother is fond of football while he likes basketball.b) You can watch TV, but you must finish your homework first.5 、 表示聯(lián)合關(guān)系,聯(lián)合的雙方是對等的,意義

22、上趨向一致。常用連詞有: and, both.and, neither.nor, not only.but also, as well asTo study English well, we need both diligence and careful.That horse is not only the youngest among the five, but also runs the fastest.6 、 表示因果關(guān)系,連接的雙方,互為因果,或者前因后果,或者前果后因。常用的連詞有: for, so 例如:It must have rained, for the ground is

23、wet.【考點詮釋】考點 1 常見介詞的活用by, with , against, over, on, in , at, besides, for 等是??嫉慕樵~。掌握這些介詞的用法和意義、準(zhǔn)確把握句子語境是解題的關(guān)鍵。下面是近年高考考查最多的幾個介詞,應(yīng)重點掌握:1. over可表位置,意為 在上方,越過;遮住,蓋住 ”,也可表時間,意為 在期間,(多年) 以來”等,它還有 在(問題)上,對(某事)”等引申意義。如:Y0u can' t wear a blue jacket over that shirtit 'Ill oOk爸般循那件襯衣外面再穿上藍色的夾克 太難看了。We

24、 had a pleasant chat over a cup of tea.我們一邊喝茶一邊愉快地交談。 We heard it over the radio 我們從廣播中聽到了它。2. by的主要意思有 在旁,靠近;乘(車、船等);不遲于;至ij為止;被,由;根據(jù),按照(關(guān) 系);通過方式”等,還可以用來表示增加或減少的程度。by構(gòu)成的常見短語有:by and by 不久,遲早by and large 大體上by oneself 單獨 by the way 順便說說by far 得多,最 by chance 碰巧by accident 偶然地by means of 借助by no mean

25、s 絕不,一點也不 by mistake 錯誤地 The water in the river rose by two meters 河水上漲了兩米。 He is an Englishman by birth 他在血統(tǒng)上是英國人。3. with可以用來表示 帶有,擁有;隨著;就 來說;用,以;和,與;對于,關(guān)于”等意思。with還可用來表示原因。如: He turned red with anger 他氣得臉變紅了。s airThe problem with looking into space from the earth is that there is a lot of dust in

26、the earth .從地球上 觀察太空存在一個問題,就是地球的大氣中有大量的塵埃。4 beyond 這個詞同學(xué)們平時接觸的機會不是太多, 但它卻是一個考查熱點。 beyond 表示 “( 時間 )過了, 比晚,遲于;(位置)在那邊,超出 之外;(范圍)超過,為所不及,超出的范圍”等意思。如:They arrived beyond nine o ' clock們過了 9: 00 才到。The book is beyond me .這本書我看不懂。 Tom is far beyond his elder brother in maths 湯姆的數(shù)學(xué)比他哥哥的好多了。典例: (2010 高

27、考英語四川卷,5)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.A. inB. below C. besideD. against【答案】D【解析】考查介詞。句意為:打累了.吉旗背倚著樹,很快就睡著了.”西凰由此處意為 “1奇看.靠著"在的下方) 匕我"第在的雋也":口父在的里面或時間之后” -考點2介詞的固定搭配-高考主要考查學(xué)生對固定短語的掌握程度、對短語意義的了解以及介詞在這些固定搭配中的應(yīng)用。1 .名詞詞組:on the contrary相反;in turn依次;in one ' s opi

28、niO掘某人的看法;of time準(zhǔn)時;outof reach夠不著2 .動詞詞組:remind sb of sth提醒某人某事;rob sb of sth搶劫某人的 ;restdt from由引起;call at訪問(某地)3 .形容詞詞組:be curious about對好奇;be proud of因而自豪;be popular with受到的歡迎4 .介詞短語:apart from 除Pb; in addition to 除之夕卜(還);because of 因為;instead of 代替;in fear of 為提心吊膽;for fear of 以免;in case of 防備;t

29、hanks to 由于;in the middle of 在中間;according to 根據(jù);in front of 在前面;in return for 作為對的回報;in charge of 負責(zé);as a result of作為的結(jié)果;in exchange for與交換等典例:(2010 高考英語江西卷 ,34)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name, not case number.A ofB asC byD with【答案】C【解析】考查介詞辨析。句意:如今有些醫(yī)院是以姓名來查閱患者的,而不是憑病例編號(去查詢的)。by na

30、me按姓名.考點3核心介詞用法歸納與辨析1 .表示時間的介詞in的用法如下。表示在某一較長時間內(nèi),如世紀(jì)、年、月、季、周等一般用介詞in,如:in the 1990s,in January,in(the)winterin 和 during 表一段時間內(nèi)兩詞可互用。如: in the night,during the night,in the war,during the war 。但略 有區(qū)別:當(dāng)接表示 活動”的抽象名詞時多用 during ,接 活動”的動名詞及短語時用in。如:during thediscussion/in discussing the problem during her

31、 stay in Hubei/in playing basketball/during the course of/in digging the tunnel2 .在具體的某一天或某天上午、晚上、前夕,常用on。3 .表示某一時刻或某一點時間用at,如小時、分鐘等。有些時間名詞前有 one, each, any, every, some, all, next, last, that修飾時,不接介詞。如:that day, next Sunday some day, one day4 .till、until、to 的用法。(l)till(until)與持續(xù)動詞連用一般用于肯定句中,與短暫動詞連用

32、一般用在否定句中。如:He waited for me till twelve o' clock.He didn ' t get up till (until) 10 a.mk(可用 to)但注意:在句首出現(xiàn)或強調(diào)句型中一般不用till而用 until 。如:Not until 9 a.m.did Mr.Smith come back to school.(2)to表終結(jié)”時常和from連用,但要注意不與from連用時的意義。如:from July to September,from six to (till) eight( 從到為止),但 from morning till

33、night( 從早到晚),不能用to。5 .表示方式、手段、工具的介詞(1)by the year/hour/day 按年 /小時 /天,但 to the pound 按磅算,to the ton 按噸計。(2)表泛指的方式、手段 :by post,by telephone(radio),但 on the phone/on the radio/on TV(電訊器材),by electricity , by hard work,learn sth.by heart,through the satellite,through practice,through his own efforts,thr

34、ough experience,through the telescope(3)交通工具類。另外:by means of用方法,by way of經(jīng)由,取道于,用 方法;with thehelp(permission)of sb./with sb.' s help(permiss前助下"?!?4)表方式、手段的其他用法。He beat the dog with a whip.(with+ 工具、機器)One smells with his nose.(with+ 人體器官,但 by hand 手工,用手”)He stood up with pride.(with+ 情緒、情感

35、、態(tài)度的名詞)注意:使用語言、材料、文字等用in。如in English(ink,pencil)。另外如:in high(good,low)spirits,in anger,in joy,in comfort,in sorrow,in safety,in danger,in need,in debt,in love,in fun,in pain,in tears,in surprise, in good(poor)health,in good order,in flower,in a way,in a low voice,in silence,in(with)satisfaction,in a

36、 hurry,in(with)words,live/feed on food,kneel on one' s:nee,take(catch)sb.by surprise(出其不意)6 .表示 除之外”的幾組常用介詞比較。(1)besides除一以外,(還有)作副詞時意思是而且,更何況”。如:It was too late to see a film,and besides,I was tired.(2)except除去,除之外(不再有)”。如:We all went except John.在否定句中,兩詞可以換用,如:He has no other hats except/besid

37、es this one.(3)except for除了(對句子主題進行細節(jié)校正或附加說明)“后接名詞、代詞或 what從句,此時與except that+句子意思相同。如:He was very clever except for carelessness.(4)except that 除了”一點以外“。如:He has not changed except that he is wearing dark glasses.(5)but和except在表示 除了 以外”時可以通用,但應(yīng)注意以下三點:前面有不定人詞、疑問代詞在意義上對稱時,多用 but 。 All but one are here

38、.Nobody but I likes making model ships. 后接不定式短語為排除對象時,多用but。He has nothing to do but wait.(前有do,后省to); but與一些固定結(jié)構(gòu)連用。have no choice but to do sth.只得做某事,can not but do sth.不得不,can not help but do sth.不得不,but for.如不是7 .介詞的省略:介詞 for 表示時間的省略要求。(1) 以 all 開頭的名詞短語, for 要省略。如:I stayed with her all the mornin

39、g.(2) 否定句中,表示時間的短語前的 for 不能省略。如:I haven t seen you for thirty yresa.(3) 時間狀語在主句之前, for 不能省略。如:For the whole morning,the old man kept reading.8 .某些名詞與介詞構(gòu)成的固定搭配。(1)要求接 to 的名詞有: key,answer,visit,entrance,apology,introduction,road 等。(2)要求接 in 的名詞有: interest,satisfaction,expert 等。He is expert in teaching

40、 small children.介詞的用法很繁雜,要在平時注意積累?!靖呖兼溄印?010 高考英語試題1 .(2010 高考英語上海秋季卷,30)In ancient times, people rarely travelled long distances and most farmers onlytravelled the local market.A. longer than B. more thanC. as much asD. as far as【解析】本題考查介詞詞組。根據(jù)動詞travel可判斷此處應(yīng)填關(guān)于路程的介詞詞組,本題即為as far as。as far as遠至U2 .(

41、2010 高考英語上海秋季卷 ,25)Sean has formed the habit of jogging the tree-lined avenue for two hours every day.A. betweenB. alongC. belowD. with【答棠】3【解析】考察介詞的用法,根據(jù)句意S亡已經(jīng)形成了每天沿著球蔭大道慢跑兩小時的習(xí)慣' 表示褶著時應(yīng)該選E.3.(2010高考英語重慶卷 ,22)The dictionary is what I want, but I don' t have enough money me.A. by B. for C. i

42、n D. with【答案】D【解析】考查介詞。I don ' t have enough money with m®思是我沒有隨身帶那么多錢。4 .(2010 高考英語北京卷,29)Would you mind not picking the flowers in the garden? They are everyone's enjoyment.A. inB. atC. forD. to【答案】C【解析】考察介詞。句意為:不要摘花園里的花好嗎?它們是供大家欣賞的?!贝颂幈硎灸康?,為了 ”的意思,故用介詞 for。5 .(2010 高考英語浙江卷,7)I guess

43、we ' ve already talked about this before but I' ll ask you again just _A . by nature B . in returnC. in case D. by chance【答案】C【解析】本題考查介詞短語。分析四個選項的意思:by nature天生地;in return作為回報,作為交換;in case萬一,以防;by chance偶然地。根據(jù)句意:我想我之前已經(jīng)跟你談?wù)撨^這件事,但是以防萬一,我再問你一次。6 .(2010 高考英語天津卷,13)My father warned me going to t

44、he West Coast because it was crowdedwith tourists.A. by B. on C. for D. against1答塞】D【解析】考查介詞0句意為:-我爸爸提醒我不要去西海岸因為那兒帶客太多,十分擁擠.飛am觸邛疝閾瑛doing或意為:警告提醒某人不要薇某事,固定搭配 故選D. 7.(2010高考英 語四川卷,5)Tired, Jim was fast asleep with his back a big tree.A. inB. below C. besideD. against【答案】D【解析】考查介詞。句意為:累了,吉姆背倚著樹,很快就睡著了

45、。"against此處意為:簡著,靠著below在的下方beside在的旁邊";in在的里面或時間 之后”。8 .(2010 高考英語上海春季卷 ,25)Were planning to send out a thousand invitations Expovolunteers.A . over B . in C. on D . to【答案】D【解析】考查介詞。語意:我們打算送1 000張邀請函給世博會志愿者。send sth to sb意為送某物給某人,據(jù)此選D項。9 .(2010 高考英語遼寧卷,31)I agree to his suggestion the con

46、dition that he drops all charges.A.by B.in C. on D. to【答案】C【解析】考查固定用法。語意為:我同意接受他的提議,條件是他撤銷全部的訴訟。on condition that與連詞if同義,表示 在條件下”,后接條件狀語從句。根據(jù)語意選C項。10 .(2010 高考英語江西卷 ,34)Nowadays some hospitals refer to patients name, not case number.A ofB asC byD with【答案】C【解析】考查介詞辨析。句意:如今有些醫(yī)院是以姓名來查閱患者的,而不是憑病例編號(去查詢的

47、)。by name按姓名.11 .(2010 高考英語江西卷 ,29)We give dogs time, space and love we c an spare, and, dogs give us their all.A in all B in factC in shortD in return【答案】口【解析】考查介詞短語.句意;我伍I抽出時間、空間和愛籍予狗,而狗回報給我們的則是它們的全部加al:總共,mfaa實際上,抽經(jīng)死茴而言之,作為報答12.(2010高考英語?胡d匕卷 ,30)It is illegal for a public official to ask people

48、for gifts or money favors to them.A. in preference to B. in place ofC. in agreement with D. in exchange for【答案】D.【解析】考查介詞短語的辨析。句意為:公務(wù)員向別人索要禮物或金錢以換取對他們的好處的做法是非法的。D項in exchange for交換,調(diào)換”在此與題意切合。A項in preference to表示 優(yōu)先于";B項in place of代替,取代C項in agreement with與”致,與相符”。13.(2010 高考英語福建卷,27)More and mo

49、re high-rise buildings have been built in big cities space.A. in search of B. in place of C. for lack of D. for fear of【答案】C【解析】考查介詞短語。句意為:因為缺少空間,越來越多的高層建筑在城市中被建造?!?A項意為尋找” ;B項意為 代替,替代”;C項意為 缺乏,短缺”;D項意為 擔(dān)心,害怕”。據(jù)句意可知,C項符 合。2009高考英語試題1. (09 福建) 23. -How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space!-It ' s a chall

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