大連海事大學(xué)船舶安全管理教案第一章

1、船舶安全與管理船舶安全與管理Maritime Safety Management Given By：卜仁祥第一章第一章 船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)安全概論船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)安全概論Introduction to Ship Operation Safety主要內(nèi)容content:l第一節(jié) 安全科學(xué)概論(Introduction to safety science)l第二節(jié) 船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(ship operation system)l第三節(jié) 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法(Approaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management )第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 安全科學(xué)概論安全科學(xué)概論(Int

2、roduction to safety science)l安全科學(xué)概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l事故致因理論(Accident-causing Theories)l事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasure Concept)安全科學(xué)概述安全科學(xué)概述(Summarization of Safety Science)l安全科學(xué)起源(safety science origination)l安全科學(xué)的基本要素結(jié)構(gòu)(basic element of safety science)安全科學(xué)起源安全科學(xué)起源安全的概念definition of saf

3、etylDefinition given by most dictionaries:The condition of being free from safe; undergoing or causing hurt ,injury or loss.lSafety professionals use :1. Safety is a quality of a system that allows the system to function under predetermined conditions with an acceptable minimum of accidental loss.2.

4、 Safety is a perceived quality that determine to what extent the management, engineering and operation of a system is free from of danger to life, property and environment.安全的概念(definition of safety)l字典：與危險(xiǎn)相對(duì)，沒(méi)有事故、傷害發(fā)生。l安全工作學(xué)者定義：系統(tǒng)本身決定遠(yuǎn)離危險(xiǎn)的程度的性質(zhì)lDifference of Safety & security:lSecurity: to prev

5、ent espionage, sabotage, attack or crime such as burglary or assault.lMaritime security is now an integral part of IMOs responsibilities. Personal opinions l危險(xiǎn)在一定條件下表現(xiàn)為事故和災(zāi)難，能否預(yù)測(cè)或避免取決于人的能力，并不是其本身性質(zhì)。l安全是與危險(xiǎn)相對(duì)的概念，是危險(xiǎn)處于可接受水平的狀態(tài)因此與人的心理狀態(tài)有關(guān)。l人的心理狀態(tài)與社會(huì)背景有關(guān)，因此，安全與否的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)因時(shí)因地而存在差異。l安全與經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)立統(tǒng)一安全科學(xué)起源安全科學(xué)起源安全工作的發(fā)展

6、development of safety sciencel隨社會(huì)生產(chǎn)的發(fā)展，安全工作由感性向理性發(fā)展，由事故學(xué)習(xí)和事故控制轉(zhuǎn)變成為以預(yù)控和過(guò)程控制為主的跨學(xué)科系統(tǒng)化的科學(xué)安全系統(tǒng)工程(safety system engineering)l即：亡羊補(bǔ)牢 未亡羊先補(bǔ)牢l安全科學(xué)八五期間成為國(guó)家一級(jí)學(xué)科basic element frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)environmentmachinemancontrol事故致因理論事故致因理論(Accident-causing Theories)l事故因果連鎖論(Domi

7、nos Accident Model or Casual Theory of Accident )l能量意外釋放理論(Accidental Energy Release Theory)l軌跡交叉理論(Orbit Intersecting Theory)l事故損失偶發(fā)性法則(Contingency Law of Accident Loss) Accident-causing Theories- Casual Theory of Accident l代表人物海因里希(W.H.Heinrich)l主要觀點(diǎn):事故發(fā)生是一系列事件相繼發(fā)生的結(jié)果安全要點(diǎn)在于中斷事故連鎖進(jìn)程Accident-causing

8、 Theories- Accidental Energy Release Theoryl主要觀點(diǎn)：事故是不正常、不希望的能量釋放l安全工作要點(diǎn)：控制能量釋放的量、途徑l應(yīng)用舉例：安全帽、靜電釋放、人造雪崩等Accident-causing Theories- Orbit Intersecting Theoryl主要觀點(diǎn)：人因與物因的軌跡交叉點(diǎn)就是事故發(fā)生的時(shí)間與空間。l安全工作要點(diǎn)：避免人不安全行為與物不安全狀態(tài)同時(shí)同地出現(xiàn)l應(yīng)用舉例：沖壓機(jī)保護(hù)開(kāi)關(guān)Accident-causing Theories- Contingency Law of Accident Lossl代表人物： W.H.Hei

9、nrichl主要觀點(diǎn)：事故與傷害程度之間存在偶然性的概率關(guān)系同一人的同種330起違章事件中，嚴(yán)重傷害、輕微傷害、沒(méi)有傷害的事件數(shù)比為：1：29：300事故控制觀事故控制觀(Accident-countermeasure Concept)l傳統(tǒng)(conventional)的事故控制觀：事后分析，得出事故原因和責(zé)任方，教育有關(guān)人員，落實(shí)整改措施,“三不放過(guò)”l較先進(jìn)(advanced)的事故控制觀：控制或消除事故原點(diǎn)(Accident Origin)、觸發(fā)能量l科學(xué)的(scientific)事故控制觀：將安全工作分為：預(yù)測(cè)、預(yù)防、監(jiān)測(cè)、應(yīng)急4個(gè)階段Predetermination Preventi

10、on-Inspection-Emergency第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(ship operation system)lbasic element frame of safety science(Man-Machine-Environment-Control)lSafety element frame of ship operation system :船員、船舶及貨物、環(huán)境、公司（管理）Seafarers-Ship&Cargo-Environment-Company(Management) 船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)(ship operation system)海上船舶運(yùn)輸

11、的主要特點(diǎn)：l運(yùn)量大，低成本l高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)l國(guó)際性 Ship Operation System- Ship&Cargo ElementlShipcomplicated systemAccident：collision,grounding,capsizing,fire&explosion,etc.lCargo種類(lèi)繁多，涉及人、船舶、環(huán)境安全Ship Operation Systemgeneral situationlWorld Tonnage : approx 400，000，000(1990)lShip amount： about 80，000lAccident frequency：

12、 approx 1,000 per yearlTotal loss rate：approx100300 ships or 0.20.4 per yearlLoss of life：approx 1000 lives were lost in accidents at sea each year Ship Operation System- Environment ElementlNatural or artificial harbor, fairway,anchorage,quay.lnavigation mark;buoy;aids to navigation;signal lightlRe

13、gulations or rulesShip Operation System-Seafarer elementl船員是船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)系統(tǒng)中最能動(dòng)的因素l船員編制特點(diǎn)：人數(shù)較少、各司其職lSTCW公約(International Convention on Standards of Training,Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers) 職能發(fā)證l船員分為：管理、操作、支持三個(gè)級(jí)別。Ship Operation System-Seafarer elementlStatistic study showed:80 percent marine acc

14、idents were caused by human factor 國(guó)際公認(rèn)的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)論：80%的海事由人為因素造成的海事由人為因素造成grounding：90：Fire & explosion：70：Collision ：96：contact:70%。人為因素：人為因素：human factor, human element, human errorWho should be blamed?Ship Operation SystemCompany Elementl人為因素責(zé)任主要在于船公司的船上和岸上管理l船公司是船舶安全管理的重要環(huán)節(jié)l重視公司的安全管理已成為國(guó)際海事界控制海事

15、的重要途徑第三節(jié)第三節(jié) 船舶安全管理的途徑和方法船舶安全管理的途徑和方法lApproaches and techniques of Maritime Safety Management l主要內(nèi)容：船舶安全管理概述(Introduction of Maritime Safety Management )船舶安全管理的途徑(a safety net or system will be introduced)船舶安全管理的主要方法(Approaches & techniques)船舶安全管理船舶安全管理(Maritime Safety Management )概述概述l學(xué)科領(lǐng)域：安全科學(xué)(

16、safety science)l具體問(wèn)題：船舶安全(safety&security,pollution)l知識(shí)體系：現(xiàn)代管理理論船舶安全管理即對(duì)船舶安全的控制(control)Safety Management -Objectiveslto ensure safety at sea, prevention of human injury or loss of life, and avoidance of damage to the environment, in particular to the marine environment and to property.l保護(hù)海上人命財(cái)產(chǎn)

17、安全，保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境，使“航行更安全，海洋更清潔l safer shipping and cleaner oceansSafety Management -Objectives of the CompanylInternational Safety Management (ISM) Code Requires: safety management-Objectives of the Company should, inter alia:l1 provide for safe practices in ship operation and a safe working environment;l2

18、 establish safeguards against all identified risks; andl3 continuously improve safety management skills of personnel ashore and aboard ships, including preparing for emergencies related both to safety and environmental protection.船舶安全管理的要求：船舶安全管理的要求：l即公司的船舶安全管理目標(biāo)：1、提供船舶營(yíng)運(yùn)的安全做法和安全工作環(huán)境；2、標(biāo)識(shí)一切可能的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，制定防

19、范措施并保證其有效性；3、不斷提高岸上及船上人員的安全管理技能，包括安全及環(huán)境保護(hù)方面的應(yīng)急準(zhǔn)備船舶安全管理的途徑船舶安全管理的途徑: safety net lAn international Maritime Safety Management system:Asafety net IM O Industry Assoc iation(org.) Port State Flag State Class Soc iety Com pany Ship International Maritime Organizationlto provide an international standard

20、for the safe management and operation of ships and for pollution preventionlDocumentation: Convention; Protocol; Code; Resolution; Circular.linstitution:Assembly:(held biyearly,adopt resolutions; amend conventions or codes, etc)Council:(MSC)maritime safety council; MEPC;LEG;TC;FAL;IMO ConventionslCo

21、nvention ListMaritime sfetyMarine pollutionLiability and compensationOther subjectslclassical (or positive) acceptance procedure ltacit or passive acceptance procedure IMO Conventions-Maritime safetyInternational Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 1974International Convention on Load

22、Lines (LL), 1966Special Trade Passenger Ships Agreement (STP), 1971Protocol on Space Requirements for Special Trade Passenger Ships, 1973Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREG), 1972International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC), 1972IMO Conventions-

23、Maritime safetyConvention on the International Maritime Satellite Organization (INMARSAT), 1976 The Torremolinos International Convention for the Safety of Fishing Vessels (SFV), 1977 International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW), 1978Internat

24、ional Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Fishing Vessel Personnel (STCW-F), 1995International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 1979IMO Conventions-Marine pollutionInternational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modifie

25、d by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL 73/78)International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties (INTERVENTION), 1969Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (LDC), 1972IMO Conventions-Marin

26、e pollutionInternational Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation (OPRC), 1990Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 (HNS Protocol)International Convention on the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling

27、Systems on Ships (AFS), 2001International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships Ballast Water and Sediments, 2004IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage (CLC), 1969International Convention on the Establishment of an

28、International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage (FUND), 1971Convention relating to Civil Liability in the Field of Maritime Carriage of Nuclear Material (NUCLEAR), 1971IMO Conventions-Liability and compensationAthens Convention relating to the Carriage of Passengers and their Luggage by

29、 Sea (PAL), 1974Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims (LLMC), 1976International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (HNS), 1996International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pol

30、lution Damage, 2001 IMO Conventions-Other subjectsConvention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic (FAL), 1965International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships (TONNAGE), 1969Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation (SUA), 1988Inter

31、national Convention on Salvage (SALVAGE), 1989 國(guó)際海事組織：國(guó)際海事組織：l宗旨與任務(wù)：就有關(guān)航運(yùn)貿(mào)易有關(guān)問(wèn)題提供國(guó)際合作以及統(tǒng)一準(zhǔn)則。l文件：公約；議定書(shū)；規(guī)則；決議；通函。l機(jī)構(gòu)：IMO大會(huì)； 常設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)：海安會(huì)等。船旗國(guó)（船旗國(guó)（Flag State)l主管機(jī)關(guān)（Administration means the Government of the State whose flag the ship is entitled to fly. )l我國(guó)海事局(Bureau of Maritime Safety Administration )(原港

32、務(wù)監(jiān)督局Harbor Superintendence Administration ) 主管：船舶登記與檢驗(yàn)；船員培訓(xùn)與發(fā)證；船舶航行安全；交通環(huán)境安全等航運(yùn)有關(guān)事物。lFlag of ConveniencePort State Control(PSC)lPort State Control (PSC) is the inspection of foreign ships in national ports to verify that the condition of the ship and its equipment comply with the requirements of int

33、ernational regulations and that the ship is manned and operated in compliance with these rules. l港口國(guó)監(jiān)控是：港口國(guó)政府對(duì)抵港外輪實(shí)施，以船員、船舶技術(shù)狀況及操作為檢查對(duì)象，以安全（保安）和防污染為目的一種監(jiān)督與控制。Port State Control(PSC)lMany of IMOs most important technical conventions contain provisions for ships to be inspected when they visit foreign

34、 ports to ensure that they meet IMO requirements. Port State Control(PSC)lThese inspections were originally intended to be a back up to flag State implementation, but experience has shown that they can be extremely effective, especially if organized on a regional basis. A ship going to a port in one

35、 country will normally visit other countries in the region before embarking on its return voyage and it is to everybodys advantage if inspections can be closely co-ordinated. Port State Control(PSC)lThe primary responsibility for ships standards rests with the flag State - but port State control pro

36、vides a safety net to catch substandard ships. lDeficiencies which jeopardize the safety(of the vessel,persons, the port or the environment) and a large number of small deficiencies may lead to a detention.Port State Control(PSC)lDetention always means a severe loss to the owner.lBeing listed on the

37、 black list means a disrepute.lShips Identification NumberlIMO Company NumberClassification Societyl民間商業(yè)性質(zhì)l從事:船級(jí)檢驗(yàn)簽發(fā)船級(jí)證書(shū)(Certificate of Class)經(jīng)主管機(jī)關(guān)授權(quán)的強(qiáng)制檢驗(yàn)(Mandatory Survey)（主管機(jī)關(guān)簽發(fā)相應(yīng)證書(shū)Certificates)公證檢驗(yàn)(Notarization Survey)Classification Society-IACSlInternational Association of Classification SocietylMembers:CCS(China Classification Society)；ABS(American bureau of Shipping)；BV; DNV; GL; KR; LR;NK; PRS; RINA;RS.Maritime Industry Organizationslnon-governmental organization ，不受公約約束，為了商業(yè)目的，與IMO良好合作。l例：ICS;ISF; IMPA; INSA; ISU; P&I; ISMA;lIACS, 特殊性。Shipping Compan