《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家》英國(guó)`期末整理

1、The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical location （英吉利海峽）（多佛爾海峽）(to its south.2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：上帝保佑女王（男性君主為） National Flower：3、Area and population 4、British Commonwealth (1931 P9 (expressing in English Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an assoc

2、iation comprising the United Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in

3、 1931. Among the members of the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth as their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others.英聯(lián)邦(Commonwealth of Nations，是以英國(guó)為主導(dǎo)的國(guó)家聯(lián)合體，由英國(guó)及其自治領(lǐng)和其他已獨(dú)立的前殖民

4、地、附屬國(guó)組成，由54個(gè)主權(quán)國(guó)家（含屬地）所組成，成員大多為前大英帝國(guó)的殖民地或附屬國(guó)。各自治領(lǐng)地地位平等，彼此的內(nèi)政和外交完全獨(dú)立；共同效忠于英王，皆為自由結(jié)合的英聯(lián)邦的成員。該組織元首為英國(guó)女王伊麗莎白二世，同時(shí)身兼英聯(lián)邦王國(guó)內(nèi)的16國(guó)的國(guó)家元首。英聯(lián)邦成員國(guó)及其附屬國(guó)占據(jù)了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口。成員國(guó)在許多領(lǐng)域進(jìn)行商討和合作，包括貿(mào)易、金融、國(guó)防、教育、技術(shù)、科研、法律、醫(yī)藥和農(nóng)業(yè)。英聯(lián)邦不是一個(gè)國(guó)家，而是一個(gè)松散的組織。英聯(lián)邦是英國(guó)對(duì)聯(lián)邦其他成員國(guó)在政治、軍事、財(cái)政經(jīng)濟(jì)和文化上施加影響的組織。5、Capital city London （白金漢宮，英國(guó)皇宮）, Palac

5、e of Westminster/ House of parliament（國(guó)會(huì)大廈）, Downing street（唐寧街）New York museum （大英博物館） 金融城suburbs and part of the countryside around London, is divided into 32 boroughs 區(qū)，自治市鎮(zhèn)，城區(qū).6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River（泰晤士河）Tower Bridge（倫敦塔橋） （威斯敏斯特宮/國(guó)會(huì)大廈）威斯敏斯特宮（Palace of Westminster），又稱國(guó)會(huì)大廈（Ho

6、uses of Parliament）是英國(guó)國(guó)會(huì)（包括上議院和下議院）的所在地。威斯敏斯特宮是哥德復(fù)興式建筑的代表作之一。 （威斯敏斯特教堂）Political significance：Commemoratory significance：（詩(shī)人之角）Swiss Re Tower（瑞士再保險(xiǎn)塔）London Eye（倫敦眼）Millennium Bridge（千禧橋）Greenwich observatory（格林威治天文臺(tái)）Canary Wharf（金絲雀碼頭）Millennium Dome（千年穹頂）St Pauls Cathedral（圣保羅大教堂）London Tower（倫敦塔）C

7、anary Wharf Tower（金絲雀碼頭塔）One Canada Square第一加拿大廣場(chǎng)HSBC Tower匯豐銀行塔8 Canada Square第八加拿大廣場(chǎng)Citigroup Centre 花旗集團(tuán)中心Buckingham Palace（白金漢宮）the residence of the queen（女王住處）7、 Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography （地形） 9、Filling in the blanks1）The British Isles a geographic term which include

8、s two large islands, and 2）3）4）The UK is made up of and Northern Ireland is made up of 5）Three termsBritish Isles（不列顛群島）：Britain ：Great Britain： 11、Rivers & Lakes洛蒙德湖）, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & WeatherChangeabl

9、e Mild temperature Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate（中緯海洋性氣候）a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot;b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year;c. Small range of temperature.2. Factors（季節(jié)性的）differences by heating up the land in wint

10、er and cooling it off in summer;blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;, which is a warm current, passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfalla. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall thr

11、oughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm;b. Character: Water surplus in north and west; Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs （水庫(kù)）have to be built in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands（蘇格蘭高地）.Step2 History

12、 of the United Kingdom13、A brief timeline of British history0. Early history史前43A.D.1. Roman years 羅馬人占領(lǐng)時(shí)期：55BC410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格魯 Britain與Danish invasion丹麥統(tǒng)治時(shí)期：449年1066年3. Norman Britain 諾曼底王朝4. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 蘭開(kāi)斯特王朝

13、 Britain6. House of York 約克王朝146114857. House of Tudors都鐸王朝14851603Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯圖亞特王朝 16031714British Bourgeois Revolution9.House of Hanover漢諾威王朝17141917Industrial revolutionVictorian BritainWorld War One10.House of Windsor溫莎王朝1917World War Two14、（英國(guó)土著居民是利比亞人）15、（諾曼底入侵

14、是歷史上最后一次外族入侵）16、1. 什么是諾曼底征服（封建社會(huì)的開(kāi)始）？（位于法國(guó)西北部）（黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役）4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first king of England.5. SignificanceIt is of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.（要塞，堡壘）which demonstrated his power and dominated the

15、 city of London.17、1. Henry在位期間三大事件：在位國(guó)王: Henry三大事件：Henry founded the Plantagenet Dynasty;The jury of 12 sworn men system（12人陪審團(tuán)制度）were introduced;The royal/common law（普遍法）replaced the feudal law（封建法）.2. King John and The Great CharterKing John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in

16、1204.The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215.This document is known as The Great Charter (also named Magna Carta, later regarded as the Contents ：（略看）no tax should be made without the approval of the councilno freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by t

17、he law of the landIf the king attempted to free himself from law, the vassals（封臣）had the right to force the king to obey it.Significance ：（略看）significance.It granted to the towns people The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of Parlia

18、mentHenry (son of King John heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes（貢品） to the Pope（羅馬教皇）to defeat the lords.Simon de Montfort（蒙特福德爵士）, defender（守護(hù)者）of the Great Charter, reformed the （郡，縣）and two representatives each town（城鎮(zhèn)）.It （上議院）. The Earliest English Parliament （All Estates Parliament各等級(jí)議會(huì)）wa

19、s summoned in 1265 （捕獲，俘虜）of Henry .4. sum moned the All Estates Parliament more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the （模范國(guó)會(huì)）.18、Hundred Years War（百年戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)）A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won e

20、ventually. It was the longest war in the world. (1337-145319、The Black Death（黑死病）P21名詞解釋th 1348 -1350/ in mid-14th centuryCause: the deadly bubonic plague（鼠疫）Consequence disease. 20、Wat Tylers Uprising (1381 （瓦特泰勒起義） （農(nóng)奴制）in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses (14551485 （玫瑰之戰(zhàn)）The name Wars of the

21、Roses has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York. The Wars of the Roses (14551485 were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster (feudal landowner and the House of

22、 York (commercial-minded. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing descent from King Edward .（金雀花王朝的兩分支蘭開(kāi)斯特&約克為爭(zhēng)奪王位，均為愛(ài)德華三世 的后裔） It marked the ending of the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world. 22、Religious reformation Immediate cause: Henry s d

23、ivorce(Henry was not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess. Henrys elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant （好斗的） Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen to restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British history and the means that she used to pursue

24、her aims earned her the nickname bloody Mary（血腥瑪 麗）. Elizabeth（伊麗莎白一世）(7 September 1533 24 March 1603 was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death（在位時(shí)間）. She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin Queen The British colony Virginia was named for her honor.

25、Elizabeths reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history. The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon. The Golden Age（Elizabeth為什么好？） Under Elizabeths rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts. The English navy

26、defeated the Spanish Armada（西班牙無(wú)敵艦隊(duì)）. During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virgin Queen. In government, Elizabeth was more moder

27、ate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: I see, and say nothing. 我已經(jīng)嫁給了英格蘭。我是婦道人家，但我有囊括四 海的帝王胸懷，一個(gè)英格蘭國(guó)王所應(yīng)該有的胸懷。伊麗莎白一世 23、The Glorious Revolution (1688 什么是光榮革命？ The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, an

28、d his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament. By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become Englands first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs（保守黨和自由黨）. 24、The Indust

29、ry revolution took place mainly in England. The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry. Advantages for industrial revolution: 1. peace at home 2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions 3. surplus labor 5 4. increasing demand in the market 25、Victorian Britain Que

30、en Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901 Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world（日不落帝國(guó)）. From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the Liberal Party.(1900-1906 Charles Darwins（達(dá)爾文）on the Origin of Species（物種起源）was published in 1859. By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had bee

31、n constructed. The London Underground was the worlds first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863. In 1882, incandescent electric lights（白熾燈）were introduced to London streets. The Opium War started.（鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)） 26、British Empire（大英帝國(guó)） The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundl

32、and（紐芬蘭）in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.（兩次世界大戰(zhàn)后英受挫，雖為戰(zhàn)勝國(guó)） 27、Major events in the two World Wars Women staged a movement that led to a limited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928. Step3 British Government and Politics 28、British Constitution i

33、s mainly made up of: Statutory Law Common Law/ Judge-made law Conventions 成文法 判例法 習(xí)慣法 Constitution features 1. No written form 2. Changes in constitution can be more easily 3. Constitutional monarchy（君主立憲制） 4. Parliamentary sovereign（議會(huì)制） 5. Representative democracy（代表共和制度） 6. The rule of law 29、The

34、 monarchy（君主制）(King/ Queen/ Crown The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule; the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers; the monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet; serves as head of the judiciary, comman

35、der in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland; gives the royal assent（御準(zhǔn)）to bills before they become law; presides over the State Opening of Parliament; has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review

36、 all important government documents; regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affairs; also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest. 30、Gove

37、rnment 6 The Legislature The Executive The Judiciary 立法機(jī)構(gòu) 行政機(jī)構(gòu) 司法機(jī)構(gòu) Basic Structure of UK Central Government： 31、The Legislature（立法機(jī)構(gòu)） The parliament is the Britains supreme legislature. It has the power to make, unmake, or change any law. Besides, it determines the revenue and expenditures of the g

38、overnment. Parliament King or Queen the House of Lords（上議院） the House of Commons（下議院） Functions of Parliament The maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister.（最長(zhǎng)任期五年） 1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.; 2. votes the taxati

39、on and expenditures of the gov.; 3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration; 4. debates the major issues of the day. 32、The House of Lords The House of Lords 33、The hereditary Peers Duke Marquis Earl Viscount Baron 公爵 侯爵 伯爵 子爵 男爵 the Lords Spiritual （上議院神職議員） Lords Temporal（上議院世俗

40、議員） 34、The House of Lords Head: Lord Chancellor（上議院院長(zhǎng)/大法官） Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking. The House of Commons Head: The speaker of the Lower house（下議院議長(zhǎng)） Three main functions of the house of commons: to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;

41、 to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government; to influence the future government policy. 35、The Executive（立法機(jī)構(gòu)） 7 Components: The Cabinet（內(nèi)閣）is composed of the heads of the most important departments. It is the Prime Minister（首相）who decides which minister will be included. Functions: as the nucleus of the government, performs a pivotal（關(guān)鍵的）role in the English government. Most of the important bills under the debate in the Parliament originate in the Cabinet. It controls a majority of the seats in Parli