《英語國家概況》英國`期末整理

1、The United KingdomStep1 The Country & People1、Geographical locationThe UK is an island country.The UK is located in the northwestern Europe.The UK is a country of island surrounded by North sea (to its east), Atlantic ocean (to its north), Irish sea (to its west and between Great Britain and Ire

2、land), English Channel（英吉利海峽）and Strait of Dover（多佛爾海峽）(to its south).2、Common-sense knowledgeNational Anthem：上帝保佑女王"god save the queen"（男性君主為"god save the king"）National Flower：RoseThe Capital: London3、Area and populationArea: 244, 820 sqkmPopulation: 60.9 million(2008) The most

3、 densely populated area: England (84%) The least densely populated area: Scotland The least populated area: Northern Ireland (less than 3%)4、British Commonwealth (1931) P9 (expressing in English)British Commonwealth Also known as the Commonwealth of Nations, it is an association comprising the Unite

4、d Kingdom and fifty or so former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown, including Canada, Australia, India, and many countries in the West Indies and Africa. It was formally established by the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Among the members of

5、 the Commonwealth, sixteen sovereign states separately recognize Queen Elizabeth as their monarch and are named the Commonwealth Realms. It includes the UK itself, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, among others. 英聯(lián)邦(Commonwealth of Nations)，是以英國為主導的國家聯(lián)合體，由英國及其自治領和其他已獨立的前殖民地、附屬國組成，由54個主權國家（含屬地）所組成，

6、成員大多為前大英帝國的殖民地或附屬國。各自治領地地位平等，彼此的內政和外交完全獨立；共同效忠于英王，皆為自由結合的英聯(lián)邦的成員。該組織元首為英國女王伊麗莎白二世，同時身兼英聯(lián)邦王國內的16國的國家元首。 英聯(lián)邦成員國及其附屬國占據(jù)了全球五分之一的土地及四分之一的人口。成員國在許多領域進行商討和合作，包括貿易、金融、國防、教育、技術、科研、法律、醫(yī)藥和農(nóng)業(yè)。英聯(lián)邦不是一個國家，而是一個松散的組織。 英聯(lián)邦是英國對聯(lián)邦其他成員國在政治、軍事、財政經(jīng)濟和文化上施加影響的組織。5、Capital city LondonLondon is in the Southeast of the nation a

7、nd is situated on the Thames River near its mouth.London is the largest city and largest port in the UK.The political center: Buckingham palace（白金漢宮，英國皇宮）, Palace of Westminster/ House of parliament（國會大廈）, Downing street（唐寧街）The financial center: One of the three major international financial center

8、s in the world. (Paris and New York)The heart of arts and culture: The University of London (the largest university in the UK), British museum（大英博物館）City of Fog（霧都）London is divided into the City of London (金融城) and the County of London ( includes all the suburbs and part of the countryside around L

9、ondon, is divided into 32 boroughs 區(qū)，自治市鎮(zhèn)，城區(qū)).6、Tourist Attractions in LondonThames River（泰晤士河）Tower Bridge（倫敦塔橋）Palace of Westminster/House of parliament（威斯敏斯特宮/國會大廈）威斯敏斯特宮（Palace of Westminster），又稱國會大廈（Houses of Parliament）是英國國會（包括上議院和下議院）的所在地。威斯敏斯特宮是哥德復興式建筑的代表作之一。Westminster Abbey（威斯敏斯特教堂）Politic

10、al significance：Royal wedding ceremony & Royal tombCommemoratory significance：Tombs of many famous people “Poets corner”（詩人之角）Who was the first literary figure buried here? -Chaucer (father of English history)Who was the last royal family member buried here? -Diana (Rose of England)In the right

11、picture, whose tomb is it? -NewtonWho built it? -Edward the confessor（懺悔者）Swiss Re Tower（瑞士再保險塔）London Eye（倫敦眼）Millennium Bridge（千禧橋）Greenwich observatory（格林威治天文臺）Canary Wharf（金絲雀碼頭）Millennium Dome（千年穹頂）St Pauls Cathedral（圣保羅大教堂）London Tower（倫敦塔）Canary Wharf Tower（金絲雀碼頭塔）One Canada Square第一加拿大廣場HSBC

12、 Tower匯豐銀行塔 8 Canada Square第八加拿大廣場Citigroup Centre 花旗集團中心Buckingham Palace（白金漢宮）the residence of the queen（女王住處）7、Different names for Britain and its parts8、Topography（地形） Rising in North-West cause highlands there; Sinking in South-East cause lowlands.9、Filling in the blanks1）The British Isles a ge

13、ographic term which includes two large islands, Great Britain and Ireland island, and 5,000 small islands.2）Great Britain comprises only England , Scotland and Wales.3）Ireland island includes Northern Ireland and southern Ireland. Northern Ireland is a part of the UK, while southern Ireland became a

14、n independent country Republic of Ireland.4）The UK is made up of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland is made up of England, Scotland and Wales.5）Three termsBritish Isles（不列顛群島）：Two large islands and hundreds of small onesBritain：Great Britain and Northern IrelandGreat Britain：Englan

15、d, Wales and Scotland10、Terms & Capitals & FeaturesTermCapitalFeaturesEnglandLondonThe most populous and densely populated area（人口密度最大，人口最多）ScotlandEdinburgh愛丁堡its population density is the lowest（人口密度最?。￤alesCardiff加的夫Northern IrelandBelfast貝爾法斯特The least populous（人口最少）11、Rivers & Lakes

16、 The longest river: the Severn（塞汶河）The 2nd but most important river: Thames（泰晤士河）The largest lake in the UK: Lough Neagh（內伊湖，英國最大的淡水湖）Lough Lomond（洛蒙德湖）, on the southwestern edge of the High-lands of Scotland, is the largest on the island of Great Britain.12、Climate & WeatherChangeable Mild temp

17、erature Abundant rain fall1. mid-latitude oceanic climate（中緯海洋性氣候）a. Favorable one, winters are mild not too cold and summers are cool not too hot; b. Steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year; c. Small range of temperature. 2. Factors a. The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal（

18、季節(jié)性的）differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer; b. The Westerlies（盛行西風帶）blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;c. The North Atlantic Drift（北大西洋暖流）, which is a warm current, passes the western

19、coast of the British Isles and warms them.3. Rainfall a. General: Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm; b. Character: Water surplus in north and west; Water deficit in south and east;c. Reservoirs（水庫）have to be buil

20、t in highland areas such as Central Wales, the Lake District and the Scottish Highlands（蘇格蘭高地）. Step2 History of the United Kingdom13、A brief timeline of British history0. Early history史前43A.D.1. Roman years 羅馬人占領時期：55BC410AD Early2. Anglo-Saxon Britain and Anglo-Saxon Heptarch盎格魯撒克遜時期 Britain與Danis

21、h invasion丹麥統(tǒng)治時期：449年1066年 3. Norman Britain 諾曼底王朝10661154 4. House of Plantagenet 雀花王朝11541399 Medieval5. House of Lancaster 蘭開斯特王朝13991461 Britain6. House of York 約克王朝14611485 7. House of Tudors都鐸王朝14851603 Religious reformation8. The House of Stuart斯圖亞特王朝 16031714 British Bourgeois Revolution9.Ho

22、use of Hanover漢諾威王朝17141917 Industrial revolution Victorian Britain World War One10.House of Windsor溫莎王朝1917 World War Two14、The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were Iberian.（英國土著居民是利比亞人）15、The Normans were the last invaders in history to conquer the British Isles.（諾曼底入侵是歷史上最后一次外族入侵）16、

23、1.什么是諾曼底征服（封建社會的開始）？When Edward the confessor died in 1066 without a male heir, Harold claimed the throne, but 3 days later, Duke of Normandy, William, crossed the Channel, killed Harold and defeated the English army at the battle of Hastings. Weeks later, he was crowned as William at Westminster Ab

24、bey in London on Christmas Day 1066.2. William, duke of Normandy (Northwest of France, close to British Channel)（位于法國西北部）3. The Battle of Hastings（黑斯廷斯戰(zhàn)役）4. FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William, the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.5. SignificanceIt is the last invasion o

25、f England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.6. In 1067, William started building the Tower of London, the great fortress （要塞，堡壘）which demonstrated his power and dominated the city of London.17、1. Henry在位期間三大事件： 在位國王: Henry三大事件：Henryfounded the Plantagenet Dynasty;Th

26、e jury of 12 sworn men system（12人陪審團制度）were introduced;The royal/common law（普遍法）replaced the feudal law（封建法）.2. King John and “The Great Charter”King John was defeated in a war with France and lost Normandy in 1204. The lords got angry and forced him to sign a long document on June 17th, 1215. This

27、document is known as The Great Charter (also named Magna Carta), later regarded as the basis of the modern English constitution.Contents：（略看）no tax should be made without the approval of the councilno freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the landIf the king attempted to free

28、 himself from law, the vassals（封臣）had the right to force the king to obey it.Significance：（略看）The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords, great and small. It had a progress significance. It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government. The merchants and crafts

29、men in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.3. Beginning of ParliamentHenry (son of King John) heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes（貢品） to the Pope（羅馬教皇）to defeat the lords.Simon de Montfort（蒙特福德爵士）, defender（守護者）of the Great Charter, reformed the Great Council with two kn

30、ights each county（郡，縣）and two representatives each town（城鎮(zhèn)）.It later developed into the House of Lords（上議院）and the House of Commons（下議院）. The Earliest English Parliament （All Estates Parliament各等級議會）was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture（捕獲，俘虜）of Henry .4. In 1295, King Edward summone

31、d the “All Estates Parliament” more than 400 hundred members in all. As that parliament was followed as a model, it became known in history as the “Model Parliament（模范國會）”.18、Hundred Years War（百年戰(zhàn)爭）A series of war waged from 1337 to 1453 by France and England. France won eventually.It was the longes

32、t war in the world. (1337-1453)19、The Black Death（黑死?。㏄21名詞解釋Black Death Also known as the Black Plague, it was a devastating pandemic that first struck Europe in the mid-14th century, killing between a third and two-thirds of Europes population, including about one-third of Englands population.1348

33、 -1350/ in mid-14th centuryCause: the deadly bubonic plague（鼠疫）Consequence-The lords was in shortage of the labor (about one half of the population in England died of this disease).-Wage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.20、Wat Tyler's Uprising (1381) （瓦特泰勒起義）It marked the beginnin

34、g of the end of Serfdom（農(nóng)奴制）in medieval England.21、Wars of the Roses (14551485)（玫瑰之戰(zhàn)）The name "Wars of the Roses" has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses, the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York. The Wars of the Roses (14551485) were a series of civi

35、l wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster (feudal landowner) and the House of York (commercial-minded). Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house, tracing descent from King Edward .（金雀花王朝的兩分支蘭開斯特&約克為爭奪王位，均為愛德華三世的后裔）It marked the ending of

36、 the Middle Ages in European history and the beginning of modern world.22、Religious reformationImmediate cause: Henry s divorce(Henry was not permitted to divorce Catherine, a Spanish princess.)Henry's elder daughter Mary was a Catholic and a militant（好斗的）Catholic at that. Her efforts as queen t

37、o restore Catholicism to England made her the most unpopular queen in British historyand the means that she used to pursue her aims earned her the nickname "bloody Mary"（血腥瑪麗）. Elizabeth（伊麗莎白一世）(7 September 1533 24 March 1603) was Queen of England and Queen of Ireland from 17 November 1558

38、 until her death（在位時間）. She is the greatest Queen in Britain and the Virgin QueenThe British colony Virginia was named for her honor. Elizabeth's reign brought in one of the most glorious eras of British history. The Arts flourished, this was the age of Shakespeare and Bacon. The Golden Age（Eliz

39、abeth為什么好？）Under Elizabeth's rule, England advanced in such areas as foreign trade, exploration, literature and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada（西班牙無敵艦隊）. During her reign, the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England a

40、nd introducing new materials and foods. The American State, Virginia, is named after the virgin Queen.In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings. One of her mottoes was video et taceo: "I see, and say nothing". 我已經(jīng)嫁給了英格蘭。我是婦道人家，但我有囊括四海的帝王胸懷，一個英格蘭國王所應該有的胸懷。伊麗莎白一

41、世23、The “Glorious Revolution” (1688)什么是“光榮革命”？The revolution was glorious because it was bloodless. Prince William of Orange, ruler of the Netherlands, and his wife Mary accepted the invitation to become king and queen. It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament

42、.By that time, the Cavaliers and Roundheads had settled down to become Englands first political parties: the Tories and the Whigs（保守黨和自由黨）. 24、The Industry revolution took place mainly in England.The Industrial Revolution began in the age-old wooltextile industry.Advantages for industrial revolution

43、:1. peace at home2. a climate that encouraged inventors and inventions3. surplus labor4. increasing demand in the market25、Victorian BritainQueen Victoria (reigned 1837 - 1901)Britain became the most powerful and richest country in the world（日不落帝國）.From the late 1850s onwards, the Whigs became the L

44、iberal Party.(1900-1906)Charles Darwin's（達爾文）on the Origin of Species（物種起源）was published in 1859.By 1850, a nation-wide railway system had been constructed.The London Underground was the world's first underground railway with its first line opened in 1863.In 1882, incandescent electric light

45、s（白熾燈）were introduced to London streets.The Opium War started.（鴉片戰(zhàn)爭）26、British Empire（大英帝國）The British Empire began with the founding of Newfoundland（紐芬蘭）in 1583 and fell after the end of the Second World War.（兩次世界大戰(zhàn)后英受挫，雖為戰(zhàn)勝國）27、Major events in the two World WarsWomen staged a movement that led to

46、a limited voting franchise for them in 1918, and full equality with men in 1928.Step3 British Government and Politics28、British Constitution is mainly made up of:Statutory Law成文法Common Law/ Judge-made law判例法Conventions習慣法Constitution features1. No written form2. Changes in constitution can be more e

47、asily3. Constitutional monarchy（君主立憲制）4. Parliamentary sovereign（議會制）5. Representative democracy（代表共和制度）6. The rule of law29、The monarchy（君主制）(King/ Queen/ Crown)The monarchy is supposed to reign but not rule;the Crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing papers;t

48、he monarch formally summons and dismisses Parliament and the ministers of the Cabinet;serves as head of the judiciary, commander in chief of the armed forces, and Supreme Governor of the Church of England and the Church of Scotland;gives the royal assent（御準）to bills before they become law;presides o

49、ver the State Opening of Parliament;has the right to be informed and consulted on every aspect of national life and review all important government documents;regularly she chairs the Privy Council and meets with the Prime Minister in the Buckingham Palace to be advised and to advise about state affa

50、irs;also attends numerous artistic, industrial, scientific and charitable events of national and local interest.30、GovernmentThe Legislature立法機構The Executive行政機構The Judiciary司法機構Basic Structure of UK Central Government：31、The Legislature（立法機構）The parliament is the Britain's supreme legislature.

51、It has the power to make, unmake, or change any law. Besides, it determines the revenue and expenditures of the government.ParliamentKing or Queenthe House of Lords（上議院）the House of Commons（下議院）Functions of ParliamentThe maximum duration of Parliament is five years and is dissolved by the Crown on t

52、he advice of the Prime Minister.（最長任期五年）1. passes bills that are proposed by the gov.;2. votes the taxation and expenditures of the gov.;3. scrutinizes/examines government policies and administration;4. debates the major issues of the day.32、The House of LordsThe House of Lordsthe Lords Spiritual（上議

53、院神職議員）Lords Temporal（上議院世俗議員）33、The hereditary PeersDuke公爵Marquis侯爵Earl 伯爵Viscount子爵Baron男爵34、The House of LordsHead: Lord Chancellor（上議院院長/大法官）Main function: bring the wide experience of its members into the process of lawmaking.The House of Commons Head: The speaker of the Lower house（下議院議長）Three main functions of the house of commons: to pass laws, bills and acts of Parliament;to examine, criticize and restrain the actions of the government;to influence the future government p