綜合英語(yǔ)期末復(fù)習(xí)

1、2010下學(xué)期綜合英語(yǔ)期末總復(fù)習(xí)I.選詞填空(10%II.副介詞填空(10%III.詞綴IV.完型填空(10%閱讀(20%Section ASpidersSpiders can be distinguished from other Arachnids because the prosoma (combined head and thorax is only separated from the opisthosoma (abdomen by a narrow waist, in other Arachnids the whole body appears to be much more of

2、 a single unit. All spiders produce silk, but only some construct webs to catch their homes and to protect their eggs.All spiders possess poison glands but very few of them are dangerous to humans, of the 600 species in Britain only 12 (at least one of these is a recent human assisted colonist are s

3、trong enough to pierce the human skin, and apart from allergies, none are more dangerous than a common wasp. Most spiders have 8 eyes (though some have 6,4,2 or 0, as well as 8 legs. (By the way if you count the claws as separate leg section(which you shouldnt reallythen their legs have 8 parts as w

4、ell(coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, tarsus, metatarus, claws. There are more than 32,000 known species of spider in the world. No human being has ever been officially recorder as having died as the result of atarantulabite.All spiders are carnivorous and feed only on liquids, i.e. their pre

5、ys natural juices and the breakdown products of external digestion (meaning they spit, exude or inject digestive juices onto/into their prey and suck up the resulting soup. So why not invite some to your next social do?Whats In a NameThe word Arachnida comes from the Greek word Arachne, who was the

6、daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer by trade. Arachne herself was a weaver, the best in all the known world. However in a foolish moment she challenged Athene, the daughter of Zeus and goddess of, among other things, waving to a weaving competition. Arachne wove so perfect a cloth that sh

7、e tore it to shreds. Arachne became depressed after this and in the end she hung herself. Athene stirred to remorse at the knowledge of what her anger had wrought turned the rope Arachne had used to hang herself into a web and Arachne herself into a spider so that the beauty of herspinning should no

8、t be lost to the world ever again.The Great Household Spider SafariThere are just over six hundred different sorts of spiders in the British Isles. But of these only a handful are commonly found in houses. At the front of the head are a pair of what appear to be small legs. These are called palps an

9、d are used to guide food to the spiders mouth. The front of the head also has a group of six or eight eyes. On th e underside of the body at the rear, are four or six small conical bumps or cylinders. There are the spinnerets from which the spider produces the silk to make its webs. Telling male and

10、 female spiders apart is easily done by looking at their palps. Males have swollen ends to their palps which makes them look as if they are wearing boxing gloves, these are often strange shapes if looked at with a hand lens. Females have normal looking palps that are not swollen at the ends.The larg

11、est spider is the Goliath spider, the female of which grows to reach a leg span of ten inches. The largest spider in Britain is the Cardinal spider which is a close cousin of Tim Tegenaria. Females can achieve a leg span of four and a half inches. It is known as the Cardinal spider as it was common

12、in Hampton Court when Cardinal Wolsey lived there. The sight of these long legged spiders wandering around the palace at night used to frighten him. So far 32,000 different kinds of spider have been discovered from all over the world. Britain has 630 different kinds of spider of which 250 are tiny M

13、oney spiders. The smallest of which has a body less than one millimeter long.1. All the silk produced by spiders construct webs to catch their food.2. Not all the poison glands possessed by spiders are dangerous to human beings.3. Spiders often kill humans in Britain when they pierce human skin.4. A

14、fter seeing her enemy commits suicide, Arachne turned Athene into a spider.5. Tim Tegenaria spiders are closely related to tarantula spiders; both are found in Britain.6. So far 32,000 different kinds of spiders have been discovered from all over the world.7. Money spiders are the smallest spiders f

15、ound in the Arachnids family.8. There are more than known species of spider in the world.9.Telling male and female spiders apart is easily done by_.10.The largest spider is_.If it werent for nicotine(尼古丁,people wouldnt smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more than 4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke,nico

16、tine is the primary one that acts on the brain,altering peoples moods,appetites and alertness in ways they find pleasant and beneficial. Unfortunately,as it is widely known,nicotine has a dark side:it is highly addictive. Once smokers become hooked on it,they must get their fix of it regularly,somet

17、imes several dozen times a day. Cigarette smoke contains 43 known carcinogens,which means that long-term smoking can amount to a death sentence. In the US alone,420,000 Americans die every year from tobacco -related illnesses.Breaking nicotine addiction is not easy. Each year,nearly 35 million peopl

18、e make a concerted effort to quit smoking. Sadly,less than 7 percent succeed in abstaining for more than a year; most start smoking again within days. So what is nicotine and how does it insinuate itself into the smokers brain and very being?The nicotine found in tobacco is a potent drug and smokers

19、,and even some scientists,say it offers certain benefits. One is enhance performance. One study found that non-smokers given doses of nicotine typed about 5 percent faster than they did without it. To greater or lesser degrees,users also say nicotine helps them to maintain concentration,reduce anxie

20、ty,relieve pain,and even dampen their appetites (thus helping in weight control. Unfortunately,nicotine can also produce deleterious effects beyond addiction. At high doses,as are achieved from tobacco products,it can cause high blood pressure,distress in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems

21、 and an increase in susceptibility to seizures and hypothermia.First isolated as a compound in 1828,in its pure form nicotine is a clear liquid that turns brown when burned and smells like tobacco when exposed to air. It is found in several species of plants,including tobacco and,perhaps surprisingl

22、y,in tomatoes,potatoes,and eggplant (though in extremely low quantities that are pharmacologically insignificant for humansAs simple as it looks,the cigarette is highly engineered nicotine delivery device. For instance,when tobacco researchers found that much of the nicotine in a cigarette wasnt rel

23、eased when burned but rather remained chemically bound within the tobacco leaf,they began adding substances such as ammonia to cigarette tobacco to release more nicotine. Ammonia helps keep nicotine in its basic form,which is more readily vaporised by the intense heat of the burning cigarette than t

24、he acidic form. Most cigarettes for sale in the US today contain 10 milligrams or more of nicotine. By inhaling smoke from a lighted cigarette,the average smoker takes 1 or 2 milligrams of vaporised nicotine per cigarette. Today we know that only a miniscule amount of nicotine is needed to fuel addi

25、ction. Research shows that manufacturers would have to cut nicotine levels in a typical cigarette by 95% to forestall its power to addict. When a smoker puffs on a lighted cigarette,smoke,including vaporised nicotine,is drawn into the mouth. The skin and lining of the mouth immediately absorb some n

26、icotine, but the remainder flows straight down into the lungs,where it easily diffuses into the blood vessels lining the lung walls. The blood vessels carry the nicotine to the heart, which then pumps it directly to the brain. While most of the effects a smoker seeks occur in the brain,the heart tak

27、es a hit as well. Studies have shown that a smokers first cigarette of the day can increase his or her heart rate by 10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed snorted (such as cocaine powderor even injected. Indeed,a nico

28、tine molecule inhaled in smoke will reach the brain within 10 seconds. The nicotine travels through blood vessels,which branch out into capillaries within the brain.Capillaries normally carry nutrients but they readily accommodate nicotine molecules as well. Once inside the brain,nicotine,like most

29、addictive drugs, triggers the release of chemicals associated with euphoria and pleasure.Just as it moves rapidly from the lungs into the bloodstream,nicotine also easily diffuses through capillary walls. It then migrates to the spaces surrounding neurones ganglion cells that transmit nerve impulses

30、 throughout the nervous system. These impulses are the basis for our thoughts,feelings,and moods. To transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour,a neurone releases chemical messengers known as neurotransmitters. Like nicotine molecules,the neurotransmitters drift into the so-called synaptic space betwe

31、en neurones,ready to latch onto the receiving neurone and thus deliver a chemical “message”that triggers an electrical impulse.The neurotransmitters bind onto receptors on the surface of the recipient neurone. This opens channels in the cell surface through which enter ions,or charged atoms, of sodi

32、um. This generates a current across the membrane of the receiving cell,which completes delivery of the “message”。An accomplished mimic,nicotine competes with the neurotransmitters to bind to the receptors. It wins and,like the vanquished chemical,opens ion channels that let sodium ions into the cell

33、. But theres a lot more nicotine around than the original transmitter,so a much larger current spreads across the membrane. This bigger current causes increased electrical impulses to travel along certain neurones. With repeated smoking,the neurones adapt to this increased electrical activity,and th

34、e smoker becomes dependent on the nicotine. Questions 1 71. Although nicotine is probably the well-known chemical in cigarettes,it is not necessarily the one that changes the psyche of the smoker when cigarettes are smoked.2. In spite of the difficulties,according to the text more than thirty-five m

35、illion people a year give up smoking.3. It has been shown that nicotine in cigarettes can improve peoples abilities to perform some actions more quickly.4. Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers to inhale more nicotine.5. Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.6. Nico

36、tine dilates the blood vessels that carry it around the body.7. Nicotine molecules allow greater electrical charges to pass between neurones.Questions 8 -108. Cigarette companies would have to cut the nicotine content in cigarettes by _ to prevent them from being addictive.9. According to the passag

37、e, a cigarette can raise a smokers heart rate by _ a minute.10. In order to transmit nerve impulses to its neighbour,a neurone sends _ known as neurotransmitters.Sustainable Tourism and WTOUNEPs proposals on sustainable tourismBackground: A variety of groups and organizations have undertaken work on

38、 tourism, on its environmental effects and to a lesser extent on the implications of tourism for sustainable development. Some of these groups have presented guidancefor sustainable tourism based on their work. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP has surveyed those main proposed Principles

39、for Implementation of Sustainable Tourism. These proposed principles were presented at the UNEP High Level Committee of Ministers and Officials in November 1998.The UNEP Governing Council, meeting in February 1999, approved a consultation process with major groups to finalize an agreed set of princi

40、ples. By promoting agreement of a consolidated set of principles, UNEP is seeking to encourage a movement from debate to more widespread action and adoption of sustainable tourism practices.UNEP Survey:Based on the survey of guidelines for sustainable tourism, the elements of sustainable tourism whi

41、ch are most frequently cited include: Putting sustainable development into practice in the development, management and integration of tourism with the wider economy, the environment;Protecting bio diversity, the environment and natural resources;Including the participation of all stakeholders, and i

42、n particular, local communities in tourism; and ensuring that local communities have an equitable share in benefits resulting from tourism;Sitting tourism operations and development appropriately to avoid damage to bio diversity and the environment;Operation within the capacities of the environment,

43、 and of available infrastructure;Using resources efficiently, and preventing pollution and waste.Summary: In summary, sustainable tourism may be defined as tourism that puts the principles of sustainable development, as for example, set out in the Rio Declaration, into practice in all aspects of its

44、 operation and development.The Question: The key question is how to put sustainable development into practice in tourism activities from mass tourism to nature based and specialist tourism.UNEPs Proposals: UNEPs proposals on principles for implementation of Sustainable Tourism cover the mechanisms a

45、nd strategies that are most frequently cited for implementing sustainable tourism.Application: These elements are generally applicable to all major groups involved in tourism activities and planning Government at national and local level, business and industry, NGOs and international organizations.

46、All have roles in implementing these principles for sustainable tourism.ONE: INTEGRATION of Tourism into Overall Policy for Sustainable Development, through: Regional and National Strategies: to balance tourism with broader economic, social and environmental objectives, and integrate it into sustain

47、able development plans.Interagency Coordination and Cooperation: to improve the management and development of tourism between different departments.Interagency Management: to coordinate the allocation of land uses, and use of other resources, and to regulate inappropriate activities that damage ecos

48、ystems.Reconciling Conflicting Resource Uses: to identify and resolve conflicts betweentourism and other activities at an early stage, by involving all relevant stakeholders in the development, and effective implementation of sound management plans.TWO: DEVELOPMENT of Sustainable Tourism, through: P

49、lanning for Development & Land-use at sub-National Level: to conserve the environment, maintain the quality of the visitor experience, and provide benefits for local communities.Environment Impact Assessment (EIA: to anticipate environment impacts by undertaking comprehensive EIAs for all touris

50、m development programs.Planning Measures:to ensure that tourism development remains within national and local plans for all types of activities,by implementing effective carrying capacity programs, planning controls and management.Legislative Framework: to establish standards for land use in tourism

51、 development, tourism facilities, management and investment in tourism.Environment Standards: to improve environmental quality, to set targets for reducing pollution from all sectors and to prevent development in inappropriate areas.Regional Approaches: to establish common models for incentives, env

52、ironmental policies, and integrated tourism development planning at regional level.THREE: MANAGEMENT of Tourism through: Initiatives by Industry:to promote sustainable tourism and to give local communities a share in the ownership and benefits of tourism; and use and promotion ofEco-efficiency and c

53、leaner productionEnvironment management systems and environment sound technologies(EST for tourism and associated infrastructure.Compliance Mechanisms: to provide incentives, monitor compliance, and to enforce regulations and standards where necessary.Monitoring: to detect problems at early stage an

54、d to enable action to prevent the possibility of more serious damage.FOUR: CONDITION FOR SUCCESS,through: Involvement of Stakeholders: to increase the long-term success of tourism projects by involving all stakeholders in the development and implementation of tourism plans.Information Exchange: to r

55、aise awareness of sustainable tourism and its implementation, of best practices for sustainable tourism, and to problem dialogue on implementation of sustainable tourism.Capacity Building: to develop and strengthen human resources and institutional capacities in government at national and local leve

56、ls, and amongst local communities for effective implementation of sustainable tourism.Principal Organs of WTO & Its MembershipThe principal organs of the World Tourism Organization (WTO are the:General AssemblyThe General Assembly is the supreme organ or the World Tourism Organization. It meets

57、every two years to approve the budget and programme of work, and to debate topics of vital importance to the tourism sector. Every four years it elects a Secretary-general. The General Assembly is composed of voting delegates representing Full Members and Associate Members. Affiliate Members andrepr

58、esentatives of other international organizations participate as observers.Executive CouncilThe Executive Council is WTO's governing board, responsible for ensuring that the organization carries out its work and sticks to its budget. It meets twice a year and is composed of 26 members elected by

59、the General Assembly in a ratio of one for every five Full Members. Associate Members and Affiliate Members participate in Executive Council meeting as observers.Regional CommissionsWTO has six regional commissions Africa, the Americas, East Asia and the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and South Asia. The commissions meet at least once a year and are compos