(完整版)《物理專業(yè)英語》

1、新物理專業(yè)英語范圍單詞篇1、力口速度 acceleration2、速度 velocity3、角速度 angular velocity4、角動(dòng)量 angular momentum5、熱量 amount of heat6、熱力學(xué)第一定律 the first law of thermodynamics7、干涉 interference8 、反射 reflection9 、折射 refraction10、振幅 amplitude11、機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng) mechanical motion12、保守場(chǎng) conservative field13、向心力 centripetal force14、保守力 conserv

2、ative force15、摩擦力 friction force16、面積 area17、體積 volume18、阿伏加德羅常數(shù) Avogadro constant19、絕對(duì)零度 absolute zero20 、 電勢(shì)能 energy of position21、重力勢(shì)能 gravitational potential energy22、重力場(chǎng) the field of gravity force23 、 真空中的磁場(chǎng) magnetic field in a vacuum24、電磁波 electromagnetic wave25 、 電流的相互作用 interaction of curren

3、t1、（第3頁）第四段的第3句A typical problem of mechanics consists in determining the states of a system at all the following moments of time t when we know the state of the system at a certain initial moment to and also the law governing the motion.翻譯：機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)的一個(gè)典型的問題的構(gòu)成取決于一個(gè)系統(tǒng)在接下來的時(shí)間間隔t的狀態(tài)，（因此）當(dāng)我們知道了一個(gè)確切的最初的系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)時(shí)

4、，也可以知道運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)律。2、（第4頁）第一段A body whose dimension may be disregarded in the condition or a given problem is called a point particle （or simply a particle）.翻譯：在一個(gè)給定的問題中，一個(gè)物體的形狀和大小可以被忽略的情況被稱為質(zhì)點(diǎn)。3、（第36頁）第五段【注：選詞和閱讀會(huì)出】For a stationary filed ,the work done on a particle by the forces of the field may depend o

5、nly on the initial and final position of the particle and not depend on the path along which the particle moved .Forces having such a property are called conservative.翻譯：對(duì)于恒定場(chǎng)，這個(gè)場(chǎng)的力對(duì)粒子所做的功只依賴于粒子的初位置和末位置，不依賴于粒子運(yùn)動(dòng) 的路徑。具有這一特性的力被稱為保守力4 、(第40 頁)第一行A field of forces is called potential if it can be descri

6、bed with the aid of the function V(x,y,z,t), whose gradient see the following section, Eq.(2.13) determines the force at each point of the field: F=? V compare with Eq.(2.32).the function V is called the potential function or the potential.翻譯：一個(gè)力場(chǎng)被稱為勢(shì)場(chǎng)，如果可以借助函數(shù) V(x,y,z,t) 來描述， 看下一部分， E.q.(2.31) 它的梯度

7、決定力場(chǎng)中的每一個(gè)點(diǎn)：F=? V與(2.32)比較。函數(shù)V被稱為勢(shì)函數(shù)或勢(shì)場(chǎng)。5 、 ( 第 56 頁)第二段和第三段 【注：翻譯、選詞、閱讀會(huì)出】In translation,all the points of a body receive displacements equal in magnitude and direction during the same time interval .Consequently, the velocities and accelerations of all the points are identical at every moment of ti

8、me .It is therefore sufficient ( 足夠的；充分的) to determine the motion of one of the points of a body (for example ,of its center of mass) to completely characterize the motion of the entire body.翻譯：在平動(dòng)中，剛體上所有的點(diǎn)在相同的時(shí)間間隔內(nèi)得到大小和方向都相同的位移。因此，所以的點(diǎn)的速度和加速度在各個(gè)時(shí)刻是相同的。因此充分的取決于用剛體上一點(diǎn)(例如，質(zhì)心)的運(yùn)動(dòng)來完全描述整個(gè)剛體的運(yùn)動(dòng)特征。In rotat

9、ion,all the points of a rigid move along circles whose centers are on a single straight line called the axis of rotation.To describe rotation,we must set the position of the axis of rotation in space and the angular velocity of the body at each moment of time .翻譯： 在轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)中， 剛體上所有的點(diǎn)沿著圓周運(yùn)動(dòng)的中心在一條單直線上被稱為旋轉(zhuǎn)軸

10、。 為了描述轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng),我們必須設(shè)定空間中旋轉(zhuǎn)軸的位置和剛體在各個(gè)時(shí)刻的角速度。6、(第79 頁)第一段和第二段The masses of atoms and molecules are characterized by(通過 來區(qū)分) using quantities known as the relative atomic mass of an element (the atomic mass in short) and the relative molecular mass of substance (the molecular mass).翻譯：原子和分子的質(zhì)量通過使用質(zhì)量來區(qū)分被稱為元素的

11、相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量(簡(jiǎn)稱原子質(zhì)量)和物質(zhì)的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量(簡(jiǎn)稱分子質(zhì)量)。the atomic mass (Ar)of a chemical element is defined as the ratio of the mass of an atom of the element to121/12 of the mass of the atom C (this is the symbol for the carbon isotope with a mass number of 12) .the molecular mass (Mr) of a substance is defined as the r

12、atio of the mass of a molecule of the substance to 1/12 of the12mass of the atom C . their definitions show that the atomic and molecular masses are dimensionlessQuantities .翻譯：一種化學(xué)元素的相對(duì)原子質(zhì)量被定義為這種元素的原子的質(zhì)量與 12C 原子的質(zhì)量的 1/12 的比值。物質(zhì)的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量被定義為物質(zhì)的分子的質(zhì)量與12C 原子的質(zhì)量的 1/12 的比值。它們的定義表明原子和分子的質(zhì)量是無量綱的。7、(第85 頁)第一

13、段、第二段和第三段The internal energy can change in the main at the expense of two different processes:the performance of the work A on a body and the imparting of the heat Q to it.The doing of work is attended by the displacement of the external bodies acting on the system .For example ,when we move in the

14、piston closing a vessel with a gas ， the piston when moving does the work A on the gas . According to Newton s law,the gas, in turn ,dose the work A = A on the piston .翻譯：內(nèi)能可以交換總的來說是兩個(gè)不同過程的(能量的)損失：一個(gè)物體所做的功A 和物體傳遞的熱量Q所做的功是由外界物體對(duì)系統(tǒng)做功的增量決定的。例如，當(dāng)我們移動(dòng)充滿氣體的密閉容器的活塞的時(shí)候，移動(dòng)時(shí)活塞對(duì)氣體做的功為 A 。根據(jù)牛頓第三定律，總的來說，氣體對(duì)活塞做的功

15、為A= A 。The imparting of heat to a gas is not associated with the motion of external bodies and is therefore not associated with the doing of macroscopic (i.e. relating to the entire complex of molecules which the body consists of ) work on the gas .In this case,the change in the internal energy is d

16、ue to the fact that separate molecules of the hotter body do work on separate molecules of the colder one .Energy is also transferred here by radiation.The combination of microscopic (i.e. involving not an entire body ,but separate molecules of it ) processes is called heat transfer.翻譯：氣體熱量的傳遞不與外界物體

17、的運(yùn)動(dòng)相聯(lián)系也因此不與宏觀上對(duì)氣體作功相聯(lián)系。在這種情況，內(nèi)能的改變與較熱的物體中單獨(dú)的分子對(duì)較冷的物體中單獨(dú)的分子所做的功有關(guān)。能量同樣是通過輻射來傳遞的。微觀過程的總和被稱為熱量傳遞。Just as the amount of energy transferred by one body to another is determined by the work A done by the bodies on each other ,the amount of energy transmitted from one body to another by heat transfer is de

18、termined by the amount of heat Q transferred by one body to the other .Thus ,the increment of the internal energy of a system must equal the sun of the work A done on the system and the amount of heat Q imparted to it :U 2 U 1 Q A.here U 1 and U 2 are the initial and final values of the internal ene

19、rgy of the system .it is customary practice toconsider the work A (equal to A) done by a system on external bodies instead of the work A done by external bodies on the system .Introducing A in Eq.(4.6) instead of A and solving it relative to Q.we haveQ U2 U1 A.翻譯：由一個(gè)物體到另一個(gè)物體的能量的傳遞取決于物體之間所做的功A。從一個(gè)物體到

20、另一個(gè)物體的能量的傳遞通過熱傳遞（來實(shí)現(xiàn)的）取決于一個(gè)物體到另一個(gè)物體傳遞的熱量Q因此，系統(tǒng)內(nèi)能的增量必須等于對(duì)系統(tǒng)所做的功 A和（物體）傳遞給系統(tǒng)的熱量 q的總和：U 2 U1 Q A這里的U1和U 2是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)能的最初值和最末值。通常會(huì)考慮用系統(tǒng)外界所做的功A來代替外界對(duì)系統(tǒng)所做的功Ao將A帶入方程（4.6）中來代替A,解出Q,我彳門有Q U 2 U1 Ao8、（第86頁）It can be put in words as follows: the amount of heat imparted to a system is spent on an increment of the inte

21、rnal energy of the system and on the work done by the system on external bodies.翻譯：（熱力學(xué)第一定律）可以用下面的話來論述：一個(gè)系統(tǒng)熱量的傳遞被用于系統(tǒng)內(nèi)能的增量和系 統(tǒng)對(duì)外界物體所做的功。9、（第 104 頁）Knowing the probability of the different measurement results,we can find the mean value of all theresults.According to the definition(定義)of the mean valu

22、e xMXNRxi(5.5)翻譯：想要知道出現(xiàn)的概率的不同測(cè)量結(jié)果，我們可以找出所有結(jié)果的平均值,根據(jù)平均值的定義有x.MXN(5.5)10、（第 149 頁）It is easy to see that the angle between rays OP and OQ is 2翻譯：很容易可以看出射線 OP和OQ之間的夾角為211、(第158頁)【注：英譯中】According to the Huygens-Fresnel principle .Every element of wave surface S is the source of a secondaryspherical wave

23、 whose amplitude is proportional to the size of element dS.The amplitude of a spherical of a spherical wave diminishes with the distance r from its source according to the law 1/r.翻譯：根據(jù)惠更斯菲涅耳原理。光波表面S 的每個(gè)面積元為光源的次級(jí)球面波其振幅與面積元dS的大小成正比。根據(jù)定律中的 1/r 可知，球面波的振幅隨著它到光源的距離r 減少。12、（第176 頁）【英譯中】A point charge is defined as a charged body whose dimensions may be disregarded in comparison with the distances from this body to other bodies carrying an electric charge.翻譯：點(diǎn)電荷被定義為一個(gè)帶電體與它到另一個(gè)