考研英語(yǔ)閱讀理解真題解析第二篇在線出版

1、2008 Text2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the c

2、omments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.原本一切都很簡(jiǎn)單。一組研究員在實(shí)驗(yàn)室里共同完成一個(gè)試驗(yàn)，把結(jié)果提交給某刊物，刊物的編輯把作者姓名及相關(guān)信息隱去，把報(bào)告交給這些研究者的同行去審閱。根據(jù)評(píng)論意見，編輯將決

3、定是否發(fā)表。因此，版權(quán)留在刊物出版社手上，辛苦探求知識(shí)的研究者反倒要花錢訂閱刊物。straightforward streitf:wd adj.簡(jiǎn)單的，易懂的，不復(fù)雜的：a straightforward process 簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)程；坦誠(chéng)的，坦率的，率直的。 【例】American speech is remarkably straightforward. 美國(guó)人的語(yǔ)言非常直率。affiliation filiein n.隸屬關(guān)系；隸屬，從屬?！纠縀thnic character, background, or affiliation. 屬于少數(shù)民族種族特性、背景或關(guān)系No longer.

4、The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just iss

5、ued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has,

6、until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.現(xiàn)在不再是這樣了。提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過(guò)限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。經(jīng)濟(jì)合作及發(fā)展組織近日發(fā)布一項(xiàng)調(diào)查，描述了這一現(xiàn)象所造成的深遠(yuǎn)影響。澳大利亞維多利亞大學(xué)的John Houghton和經(jīng)合組織的Graham Vickery聯(lián)合完成這一報(bào)告，內(nèi)容使目前為止收入豐厚的出版商們感到汗顏。但是這項(xiàng)報(bào)告的意義遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不止于此，它標(biāo)志著科學(xué)嘗試的一項(xiàng)關(guān)鍵性因素即將發(fā)生改變。endeavor indev n. v. 努力,盡力,竭力

7、,力圖,試圖 【例】we endeavor to make our customers happy. 我們努力使客戶滿意。1. The Internet and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it is making access to scientific results a reality.【譯文】提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力

8、，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過(guò)限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)?！窘馕觥?jī)蓚€(gè)“-”號(hào)中間的部分完全可以視作插入部分獨(dú)立分析?！皌he internet is making access to scientific results a reality. ”“funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it.”這樣分析就會(huì)簡(jiǎn)單很多：

9、“提供資金的機(jī)構(gòu)施加壓力，質(zhì)疑為什么商業(yè)刊物可以通過(guò)限制刊載的手段從政府投資的研究項(xiàng)目中牟利，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得閱讀科研結(jié)果成為現(xiàn)實(shí)?！盩he value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billi

10、on and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.在某種程度上來(lái)說(shuō)，知識(shí)的價(jià)值和公共投資能否取得較高回報(bào)，取決于是否能夠

11、得到廣泛的流通、人們是否能夠比較容易地獲取這些研究成果。這是一項(xiàng)很大的產(chǎn)業(yè)。在美國(guó)，核心科研出版市場(chǎng)產(chǎn)值每年在70億美元到110億美元左右。國(guó)際科學(xué)、技術(shù)和醫(yī)學(xué)出版社集團(tuán)宣稱全世界專業(yè)出版本類期刊的出版商有2000多家。他們每年在16000種刊物上發(fā)表120萬(wàn)篇以上文章。distribution distribju:n n. 分發(fā);銷售;頻率分布;分配裝置;分布;區(qū)分,分類;配電【例】distribution of the population 人口分布This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholar

12、ly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the reports authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-acc

13、ess publishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of

14、these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.

15、這個(gè)數(shù)字現(xiàn)在有所變化。根據(jù)OECD報(bào)告，目前有75%的專業(yè)期刊在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上有在線閱讀。全新的商務(wù)模式正在形成，報(bào)告作者總結(jié)出其中三種。第一種是所謂的大訂單模式，即機(jī)構(gòu)團(tuán)體訂閱者通過(guò)簽訂網(wǎng)站協(xié)議付錢購(gòu)買閱讀一批刊物文章題目的權(quán)限。第二種為開放式出版模式，這種方式的典型特點(diǎn)是要求作者（或其雇主）付費(fèi)發(fā)表文章。最后一種為開放式檔案模式，即一些組織，比如大學(xué)或者國(guó)際實(shí)驗(yàn)室建立和維護(hù)的一些機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)。其他的模式都是對(duì)這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀。至少對(duì)論文的發(fā)表來(lái)說(shuō)，這些都將顛覆傳統(tǒng)的同行審閱模式。subscriber sbskraib

16、 n.訂戶,簽署者,捐款者,認(rèn)購(gòu)者 【例】Write away now for the free album offered to every new subscriber. 請(qǐng)速來(lái)信訂閱，新訂戶可免費(fèi)獲取畫冊(cè)一本。repository ripzitri n.貯藏室，智囊團(tuán)，知識(shí)庫(kù)，倉(cāng)庫(kù) 【例】Once rules are defined, theyre stored in a central repository. 一旦規(guī)則定下來(lái)，它們要集中存放在一處。hybrid haibrid n.雜種，混血兒，混合物；adj.混合的，雜種的 （hybridism 雜交，混血 hybridity 雜種狀

17、態(tài)）【例】widely cultivated hybrid poker plant. 廣泛種植的雜種植物。2. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.【譯文】其他的模式都是對(duì)這三種的

18、不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀?！窘馕觥縮uch as后面引導(dǎo)從句，這句話以“其他模式”領(lǐng)起，但實(shí)際上只重點(diǎn)舉了一個(gè)例子?！皐here”后面的句子都是以“delayed open-access”作為先行詞?！捌渌哪Ｊ蕉际菍?duì)這三種的不同組合，比如延期開放式是指某一些期刊在發(fā)表文章的前六個(gè)月只允許付費(fèi)閱覽，此后轉(zhuǎn)為免費(fèi)閱讀?！?6.In the first paragraph, the author discussesA the background information of journal editing.B the public

19、ation routine of laboratory reports.C the relations of authors with journal publishers.D the traditional process of journal publication.26.參考答案【D】【解析】本題考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：第一段的主旨題。本題的題干是主旨題的一種常見形式，即The paragraph (passage)states(illustrates,discusses,deals with, is concerned about, describes) 。因此接下來(lái)要判斷哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是第一段的主

20、旨的概括，該段沒有明顯的主題句，各句子的重要性沒有明顯的差別，因此考生需要在理解句子所陳述的意思之后，概括出作者寫這個(gè)段落的目的。綜合各句子的含義可看出，第一段在讓讀者了解學(xué)術(shù)期刊的出版過(guò)程及特點(diǎn)。第一、二段開始兩個(gè)表時(shí)間的詞語(yǔ)used to be和No longer 相呼應(yīng)，表明這兩段分別側(cè)重介紹過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在的情況。另解：概括段落大意。本文談的是通過(guò)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)表研究成果的一種新方式，指出了三大業(yè)務(wù)模式。第一段先談傳統(tǒng)的雜志出版（論文發(fā)表）流程，以此引出話題，所以正確答案是D。A選項(xiàng)journal editing沾點(diǎn)邊，但不吻合。做這類題及主題題型可以使用逆向法，即思路是：如果真要寫journal

21、 editing的，那應(yīng)該從如何編輯，如何取舍及一些編輯的細(xì)節(jié)入手，而本段明顯不是。B離題更遠(yuǎn)，實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告，從何談起呀？C作者與雜志社的關(guān)系，這個(gè)流程是涉及到，但要談的不是這個(gè)?？傊祟}從本段的內(nèi)容，本段在全篇的作用，以及本文要談的主題角度，可以確定正確答案。27.Which of the following is true of the OECD report?A It criticizes government-funded research.B It introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-makin

22、g journal publishers.D It benefits scientific research considerably.27.參考答案【C】【解析】選項(xiàng)從“makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.”一句可以分析得出。OECD的報(bào)告沒有談到對(duì)政府出資的科研項(xiàng)目的評(píng)論，總結(jié)全新的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)平臺(tái)所促進(jìn)的新的出版模式，而不是引進(jìn)介紹一種新的方法。報(bào)告本身也沒有對(duì)科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)好或者不好的影響。答案解析A肯定不對(duì)，報(bào)告并未批評(píng)政府資助的研究，是funding agencies批評(píng)com

23、mercial publishers，也就是這些資助一些研究項(xiàng)目的機(jī)構(gòu)質(zhì)詢商業(yè)出版機(jī)構(gòu)，我出錢，是為社會(huì)受益，咋變成你受益了呢？這個(gè)選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)在張冠李戴。B也不對(duì)，報(bào)告引進(jìn)（introduces）了一種新的出版方式嗎？不是它吧？誰(shuí)呢？The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality.是Internet，對(duì)吧？C正確。Why? 實(shí)際上是考對(duì)這句話的理解：The report makes heavy reading for publishers. “heavy reading”是啥意思呢？費(fèi)力的閱讀。此處的heavy意為hard

24、 to dooraccomplish; arduous。字面的意思是，這個(gè)報(bào)告讓獲取巨大利潤(rùn)的出版商們讀起來(lái)費(fèi)勁。為什么讀起來(lái)費(fèi)勁??？是他們的詞匯量不夠讀不懂嗎？當(dāng)然不是，結(jié)合文章所述內(nèi)容，是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)報(bào)告直指要害，觸及了他們。讀出了這層意思，C選項(xiàng)當(dāng)然就可以大膽選啦！D選項(xiàng)不對(duì)，全文核心意思，是互聯(lián)網(wǎng)出版方式會(huì)給科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)巨大的好處，使得科學(xué)成果更容易被人分享。并不是這個(gè)報(bào)告本身對(duì)科學(xué)研究帶來(lái)多大好處。當(dāng)然啦，這個(gè)報(bào)告既然指出了這個(gè)趨勢(shì)，或多或少總能讓科研受益一些，但注意命題者還刻意加了一個(gè)considerably，一篇報(bào)告能有如此“相當(dāng)?shù)摹弊饔茫?8.According to the te

25、xt, online publication is significant in thatA it provides an easier access to scientific results.B it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.C it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.D it facilitates public investment in scientific research.28.參考答案【A】【解析】第二段第二句提到，網(wǎng)絡(luò)使免費(fèi)使用科研成果成為

26、現(xiàn)實(shí)（The internet is making access to scienrific results a reality）。表面上該句只是在談網(wǎng)絡(luò)的作用，但由于本文圍繞“學(xué)術(shù)期刊出版”展開論述，因此這里講的就是網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版的意義。答案解析文中兩句話決定A正確，一是The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality. 二是The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wid

27、e distribution and ready access. 也就是知識(shí)的價(jià)值在于其廣泛傳播和即時(shí)獲取，而互聯(lián)網(wǎng)使得科學(xué)成果的很容易獲取變?yōu)楝F(xiàn)實(shí)。這不就是基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的在線出版的重大意義嗎！B不對(duì)，因?yàn)槲恼率冀K沒有談?wù)撗芯空叩墨@利問題，要說(shuō)談，它也只是談了scientific publishing market是一個(gè)big business。而且，在線學(xué)術(shù)期刊的第二種業(yè)務(wù)模式（open-access publishing），還得研究者自己掏腰包的！科學(xué)知識(shí)本身無(wú)比重要的作用不在本文討論范圍，C不對(duì)。促進(jìn)對(duì)科學(xué)研究的公共投資也無(wú)從談起，D亦被輕松排除。29.With the open-acce

28、ss publishing model, the author of a paper is required toA cover the cost of its publication.B subscribe to the journal publishing it.C allow other online journals to use it freely.D complete the peer-review before submission.29.參考答案【A】【解析】根據(jù)題干中關(guān)鍵詞open-access publishing定位到第四段。該段共介紹了四種網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版模式，“開放存取出版模式”是第二種。文中提到它主要依靠作者或其雇主支付論文出版費(fèi)用。A是文中（asking