1988年考研英語(yǔ)真習(xí)題及解析

1、1988年全國(guó)碩士研究生入學(xué)統(tǒng)一考試英語(yǔ)試題Section I Close TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passage before making your choice. (10 points)In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayf

2、lower left England for the New World. The Mayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. Its one hundred passengers were the Pilgrims. They were looking for a place where they could worship God 1 . Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its 2 . The br

3、ave group of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts in December 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter. 3 months of starvation, disease, and death were ahead of them. Only the strongest of the pilgrims 4 that winter. Many women gave their own piti

4、ful rations to their children and died for lack of food for themselves. Living 5 began to improve in the spring of 1621. There were wild vegetables. There were berries and fruit. Fish and game were plentiful. Therefore, they were able to get enough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experienc

5、e in hunting and fishing. The colonists health 6 with the warm weather and their better diet.In the fall, they look back 7 the past year. They were both regretful and thankful. Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. The price in human life and tragedy had been great. On the othe

6、r hand, they saw new hope for the future. A splendid harvest was 8 them. They were ready for the second winter with confidence. They had eleven crude houses for protection against the severe winter. Seven were for families, and four were for communal use. 9 , they had established a treaty of friends

7、hip with their Indian neighbors under Chief Massasoit in the summer.The woods and forests became safe. When the Mayflower returned to England that summer, there were no colonists 10 . At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrims wanted to celebrate with a real holiday. It was their

8、 first Thanks giving Day. 328 words1. A in their own styleB in their own wayC on their ownD of their own2. A courseB routeC passageD channel3. A UncomfortableB BadC UnfavourableD Terrible4. A passedB sustainedC survivedD spent5. A situationsB environmentsC conditionsD circumstances6. A strengthenedB

9、 regainedC recoveredD improved7. A inB ofC overD at8. A onB behindC forD beyond9. A Best of allB For the bestC To their bestD All in all10.A ashoreB aroundC aboutD aboard試題精解一、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析本文是一篇記敘文，講述了“五月花號(hào)”抵達(dá)美洲新大陸的情況及感恩節(jié)的來(lái)歷。第一段交代了文章的背景：一批殖民者到達(dá)北美新大陸。至句介紹了“五月花號(hào)”前往美洲的原因，至句介紹了“五月花號(hào)”上的朝圣者在途中以及登陸后遇到的困難，至句介紹了他們生

10、活條件得到好轉(zhuǎn)的原因及表現(xiàn)。第二段通過對(duì)過去的回顧與對(duì)未來(lái)的展望，敘述了朝圣者懷有感恩的心態(tài)并與當(dāng)?shù)赜〉诎踩撕炇鹩押脜f(xié)定，為下文感恩節(jié)的形成做了鋪墊。第三段說明了感恩節(jié)產(chǎn)生的直接原因：朝圣者想慶祝他們定居新家的第一年。二、試題具體分析1. A in their own styleB in their own way以特有的方式C on their own單獨(dú)，獨(dú)立地D of their own自己的，本人的本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：句內(nèi)語(yǔ)義+固定短語(yǔ)快速解題空格處填入的短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，修飾worship God，說明朝圣者前往新大陸的原因。in ones own way是固定搭配，意為“以特有的方式”，

11、代入文中意為“以他們特有的方式敬仰上帝”，符合上下文邏輯關(guān)系，為正確答案。on their own與of their own不符合文意，style雖然可以表示“方式、方法”，但該含義不用于in ones own結(jié)構(gòu)，應(yīng)排除。篇章分析至句是第一段的第一個(gè)層次，揭示了五月花號(hào)前往新大陸的原因。句是一個(gè)復(fù)合句，主干為They were looking for a place，后接where引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾place。空格設(shè)置in ones own way是固定短語(yǔ)，如：I expect she does love you in her own way.我想她的確是以她特有的方式愛你。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他

12、項(xiàng)利用常見的固定搭配設(shè)置干擾。例句：The accident happened through no fault of her own.這一事故的發(fā)生不是她本人的過錯(cuò)。He did it on his own.這件事他獨(dú)立完成了。2. A course航向，航線B route路線，路途C passage通道，航程D channel渠道，海峽本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：名詞詞義辨析快速解題空格處填入的名詞作lost的賓語(yǔ)，因此此題關(guān)鍵是判斷那個(gè)選項(xiàng)可與lost搭配且符合文意。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)構(gòu)成的動(dòng)賓搭配分別表示“迷失航向”、“迷失路線”、“迷失航程”和“迷失海峽”，顯然不存在后兩種搭配，首先排除C和D。由于文

13、中具體指出了是海上航行，因此排除常指“地面路線”的route，最佳答案為Acourse。篇章分析至句是第一段的第二個(gè)層次，分別介紹了朝圣者在航行中及登陸后遇到的困難?？崭裨O(shè)置course除了考生熟悉的表示“課程”的含義外，還可意為“（船或飛機(jī)的）航向，航線“，如：The plane was on/off course.飛機(jī)航向正確/偏離航向。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)利用其他表示“路徑”的詞對(duì)course形成近義干擾。例句：Which is the best route to take 哪一條是最佳路線？This passage will take us to the other building.穿過

14、這條通道，我們就可以到達(dá)另一座大樓。Complaints must be made through the proper channels.投訴必須通過正當(dāng)途徑進(jìn)行。3.A Uncomfortable令人不舒適的B Bad令人不快的，壞的C Unfavourable不利的，有害的D Terrible可怕的，造成極大傷害的本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語(yǔ)義+形容詞辨析快速解題空格處填入的形容詞做定語(yǔ)修飾months，意為“的幾個(gè)月”。months后面的of介詞結(jié)構(gòu)也做定語(yǔ)后置修飾months，由of后面的一系列名詞“starvation、disease、death”可知，這幾個(gè)月的情況是極其嚴(yán)重的，

15、因此，在四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中應(yīng)選擇表示惡劣程度最深的terrible。空格設(shè)置terrible的詞義和用法比較簡(jiǎn)單，本題需要考生理解上下文的具體內(nèi)容做出選擇。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)利用表示“不利的”的形容詞設(shè)置干擾，考生需結(jié)合詞語(yǔ)表達(dá)含義的程度與具體語(yǔ)境排除干擾。4. A passed通過，經(jīng)過；消磨，度過B sustained維持（生命、生存）C survived生存；幸存，挺過，艱難度過D spent花（時(shí)間），度過本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語(yǔ)義+動(dòng)詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分意為“朝圣者中只有最為強(qiáng)壯的人那個(gè)冬天”。pass常用于指無(wú)聊或等人時(shí)打發(fā)、消磨時(shí)間；spend強(qiáng)調(diào)以某種方式花時(shí)間，常接on st

16、h或in doing sth來(lái)表示方式。sustain雖然含有“生存”的意思，但其后常接life或人作賓語(yǔ)，不符合文中用法。符合上下文意的只有survive，指“艱難挺過那個(gè)冬天”，與上一題中的terrible相呼應(yīng)?？崭裨O(shè)置本題借survive考查了考生對(duì)上下文的理解。例句：I cant survive on $40 a week.一星期40美元，我無(wú)法維持生活。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)是利用表示“度過”的動(dòng)詞對(duì)survive構(gòu)成近義干擾，考生要在理解詞義的基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)單詞的用法區(qū)別掌握。例句：We sang songs to pass the time.我們借唱歌消磨時(shí)間。Few planets ca

17、n sustain life.能夠維持生命存在的行星很少。How long did you spend on your homework 你做家庭作業(yè)用了多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間？5. A situations情況，狀況B environments環(huán)境C conditions環(huán)境，條件D circumstances條件，狀況本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語(yǔ)義+名詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分living 5 意為“生活”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)都含有“環(huán)境，狀況”的意思，但是側(cè)重點(diǎn)各有不同。situation強(qiáng)調(diào)特定時(shí)期和特定地點(diǎn)形勢(shì)、局面，environments特指影響個(gè)體或事物行為或發(fā)展的環(huán)境，conditions指居住、工

18、作或做事情的環(huán)境或條件，circumstances尤其指經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。由living以及下文的vegetables、berries等詞可知，這里指的是人們的生活條件得到改善，符合文意的為Cconditions.篇章分析句至句是第一段的第三個(gè)層次，指出了朝圣者在新的定居點(diǎn)生活條件得到改善的原因及表現(xiàn)?？崭裨O(shè)置conditions本身詞義比較簡(jiǎn)單，但要求考生根據(jù)上下文語(yǔ)境排除干擾，作出正確判斷。例句：changing economic conditions不斷變化的經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)利用表示“環(huán)境、狀況”的名詞對(duì)conditions形成近義干擾。這幾個(gè)詞雖然含義相近，但用法上各有不同，例句如：

19、We have all been in similar embarrassing situations.我們都遇到過類似的尷尬局面。They have created an environment in which productivity should flourish.他們創(chuàng)造了一種可以大大提高生產(chǎn)力的環(huán)境。Grants are awarded according to your financial circumstances.補(bǔ)助金根據(jù)經(jīng)濟(jì)狀況發(fā)放。6. Astrengthened加強(qiáng)，鞏固Bregained 重新獲得，恢復(fù)Crecovered恢復(fù)健康，康復(fù)Dimproved 改進(jìn)，改善

20、本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分的主語(yǔ)是the colonists health，此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷哪個(gè)動(dòng)詞能與health搭配，并且能與上下文銜接。strengthened指“增強(qiáng)能力或地位等”，不能與health搭配，首先排除。regained意為“恢復(fù)”時(shí)常做及物動(dòng)詞，不符合文中用法，但是可以說regained health。recovered本身即意為“恢復(fù)健康”，不需要health作主語(yǔ)。符合上下文語(yǔ)義的只有improve，在文中意為“健康得到改善”。 篇章分析句的主干部分是The colonists health improved，介詞with的用法比較特殊，表原因，

21、介賓短語(yǔ)with解釋了health improved的原因。空格設(shè)置improve的含義比較簡(jiǎn)單，但用法很豐富，可以泛指各方面的“改善、提高”，如：His quality of life has improved dramatically since the operation.手術(shù)后他的生活質(zhì)量大大改善了。to improve efficiency/standards/conditions提高效率/標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；改善條件。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)利用考生熟悉的漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)法設(shè)置干擾。漢語(yǔ)里經(jīng)常有“恢復(fù)健康、增強(qiáng)健康”的表達(dá)方式，考生要熟悉英漢兩種語(yǔ)言表達(dá)方式的區(qū)別，排除干擾。例句：Her position in

22、 the party has strengthened in recent weeks.最近幾個(gè)星期以來(lái)，她在黨內(nèi)的地位有所增強(qiáng)。I struggled to regain some dignity.我努力恢復(fù)自己的一點(diǎn)兒尊嚴(yán)。Hes still recovering from his operation.手術(shù)后，他仍在恢復(fù)之中。7. A inB ofC overD at 本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：介詞搭配快速解題空格處填入的介詞既要與look back搭配，又要能接the past year作賓語(yǔ)。不存在look back in與look back of的用法，首先排除A和B。look back

23、over與look back at都可意為“回顧”，但look back at后面接具體的時(shí)間或事物，look back over后面接特定階段，顯然文中the past year強(qiáng)調(diào)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間段，符合要求的是look back over，代入文中意為“回顧過去的一年”。 篇章分析第二段分為兩個(gè)層次：至句是對(duì)過去的回顧，至句是對(duì)未來(lái)的展望與準(zhǔn)備。句句首o(hù)n the other hand表明了這種今昔對(duì)比?？崭裨O(shè)置介詞over的含義和用法都很豐富，在知識(shí)運(yùn)用的文章中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)，考生要結(jié)合具體語(yǔ)境掌握該詞用法。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)利用其他可與look搭配的常用介詞設(shè)置干擾，需要正確理解上下文才排除干擾

24、。8. A onB behindC forD beyond本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語(yǔ)義+介詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分A splendid harvest was 8 them，意為“一個(gè)大豐收他們”。由句in the fall和句ready for the second winter可知，他們?cè)谇锾煲呀?jīng)取得大豐收，并為第二年冬天做準(zhǔn)備。behind意為used to say that sth is in sbs past，它代入文中，意為“他們身后是（秋天的）一個(gè)大豐收”，即“已經(jīng)獲得了豐收”。其他項(xiàng)與them搭配分別意為“由他們支付”、“為了他們”與“他們無(wú)法理解“，均不符合上下文語(yǔ)義，應(yīng)

25、排除。篇章分析句是第二段第二個(gè)層次的總起句，指出了對(duì)未來(lái)的希望。句至段末分別從食物、住所以及人際關(guān)系三方面舉出了充滿希望的原因。空格設(shè)置本題通過behind考查了考生對(duì)文章內(nèi)部時(shí)間邏輯的把握，及它本身不為考生所熟悉的含義。例句：She has ten years useful experience behind her.她已有十年的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，能派上用場(chǎng)。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)都是利用常用介詞設(shè)置的脫離上下文的無(wú)關(guān)干擾，聯(lián)系上下文語(yǔ)義不難排除。9. A Best of all最好的是，尤其B For the best出于好意C To their bestD All in all總的來(lái)說本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：

26、邏輯關(guān)系快速解題空格處填入的短語(yǔ)放在句首，體現(xiàn)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，此題的關(guān)鍵是判斷空格前后部分的邏輯關(guān)系。to their best短語(yǔ)不存在，首先排除。上文都是講殖民者為來(lái)年做的物質(zhì)準(zhǔn)備，句重在強(qiáng)調(diào)人際關(guān)系方面的改善，體現(xiàn)這種強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系的只有best of all。篇章分析句雖然是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，但是句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較復(fù)雜，主干為they had established a treaty of friendship，句首的best of all與with.，under，in三個(gè)介賓短語(yǔ)做狀語(yǔ)。空格設(shè)置邏輯關(guān)系在知識(shí)運(yùn)用中的考查比重越來(lái)越大，需要考生提高語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)的分析能力。例句如：Best of all,

27、 we dont have any homework.最好的是我們沒有什么家庭作業(yè)了。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)都是利用詞形設(shè)置的形近干擾。例句：I did it for the best.我是出于好意這么做的。All in all it has been a great success.總的來(lái)說，那是個(gè)巨大的成功。10.A ashore在岸上B around周圍C about到處D aboard在（船、車飛機(jī)）上本題考核的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：上下文語(yǔ)義+副詞辨析快速解題空格所在部分意為“當(dāng)五月花號(hào)返回英格蘭的時(shí)候，沒有一名殖民者”，顯然，表示“在船上”的aboard符合文章語(yǔ)義的銜接，為正確選項(xiàng)。其他三項(xiàng)不符合

28、上下文，應(yīng)排除。 篇章分析句承接上文，總結(jié)指出殖民者生活狀況好轉(zhuǎn)，他們?cè)谥趁竦囟ň酉聛?lái)。句是過渡句，指出他們想要建立一個(gè)節(jié)日慶祝新的生活，由此引出句感恩節(jié)的來(lái)歷。空格設(shè)置aboard的含義和用法都比較簡(jiǎn)單，但需要根據(jù)上下文進(jìn)行推斷。干擾項(xiàng)設(shè)置其他項(xiàng)是利用aboard的形近詞設(shè)置的干擾，由于都脫離了上下文，不難排除。三、全文翻譯1620年，一艘被命名為“五月花號(hào)”的小帆船離開倫敦駛往新大陸?！拔逶禄ㄌ?hào)”向位于弗吉尼亞州溫暖海岸的詹姆斯頓殖民地行進(jìn)。船上的一百名乘客都是朝圣者，他們正在尋找一個(gè)地方，在那里他們能以自己特有的方式敬仰上帝。由于狂風(fēng)和兇猛的暴風(fēng)雨，“五月花號(hào)”迷失了航向。1620年12

29、月份，這一群勇敢的殖民者最終不得不在位于馬薩諸塞州巖石嶙嶙海岸的普利茅斯登陸。當(dāng)時(shí)正是北方嚴(yán)冬時(shí)期，他們將面對(duì)的是充滿了饑餓、疾病和死亡的極其可怕的幾個(gè)月。朝圣者中只有最為強(qiáng)壯的人活過了那個(gè)冬天。許多婦女把她們少得可憐的口糧留給了自己的孩子，自己卻死于饑餓。生活條件在1621年的春天開始改善：有了野菜、漿果和水果以及充足的魚和野禽。因此，盡管缺乏狩獵、捕魚的技巧和經(jīng)驗(yàn)，他們也能夠獲得足夠的新鮮肉類。由于天氣變暖和飲食的改善，殖民者們的健康狀況得以好轉(zhuǎn)。在秋天，他們回顧了過去的一年，既遺憾又感激。最初的一百名乘客只有五十人存活了下來(lái)，人類生命的代價(jià)和和悲劇是如此巨大。另一方面，他們看到了未來(lái)的新

30、希望。在他們身后是（秋天的）一個(gè)大豐收，他們充滿自信地為第二個(gè)冬天的到來(lái)做好了準(zhǔn)備。他們有十一所用于抵御嚴(yán)冬的簡(jiǎn)陋房屋，其中的七所為家庭所有，四所作為公用。最重要的是，在馬薩索特酋長(zhǎng)的監(jiān)管下，他們?cè)谙奶炫c其印第安鄰居訂立了友好協(xié)定。林地和森林變安全了。那年夏天，當(dāng)“五月花號(hào)”返回英格蘭的時(shí)候，船上沒有一名殖民者。在他們定居新家的第一年年底，這些朝圣者想以一個(gè)真正的節(jié)日來(lái)慶祝，這便是他們的第一個(gè)感恩節(jié)。Section IIReading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For e

31、ach question there are four answers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)Text 1It doesnt come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember i

32、t. You just waste your valuable time. Maybe you have already discovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specific purpose or reason for reading. You remember better what you read when you know why youre readi

33、ng.Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is, “No, thank you. Im just looking” Both you and she know that if you arent sure what you want, you are not likely to find it. But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you. I want a pair of sun glasses.” She s

34、ays, “Right this way, please.” And you and she are off - both eager to look for exactly what you want.Its quite the same with your studying. If you chose a book at random, “just looking” for nothing in particular, you are likely to get just that - nothing. But if you do know what you want, and if yo

35、u have the right book, you are almost sure to get it. Your reasons will vary; they will include reading or studying “to find out more about”, “to understand the reasons for”, “to find out how”. A good student has a clear purpose or reason for what he is doing.This is the way it works. Before you sta

36、rt to study, you say to yourself something like this, “I want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America. Im reading this article to find out.” Or, “Im going to skim this story to see what life was like in medieval England.” Because you know why you are reading or studying, yo

37、u relate the information to your purpose and remember it better.Reading is not one single activity. At least two important processes go on at the same time. As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. But at the same time you express your own ideas to yourself as you react to what you rea

38、d. You have a kind of mental conversation with the author. If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: “Yes, I agree. Thats my opinion too.” or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. Id better check those dates,” or “But there are some other facts to be considered

39、!” You dont just sit there taking in ideas - you do something else, and that something else is very important.This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it to what you already know, and using it for your own purposes. In other words, a good reader is a c

40、ritical reader. One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between facts and opinions. Facts can be checked by evidence. Opinions are ones own personal reactions.Another part of critical reading is judging sources. Still another part is drawing accurate inferences.一、詞匯1m

41、ake no difference沒有.作用或影響2specific a. 明確的3suppose v. 假設(shè),以為,認(rèn)為4at random隨便地，任意地5happen to (do sth) 碰巧（做某事）6skim v. 略讀7react to對(duì).做出反應(yīng)8take in接受，理解二、長(zhǎng)難句1. It doesnt come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read or study if you cant remember it.該句的主干為It doesnt come as a

42、surprise to you，其中it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)to realize that ，that引導(dǎo)的從句做realize的賓語(yǔ)。賓語(yǔ)從句為主從復(fù)合句，句末為if引導(dǎo)的條件狀語(yǔ)從句，主干為it makes no difference，其中it為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是后面的what you read or study。翻譯：如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西，那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了，這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇。三、文章結(jié)構(gòu)分析這篇文章主要探討閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)中記憶的方法。文章段落分散，語(yǔ)言平實(shí)易懂，總體可以分為三個(gè)部分。第一部分為第一段，提出現(xiàn)象：指出記憶對(duì)于閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的重要性，

43、并且記憶需要聰明的方法。第二部分為第二至五段，敘述幫助記憶的方法之一：有目的或有原因的閱讀。以購(gòu)物過程和閱讀過程做類比說明，有目的或有原因的閱讀可以幫助讀者獲得明確信息并進(jìn)行良好記憶。第三部分為第六至八段，論述閱讀的過程理解內(nèi)容和批判性地思考評(píng)估內(nèi)容，而后者又包括區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)、評(píng)判信息來(lái)源和進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。四、試題具體分析11.If you cannot remember what you read or study, _.11. 如果你不能記住所閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)的內(nèi)容，_。A it is no surpriseA 這毫不出奇B it means you have not really learne

44、d anythingB 這意味著你沒有真正學(xué)到任何東西C it means you have not chosen the right bookC 這意味著你沒有選對(duì)閱讀的書籍D you realize it is of no importanceD 你意識(shí)到這無(wú)所謂【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。第一段指出如果你不能記住你所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容的話，就是在浪費(fèi)寶貴的時(shí)間，即你沒有從中學(xué)到任何東西，B選項(xiàng)正確。A和D選項(xiàng)偷換概念，第一段指出，如果不能記住所讀或所學(xué)的內(nèi)容，那么所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)緊要，這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇，而非“不能記住所讀或所學(xué)內(nèi)容”不出奇或無(wú)關(guān)緊要。C選項(xiàng)無(wú)干干擾，從文中無(wú)從推

45、知。12.Before you start reading, it is important _.12. 在你開始閱讀之前，有必要_。A to make sure why you are readingA 確定你閱讀的原因B to relate the information to your purposeB 將信息與目的聯(lián)系起來(lái)C to remember what you readC 記住你所讀的內(nèi)容D to choose an interesting bookD 選擇有趣的讀物【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。第二段提出一種幫助記憶的可靠方法，即有目的或有原因的閱讀，換句話說，就是

46、在閱讀前確定閱讀的目的或原因。A選項(xiàng)正確。B和C選項(xiàng)張冠李戴，它們是閱讀和記憶過程中的步驟，而非閱讀前的步驟。D選項(xiàng)無(wú)中生有。13.Reading activity involves _.13. 閱讀行為包括_。A only two simultaneous processesA 僅僅兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的過程B primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them criticallyB 主要是理解內(nèi)容和批判性地評(píng)估內(nèi)容C merely distinguishing between facts and opinionsC 僅僅區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)D main

47、ly drawing accurate inferencesD 主要進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞reading activity定位到文章第六段。第六段首句指出閱讀并非一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的行為，它包括至少兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的重要過程。句列出這兩個(gè)過程：迅速而準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容和以自己的思維表述對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容的反應(yīng)。B選項(xiàng)是對(duì)這兩個(gè)過程的同義改寫，為正確項(xiàng)。A選項(xiàng)以偏概全，第六段首句指出閱讀行為至少包括（at least）兩個(gè)同時(shí)發(fā)生的過程，而非僅僅（only）這兩個(gè)過程。C和D選項(xiàng)張冠李戴，“區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)”和“進(jìn)行正確推理”是最后兩段提到的“對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考的附加過程”的

48、部分內(nèi)容，而非閱讀行為的直接過程。一般而言，帶有絕對(duì)意味的限定性詞語(yǔ)的選項(xiàng)（如only和merely）都不是正確項(xiàng)。14.A good reader is one who _.14. 一位好讀者是_。A relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matterA 將其所讀的內(nèi)容與其了解的主題相關(guān)知識(shí)聯(lián)系起來(lái)B does lots of thinking in his readingB 在閱讀過程中進(jìn)行大量思考C takes a critical attitude in his readingC 對(duì)閱讀采取批判性的態(tài)度

49、D is able to check the facts presented against what he has already knownD 能夠?qū)⑺x到的事實(shí)與已知事實(shí)核對(duì)【分析】本題所考查的知識(shí)點(diǎn)是：具體細(xì)節(jié)題。由題干關(guān)鍵詞“a good reader”定位到第七段。句明確指出，一位好讀者就是一位批判性的讀者。C選項(xiàng)是這句話的同義改寫，為正確項(xiàng)。A、B和D選項(xiàng)以偏概全，第七、八段論述批判性閱讀，指出思考閱讀內(nèi)容的過程包括評(píng)估內(nèi)容、將所讀內(nèi)容與已知內(nèi)容進(jìn)行聯(lián)系、根據(jù)自己的目的進(jìn)行應(yīng)用；而批判性閱讀則包括區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)、評(píng)判內(nèi)容來(lái)源、進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。A選項(xiàng)是思考過程中的一點(diǎn)；B選項(xiàng)僅提及閱

50、讀中思考這一要素，而忽略批判性閱讀的其他要素；D選項(xiàng)也只提到批判性閱讀中的兩點(diǎn)，因此其他三項(xiàng)都不完整。五、全文翻譯如果你不能記住你所讀或者所學(xué)的東西，那你讀什么或?qū)W什么就無(wú)關(guān)緊要了，這一點(diǎn)毫不出奇。這樣不過是浪費(fèi)寶貴時(shí)間罷了。不過，或許你早已發(fā)現(xiàn)一些聰明的方法來(lái)避免遺忘。一種幫助你記住所學(xué)內(nèi)容的可靠方法就是有目的或有原因的閱讀。如果你清楚你為何而閱讀，那么你對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容就會(huì)記得更牢靠些。當(dāng)你拒絕商店售貨員的幫助（“不，謝謝，我只是看看”）時(shí)，為什么售貨員就轉(zhuǎn)身走開了呢？這是因?yàn)槟愫退贾溃绻悴淮_定自己要什么，你也不大可能會(huì)有所收獲。然而，假設(shè)你的回答是“是的，謝謝，我想買一副太陽(yáng)鏡?！?/p>

51、她會(huì)回答，“好的，請(qǐng)這邊走?！比缓竽愫退拖颉澳康牡亍弊呷ザ计惹械厝ふ夷阆胍臇|西。這與你的學(xué)習(xí)過程非常相似。如果你隨機(jī)選擇了一本書，“只是看看”而不是尋找具體東西，那么你所得到的很可能是一無(wú)所獲。但是，如果你知道你想要什么，而你手頭又有正確的書，那么你幾乎肯定會(huì)獲得你所想要的東西。你的緣由可能大不相同：閱讀或?qū)W習(xí)是為了“找出更多信息”、“為了理解原因”和“為了找出方法”。一個(gè)好學(xué)生對(duì)于他所做的事情總有一個(gè)明確的目的或原因。這就是奏效的方法。在開始學(xué)習(xí)之前，你這樣告訴自己，“我想知道斯蒂芬文森特貝尼特為什么這樣描寫美國(guó)。我讀這篇文章就是要找出原因。”或者“我要通讀這篇文章，看看中世紀(jì)英格蘭的

52、生活到底是什么樣子的?！庇捎谀阒篱喿x或?qū)W習(xí)的原因，你就可以將這些信息與你的目的緊密聯(lián)系，并更好地記住它。閱讀并不是一項(xiàng)獨(dú)立的行為，期間至少兩個(gè)重要過程同時(shí)發(fā)生。在閱讀時(shí)，你能夠迅速而又準(zhǔn)確地理解內(nèi)容，同時(shí)在對(duì)所讀內(nèi)容予以反應(yīng)時(shí)也在表述自己的思想。你與作者進(jìn)行一種精神對(duì)話。如果你口頭表述你的想法的話，它們很可能是“是的，我同意，我的想法也是這樣?！被蚴恰班?，我以為這項(xiàng)紀(jì)錄早就被打破了。我最好還是再查查日期?！被蚴恰暗沁€要考慮一些其他的事實(shí)！”你并不只是坐在那里理解內(nèi)容你還在做其他的事情，而這些事情往往非常重要。對(duì)所閱讀的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行思考的附加過程包括評(píng)估這些內(nèi)容、將其與已知信息相聯(lián)系，并根據(jù)自身

53、目的來(lái)進(jìn)行應(yīng)用。換句話說，一位好讀者也是一位批判性的讀者。正如你所發(fā)現(xiàn)的，批判性閱讀的一部分就是區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)。事實(shí)可以通過證據(jù)來(lái)確認(rèn)，而觀點(diǎn)只是個(gè)人反應(yīng)。批判性閱讀的還包括評(píng)判來(lái)源和進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確推理。Text 2If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, but because of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence on human be

54、havior. Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that one would rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes. One such definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand. Thus stimuli that at one time mig

55、ht be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending on what one is doing at the moment. In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in the effects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution” have arisen, together with movements to reduce n

56、oise.Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing, depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. Many jobs present noise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, and working (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing. In general, cont