需求與供給的PPT學習教案

1、會計學1第1頁/共82頁第2頁/共82頁第3頁/共82頁590萬RMB 第4頁/共82頁第5頁/共82頁第6頁/共82頁第7頁/共82頁第8頁/共82頁PQD第9頁/共82頁第10頁/共82頁第11頁/共82頁第12頁/共82頁第13頁/共82頁第14頁/共82頁比爾蓋茨：蟬聯(lián)福布斯世界首富13年，擁有財富560億美元 第15頁/共82頁PQDDABCDD, 偏好增強，收入增加，替代品價格上升，互補品價格下降，預期價格會上升第16頁/共82頁PQd1d22060p180pQD第17頁/共82頁1210102040QPQP123050QQQP第18頁/共82頁第19頁/共82頁第20頁/共82頁

2、第21頁/共82頁PQS第22頁/共82頁第23頁/共82頁PQCBASS, 技術退步，要素價格上升，相同投入的其他商品價格上升，預期價格會上升，政府稅收增加。SS第24頁/共82頁第25頁/共82頁第26頁/共82頁第27頁/共82頁DQuantityPrice第28頁/共82頁QuantityPriceS第29頁/共82頁第30頁/共82頁D0D0SSQ0P0E0PriceQuantity第31頁/共82頁D0D0SSQ0P0E0PriceQuantitysurplusshortage第32頁/共82頁D0D0SSQ0P0E0PriceQuantityIf the price of a s

3、ubstitute good increases .more will be demanded ateach priceD1D1The demand curve shiftsfrom D0D0 to D1D1.E1Q1P1The market moves to a new equilibrium at E1.第33頁/共82頁DDQ0P0E0PriceQuantitySuppose safety regulations are tightened, increasing producers costsS0S0S1S1The supply curve shifts to S1S1If price

4、 stayed at P0 there would be excess demandQ1P1E2So the market moves to a new equilibrium at E2.第34頁/共82頁第35頁/共82頁第36頁/共82頁PP3P1Q2Q0Q3Q1EP2P0OQSD供給曲線的斜率大于需求曲線的斜率第37頁/共82頁TPP0123456O第38頁/共82頁QPOP1P3P0P2Q0Q2Q3Q1EDS供給曲線的斜率小于需求曲線的斜率第39頁/共82頁TPP0123456O第40頁/共82頁QPP0OEDSP2P1Q0Q2Q1供給曲線的斜率等于需求曲線的斜率第41頁/共82頁T

5、PP0123456O第42頁/共82頁第43頁/共82頁第44頁/共82頁第45頁/共82頁(X2-x1)/x1y2-y1(y2+y1)/2x2-x1(X2+X1)/2第46頁/共82頁YXABC第47頁/共82頁Eyxxfyxxyx000000)(lim第48頁/共82頁第49頁/共82頁第50頁/共82頁價格變動的百分比需求量變動的百分比 Q/Q Q PEd= = . P/P P Q第51頁/共82頁measures the sensitivity of the quantitydemanded of a good to a change in its priceIt is defined

6、 as:% change in quantity demanded% change in price第52頁/共82頁第53頁/共82頁QPBACEd=1Ed=無限大Ed 1Ed 1OEd=P/Q* ?Q/ ?P =tg /tg 第54頁/共82頁3、需求彈性的分類1）需求完全無彈性completely inelastic，即Ed=02）需求有無限彈性infinitely elastic，即Ed無限大3）單位需求彈性unit elastic，即Ed=14）需求缺乏彈性inelastic，即0 Ed1第55頁/共82頁完全無彈性5105060缺乏彈性10550100單位彈性富有彈性完全彈性第56

7、頁/共82頁PQ第57頁/共82頁The price elasticity varies along the length of a straight-line demand curve.DemandUnit elasticityElasticInelasticQuantityPrice第58頁/共82頁4.影響需求彈性的因素： 1)商品的必需程度 2)商品的可替代性 3)商品在總支出中的比例 4)商品類別的大小 5)時間的長短第59頁/共82頁第60頁/共82頁第61頁/共82頁 部分產品的需求價格彈性 PRODUCTPRICE ELASTICITYINELASTIC Water0.14 F

8、ood0.21 Lively arts (theater,etc.)(0.07,0.29) Cigarettes(0.3,0.4) Legal services0.50 Stationery0.57 Jewelry, Watches0.67 APPROXIMATELY UNIT-ELASTIC Beer1.13 Electricity1.14 Mass transit, Bus1.20 New cars1.20 ELASTIC Charitable giving1.29 Marijuana1.50 Air travel2.40 Toilet articles, preparations3.04

9、 Motion pictures3.70數(shù)據(jù)來源：Principles of Economics,Richard,w.Tresch,1994 ,P 120參考資料：第62頁/共82頁谷賤傷農豐收悖論第63頁/共82頁第64頁/共82頁pQ富有彈性的商品降價才能夠提高銷售收入第65頁/共82頁P0, |Ed | 1, TR0 | Ed | =1, TR=0 | Ed | 0 第66頁/共82頁第67頁/共82頁第68頁/共82頁The cross price elasticity of demand for good x with respect to the price of good y i

10、s :% change in quantity demanded of good x % change in the price of good yThis may be positive or negativeThe cross price elasticity tends to be negative if two goods are complements e.g. bread and milk. The cross price elasticity tends to be positiveif two goods aresubstitutes: e.g. tea and coffee第

11、69頁/共82頁部分產品的交叉價格彈性PRODUCTSUBSTITUTE PRODUCTCROSS-PRICE ELASTICITYBEEFPork0.28BUTTERMargarine0.67ELECTRICITYNatural Gas0.20NATURAL GASFuel Oil0.44THEATERAll other lively arts0.12SYMPHONYAll other lively arts0.53 數(shù)據(jù)來源：Principles of Economics,Richard,w.Tresch,1994 ,P 122第70頁/共82頁with respect to a 1%pr

12、ice change in:FoodClothingTransportPercentage change inthe quantity demanded ofFoodClothing and footwearTravel and communications00.10.10.30.40.50.50.10.1第71頁/共82頁正常商品吉芬商品第72頁/共82頁The income elasticity of demand measuresthe sensitivity of quantity demanded to a change in income:% change in quantity

13、demanded of a good% change in consumer incomeThe income elasticity may be positive or negative.第73頁/共82頁第74頁/共82頁For an increase in income:QuantityPriceD0NORMAL GOODINFERIOR GOODQuantityD0PriceD1Demand curvemoves to the rightD1Demand curve moves to the left第75頁/共82頁參考資料： 部分產品的需求收入彈性PRODUCTINCOME EASTICITYINFERIOR Flour-0.36 Margarine-0.20 NECESSITIES Lively arts (theater, etc.)(0.06,0.26) Electricity(0.07,0.74) Physicians0.75 APPROXIMATELY UNIT-ELASTIC Liquors1.00 Tobacco1.02 Clothing1.02 LUXURIES Books1.44 New cars2.45 Private Education2.46 Durable Goods (appliances, etc.)2