grammar1概述

1、English Grammar 語法的三個語法的三個 層面：形式、意義、用法層面：形式、意義、用法v形式：形式：某個語法結(jié)構(gòu)怎樣構(gòu)成的。某個語法結(jié)構(gòu)怎樣構(gòu)成的。 如：現(xiàn)在完成進行時的結(jié)構(gòu)形式是have been doing。這是使用語法規(guī)則的起點，即首先要做到能夠準確地構(gòu)造某個語法結(jié)構(gòu)，這是語言結(jié)構(gòu)的準確性問題，v意義：某個語法結(jié)構(gòu)所表達的意義。v如：現(xiàn)在完成進行時可以表示“一個活動從過去一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在說話時刻”。v對于一個句子，它的含義不僅僅是來自于句中所使用的詞匯的含義，而是還有來自于特定語法結(jié)構(gòu)所含有的語法意義。用法：關(guān)于何時或為什么使用某一語法結(jié)構(gòu)的問 題。 這與在實際交流中的語境有關(guān)

2、系， 即什么樣的語境中。采用何種語法結(jié)構(gòu)來表達特定的意義才合適。v語法形式、意義、用法三者之間的關(guān)系：v英語學習者要能夠準確地、有意義地、恰當?shù)剡\用英語語言結(jié)構(gòu)。v做到這一點，才能真正靈活使用語法規(guī)則，并進而在思維高度上來使用英語。vIve been coming to Beijing for fourteen years.v翻譯一：我來北京有十四年了。v翻譯二：在過去這十四年中，我常常來北京。v翻譯二正確。Have been doing 在英文中表示的是一個重復的動作。具體來說，用短暫動詞的完成進行時來表示到目前為止的一段時間內(nèi)重復發(fā)生的動作。v因此，知道語法結(jié)構(gòu)的正確構(gòu)造形式只是第一步，還

3、要清楚其表達的語法意義。但知其二并不能保證能夠正確使用，還要知道其用法。其用法與語言環(huán)境密切相關(guān)。v句子與語境v在真實的語言交際過程中，任何一個句子都不能孤立存在，都有一個賴以生存的環(huán)境，甚至有時候，語境決定了一個句子真正要表達的意思。v比如下面這個電影對白發(fā)生在一位父親與自己女兒的男朋友之間。vFather: do you drink?vYoung man: No, thanks. Im cool.vFather : I am asking if you drink. Do you think Id offer alcohol to teenage drivers taking my dau

4、ghter out？v這位父親問他女兒的男朋友（其正準備開車帶她女兒出門）Do you drink? 他真正的意思是問這個年輕男子是否有飲酒的習慣， 即在詢問情況， 而不是問他現(xiàn)在想不想喝酒， 即不是在提議。英語語法的特點v一、漢語中有很多無主語句子或省略主語的句子。 在用英語表達時，需補出主語（祈使句的情形除外）。v暑假過得很開心。vThe summer vacation is happy. vWe hade a good time in the summer vacation.v天氣糟透了，整天刮大風下大雨的。vThe weather is so bad. It blew hard and

5、 rained heavily all the day.v考試沒過別泄氣。vDont lose heart if you dont pass the exam.v二、漢語中有很多無生物名詞做主語，但在英語中要改用生物即人做主語。v你的英語真棒。vYour English is excellent.vYou are excellent in English.v史密斯先生雙目失明。vMr. Smiths eyes are blind.vMr. Smith is blind in both eyes.v三、漢語中的一些句子以生物即人作主語，但受表語形容詞的制約，在英語中不可以人為主語。v你方便的話，

6、請在六點鐘來。vPlease come at six if you are convenient.vPlease come at six if it is convenient to you.v你很難說服他不去逛街。vYou are difficult to persuade him out of going shopping.vIt is difficult for you to persuade him out of going shopping.v四、漢語中有大量的無謂語動詞句子，但英語是一種以動詞為中心的語言，每個句子幾乎都少不了謂語動詞（省略句除外）。v這本書值得一讀。vThe bo

7、ok worth reading.vThe book is worth reading.v我父母每天都很忙。vMy parents very busy every day.vMy parents are very busy every day.v五、漢語中及物動詞與不及物動詞、狀態(tài)動詞與動作動詞的差別不大，界限不明。但在英語中卻有嚴格區(qū)別和固定的用法模式。v他與她結(jié)婚了。vHe married with her.vHe married her.v 凡是黨和人民所要求的，我一定做到。vIll do what the Party and the people require me.vIll do

8、what the Party and the people require me of.v我開始學英語到現(xiàn)在已有十年了。vIve begun to learn English for ten years.vIt has been ten years since I began to learn English.v這本雜志我可以借多久？vHow long can I borrow this magazine?vHow long can I keep this magazine?v父親直到半夜才睡覺。vFather went to bed until midnight.vFather didnt

9、go to bed until midnight.v在漢語中詞形沒有變化，在英語中卻有豐富的詞形變化。v醫(yī)生建議他每天喝兩杯牛奶。vThe doctor suggest that he drinks two glass of milk every day.vThe doctor suggests that he (should) drink two glasses of milk every day.v英語中名、形、副、動、數(shù)詞等均有詞形變化，其中以動詞的形式變化最多。v西瓜切成了八等份。vThe watermelon divides into eight equal shares.vThe

10、watermelon is divided into eight equal shares.v從這一角度看，情況似乎沒那么令人失望。vLooking at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.vLooked at in this way, the situation doesnt seem so disappointing.v如何掌握英語語法:v英語語法學得好不好，主要不是看你讀了多少語法書，記了多少條語法規(guī)則，而是要看你在實踐中能否正確掌握所學的語法規(guī)則能聽懂，說得好，寫得好，理解得好，譯得準確。v要掌握好一個語法項

11、目，就得靠多聽、多說、多寫、多讀、多譯。也就是做反復的、大量的、多樣化的練習。v 1._in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for wedding gown.v A. Unpopular has as white been v B. White has been as unpopularv C. Unpopular has been as white v D. Unpopular as white has beenv 2._for a long time, the fields are all dried up.v A. The

12、re has been no rain v B. Having no rain v C. There having been no rain v D. There being no rainv 3. The millions of calculations involved, _by hand, would have lost all practical value by the time they were finished.v A. had they been done v B. they had been done v C. having been done v D. they were

13、 donev 4. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment_.v A. which they are happening v B. they are happening v C. which they happen v D. they have happenedv 5._me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.v A. That am

14、azed v B. It amazed v C. Which amazed v D. What amazedv 6. Although she wrote a lot of short stories and poems when she was very young, _she was twenty-five.v A. her first real success did not come until v B. her real first success came until notv C. since her first real success did not come untilv

15、D. not until her first real successv 7. You should know better than_ your little sister at home by herself.v A. to leave v B. leaving v C. to have left v D. leftv 8. As the train will not leave until one hour later, we _grab a bite at the snack bar.v A. may well v B. just as well v C. might as well

16、v D. as wellv 9. She resorted to _ when she had no money to buy foods for her children.v A. have stolen v B. steal v C. stole v D. stealingv 10. The boy has admitted to _ the window while playing football yesterday.v A. breaking v B. having been broken v C. break v D. be breaking中式英語舉隅中式英語舉隅v1. 桌上放著

17、好些東西。vThere are a lot of things lying on the table.v2. 路不遠，咱們走著去吧。vIts quite near. Lets go there on foot.v3. 他老低著走路。vHe always walks with his head bent down.v4. 她想著想著笑了起來。vShe thought and thought and then burst out laughing.v5. 那條路難走著呢。vThe going is very hard on that road.v6. 他這才知道鍛煉身體的好處。vOnly now

18、does he see the good of taking exercise.v7. 把針腳縫得密一些。vMake your stitches closer together.v8. 斟酌情況作適當調(diào)整。vMake appropriate adjustments according to the circumstances.v9. 隨著機械化的發(fā)展，農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)蒸蒸日上。vWith the development of mechanization, agriculture is flourishing.v10. 忠誠于教育事業(yè)vbe devoted to the educational taskv11. 恣意踐踏vWillfully trample onv12. 他在我手下工作，就得聽我的。vHe has to listen to me since he is working under me.v13. 報上刊登了一則廣告。vA public notice was published in the newspaper.v14. 黑夜中他迷途了。vHe lost his way in the dark night.v15. 你的理由很勉強。vThe reason you give is rather unco