專業(yè)英語(yǔ)作業(yè)課件

1、20166專業(yè)外語(yǔ)作業(yè)磨床介紹翻譯班級(jí)：機(jī)械工程13-1姓名：張?zhí)┤粚W(xué)號(hào)：20131112磨床一磨床簡(jiǎn)介：磨床(grinder,grinding machine)是利用磨具對(duì)工件表面進(jìn)行磨削加工的機(jī)床。 大多數(shù)的磨床是使用高速旋轉(zhuǎn)的砂輪進(jìn)行磨削加工，少數(shù)的是使用油石、砂帶等其他磨具和游離磨料進(jìn)行加工，如珩磨機(jī)、超精加工機(jī)床、砂帶磨床、研磨機(jī)和拋光機(jī)等。二加工范圍:磨床能加工硬度較高的材料，如淬硬鋼、硬質(zhì)合金等；也能加工脆性材料，如玻璃、花崗石。磨床能作高精度和表面粗糙度很小的磨削，也能進(jìn)行高效率的磨削，如強(qiáng)力磨削等三行業(yè)概況：供求關(guān)系是一個(gè)行業(yè)能否快速發(fā)展的前提。目前來(lái)看，市場(chǎng)需求是很大的，而

2、供應(yīng)方面卻略顯不足，尤其是擁有核心知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)，產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量過(guò)硬的企業(yè)并不多，行業(yè)整體缺乏品牌效應(yīng)。在需求旺盛的階段，行業(yè)需求巨大，發(fā)展前景好，這是毋庸置疑的。但如何保持行業(yè)的健康，穩(wěn)定且可持續(xù)發(fā)展，就需要業(yè)內(nèi)企業(yè)共同努力，尤其需要發(fā)揮精益求精的研發(fā)精神，進(jìn)一步提高生產(chǎn)工藝，降低成本，真正解決客戶的實(shí)際困難，嚴(yán)把質(zhì)量關(guān)，提供最可靠的產(chǎn)品。四節(jié)能運(yùn)用：標(biāo)準(zhǔn)機(jī)械加工所使用磨床，砂輪電動(dòng)機(jī)均按傳統(tǒng)啟動(dòng)電路運(yùn)行。電動(dòng)機(jī)啟動(dòng)后按照額定轉(zhuǎn)速運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，由于電網(wǎng)電壓有一定波動(dòng)，砂輪工件磨擦負(fù)載不斷變化，都會(huì)影響電動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速誤差，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)砂輪電動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)電路一般只有一種加工速度，難以適應(yīng)不同工件大小要求不同加工相對(duì)線速度，以至于所

3、加工工件加工精密度很難保證。因此從提高加工質(zhì)量加工效率，節(jié)約能源等方面考慮，將變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)應(yīng)用于磨床，可以收到滿意效果。機(jī)械加工行業(yè)所加工產(chǎn)品種類繁多，工件大小尺寸不同，要求加工精度各異。相對(duì)要求砂輪轉(zhuǎn)速于主軸線速度不同，單純調(diào)整主軸轉(zhuǎn)速來(lái)滿足工件加工線速度很難調(diào)整到理想狀態(tài)。又由于軸桿類加工過(guò)程所產(chǎn)生應(yīng)力彎曲，磨削過(guò)程會(huì)產(chǎn)生砂輪進(jìn)給力矩不同，這樣就帶來(lái)砂輪輸出轉(zhuǎn)速/力矩不同變化，相應(yīng)會(huì)產(chǎn)生振刀紋/燒糊紋等，磨削精度很難保證，由此造成生產(chǎn)效率低，精品率低等。隨著電力電子技術(shù)發(fā)展，變頻調(diào)速技術(shù)越來(lái)越普及，機(jī)械加工行業(yè)變頻器應(yīng)用收到很好效果。其中，以變頻器無(wú)級(jí)調(diào)速，軟啟動(dòng)，恒轉(zhuǎn)矩輸出極大滿足了機(jī)械

4、加工設(shè)備對(duì)恒速度/恒轉(zhuǎn)矩要求。五分類：隨著高精度、高硬度機(jī)械零件數(shù)量的增加，以及精密鑄造和精密鍛造工藝的發(fā)展，磨床的性能、品種和產(chǎn)量都在不斷的提高和增長(zhǎng)。六磨床的類型：(1)外圓磨床：是普通型的基型系列，主要用于磨削圓柱形和圓錐形外表面的磨床。(2)內(nèi)圓磨床：是普通型的基型系列，主要用于磨削圓柱形和圓錐形內(nèi)表面的磨床。此外，還有兼具內(nèi)外圓磨的磨床。(3)坐標(biāo)磨床：具有精密坐標(biāo)定位裝置的內(nèi)圓磨床。(4)無(wú)心磨床：工件采用無(wú)心夾持，一般支承在導(dǎo)輪和托架之間，由導(dǎo)輪驅(qū)動(dòng)工件旋轉(zhuǎn)，主要用于磨削圓柱形表面的磨床。例如軸承軸支等。(5)平面磨床：主要用于磨削工件平面的磨床。a.手搖磨床適用于較小尺寸及較高

5、精度工件加工，可加工包括弧面、平面、槽等的各種異形工件。b.大水磨適用于較大工件的加工，加工精度不高，與手搖磨床相區(qū)別。(6)砂帶磨床：用快速運(yùn)動(dòng)的砂帶進(jìn)行磨削的磨床。(7)珩磨機(jī)：主要用于加工各種圓柱形孔（包括光孔、軸向或徑向間斷表面孔、通孔、盲孔和多臺(tái)階孔），還能加工圓錐孔、橢圓形孔、余擺線孔。(8)研磨機(jī)：用于研磨工件平面或圓柱形內(nèi)，外表面的磨床。(9)導(dǎo)軌磨床：主要用于磨削機(jī)床導(dǎo)軌面的磨床。(10)工具磨床：用于磨削工具的磨床。(11)多用磨床：用于磨削圓柱、圓錐形內(nèi)、外表面或平面，并能用隨動(dòng)裝置及附件磨削多種工件的磨床。(12)專用磨床：從事對(duì)某類零件進(jìn)行磨削的專用機(jī)床。按其加工對(duì)象

6、又可分為：花鍵軸磨床、曲軸磨床、凸輪磨床、齒輪磨床、螺紋磨床、曲線磨床等。(13)端面磨床：用于磨削齒輪端面的磨床。七特點(diǎn)要求：根據(jù)磨床的運(yùn)動(dòng)特點(diǎn)及工藝要求，對(duì)電力拖動(dòng)及控制有如下要求：（1）.砂輪的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)一般不要求調(diào)速，由一臺(tái)三相異步電動(dòng)機(jī)拖動(dòng)即可，且只要求單向旋轉(zhuǎn)。容量較大時(shí)，可采用Y-三角形降壓?jiǎn)?dòng)。（2）.為保證加工精度，使其運(yùn)行平穩(wěn)，保證工作臺(tái)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)換向時(shí)慣性小無(wú)沖擊，故采用液壓傳動(dòng)實(shí)現(xiàn)工作臺(tái)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)和砂輪箱橫向進(jìn)給。八安全防護(hù)：磨削加工應(yīng)用較為廣泛，是機(jī)器零件精密加工的主要方法之一。但是，由于磨床砂輪的轉(zhuǎn)速很高，砂輪又比較硬、脆、經(jīng)不起較重的撞擊，偶然的操作不當(dāng)，撞碎砂輪會(huì)造成

7、非常嚴(yán)重的后果。因此，磨削加工的安全技術(shù)工作顯得特別重要，必須采取可靠的安全防護(hù)裝置，操作要精神集中，保證萬(wàn)無(wú)一失。此外，磨削時(shí)砂輪的工件上飛濺出的微細(xì)砂屑及金屬屑，會(huì)傷害工人的眼睛，工人若大量地吸入這種塵末則對(duì)身體有害，也應(yīng)采取適當(dāng)?shù)姆雷o(hù)措施。磨削加工時(shí)應(yīng)注意如下的一些安全技術(shù)問(wèn)題。開(kāi)車(chē)前應(yīng)認(rèn)真地對(duì)機(jī)床進(jìn)行全面檢查，包括對(duì)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)、電氣設(shè)備及磁力吸盤(pán)等卡具的檢查。檢查后再經(jīng)潤(rùn)滑，潤(rùn)滑后進(jìn)行試車(chē)，確認(rèn)一切良好，方可使用。裝卡工件時(shí)要注意卡正、卡緊，在磨削過(guò)程中工件松脫會(huì)造成工件飛出傷人或撞碎砂輪等嚴(yán)重后果。開(kāi)始工作時(shí)，應(yīng)用手調(diào)方式，使砂輪慢些與工件靠近，開(kāi)始進(jìn)給量要小，不許用力過(guò)猛，防止碰撞砂

8、輪。需要用擋鐵控制工作臺(tái)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，要根據(jù)工件磨削長(zhǎng)度，準(zhǔn)確調(diào)好，將擋鐵緊牢。更換砂輪時(shí)，必須先進(jìn)行外觀檢查，是否有外傷，再用木錘或木棒敲擊，要求聲音清脆確無(wú)裂紋。安裝砂輪時(shí)必須按規(guī)定的方法和要求裝配，靜平衡調(diào)試后進(jìn)行安裝，試車(chē)，一切正常后，方可使用。工人在工作中要戴好防護(hù)眼鏡，修整砂輪時(shí)要平衡地進(jìn)行，防止撞擊。測(cè)量工件、調(diào)整或擦拭機(jī)床都要在停機(jī)后進(jìn)行。用磁力吸盤(pán)時(shí)，要將盤(pán)面、工件擦凈、靠緊、吸牢，必要時(shí)可加擋鐵，防止工件移位或飛出。要注意裝好砂輪防護(hù)罩或機(jī)床擋板，站位要側(cè)過(guò)高速旋轉(zhuǎn)砂輪的正面。九日常保養(yǎng)：磨床要有專人負(fù)責(zé)保養(yǎng)和使用，定期檢修，確保機(jī)床處于良好狀態(tài)。（1）作業(yè)完畢，機(jī)件各處，尤

9、其是滑動(dòng)部位，應(yīng)擦試干凈后上油。（2）清除磨床各部位之研磨屑。（3）必要之部位，上防銹。（4）研磨前，請(qǐng)校正砂輪平衡。（5）必須依工物材質(zhì)、硬度慎選砂輪。（6）主軸端與砂輪凸緣應(yīng)涂薄油膜以防生銹。（7）請(qǐng)注意主軸旋轉(zhuǎn)方向。（8）禁止使用空氣槍清潔工作物及機(jī)器。（9）請(qǐng)注意油窗油路是否順暢。（10）吸塵箱，過(guò)濾鋼，請(qǐng)每周清潔一次。（11）吸力弱時(shí)請(qǐng)檢查吸塵管是否有粉屑堵塞。（12）必須保持吸塵管道清潔，否則會(huì)引起燃燒。磨床吸盤(pán)之保養(yǎng)永久磁鑄吸盤(pán)或電磁吸盤(pán)之盤(pán)面為工作物研磨精度能否求出之基礎(chǔ)，應(yīng)妥為維護(hù)、保養(yǎng)。若工作物精度差了或盤(pán)面有所損傷，盤(pán)面必須再研磨，盤(pán)面精度合乎要求，才能確保工作物之精度。

10、磨床潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)之保養(yǎng)潤(rùn)滑油于最初使用一個(gè)月以更換，以后每3-6個(gè)月后更換一次，油槽下方有泄油栓，可資利用。并請(qǐng)注意，換油時(shí)，將槽內(nèi)部及過(guò)濾器一并清洗。十安全操作規(guī)范：（1）工作前應(yīng)檢查機(jī)械、電器、防護(hù)裝置、吸塵裝置、工卡量具等，必須處于完整良好狀態(tài)。（2）手動(dòng)檢查各部之后，空車(chē)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，檢查磨頭縱向往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)，確認(rèn)正常后，可進(jìn)行工作。（3）工作前按工件磨削長(zhǎng)度，手動(dòng)調(diào)整換向擋鐵位置，并加以緊固。（4）機(jī)床工作時(shí)，液壓系統(tǒng)的壓力應(yīng)不超出規(guī)定值范圍。油溫不得超過(guò)50，油缸中有空氣時(shí)，應(yīng)將磨頭以最大行程來(lái)回走數(shù)次以排氣。（5）機(jī)床沒(méi)有縱向移動(dòng)的自動(dòng)和手動(dòng)的互鎖機(jī)構(gòu)，而用液壓自動(dòng)往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)，必須將手柄拔出。（

11、6）工作中經(jīng)常檢查夾具，工件的緊固，以及砂輪的平衡緊固和皮帶的松緊。砂輪磨鈍應(yīng)及時(shí)修整。（7）修整砂輪時(shí)，金剛刀固定在專用托架上，操作時(shí)嚴(yán)禁撞擊，并應(yīng)戴好防護(hù)眼鏡。（8）砂輪沒(méi)有脫離工件時(shí)，不準(zhǔn)停車(chē)。（9）更換砂輪應(yīng)遵守磨工一般安全規(guī)程。（10）不準(zhǔn)觸摸磨削中的工件或隔著運(yùn)動(dòng)部位傳送東西。（11）調(diào)整，修理、潤(rùn)滑、擦拭機(jī)床時(shí)應(yīng)停機(jī)進(jìn)行。GrinderGrinder Description:Grinder (grinder, grinding machine) is used on the abrasive surface grinding machine. Most of grinding i

12、s the use of high-speed rotating grinding wheel, use a small amount of other abrasive and non-abrasive Whetstone, belts and other treatments,Such as honing, super finishing machine, belt grinder, grinding machine, polishing machine.Deal with:Crushers machining high hardness materials such as hardene

13、d steel, carbide, and the like; further processing of brittle materials, such as glass, granite. High-precision grinding machine can grinding and surface roughness, and high efficiency grinding mill and other strongIndustry Overview:Supply and demand is a prerequisite for the development of the indu

14、stry quickly. Currently, the market demand is great, but the supply side has slightly less, especially with the core independent intellectual property rights, product quality not many companies, the industry overall lack of branding. In the requirements phase, the industry needs is a huge developmen

15、t, good prospects, it is beyond doubt. But how to maintain a healthy, stable and sustainable development of the industry, requires companies under the joint efforts of industry, in particular, we need to play better research and development, further improve the production process, reduce costs, the

16、real solution to the actual customers, Yan the quality problem to provide the most reliable products and services.four. Energy Saving Application:Standard processing mill, according to the conventional operation using wheel motor starting circuit. The rated speed of the motor starts to run, since th

17、e gate voltage after some fluctuations, changes of friction wheel load of the workpiece can affect motor speed error, the standard wheel motor starting circuit is usually only a processing speed, it is difficult to adapt to different requirements with respect to processing line speed on the differen

18、t dimensions of the workpiece so that the workpiece machining accuracy is not guaranteed. Therefore, to improve processing quality and efficiency, energy conservation and other considerations, grinders inverter technology, can receive satisfactory results.Mechanical processing products processing in

19、dustry a wide range of workpiece sizes, different precision requirements. Relative to the main axis at different speeds of the wheel speed required, simply adjust the workpiece spindle speed to meet the line speed is difficult to adjust to the desired state. Meanwhile, the stress due to the bending

20、axis of the working class generated in the process, wheel feed will produce different torque, so bring wheel output speed / torque different changes, will produce a corresponding vibration knife pattern / burnt food, etc., precision grinding is difficult to guarantee, thereby resulting in low produc

21、tivity, low quality.With the power electronics technology, inverter technology is becoming increasingly popular, machining industry inverter applications received very good results. Wherein the frequency control, soft start, constant torque output greatly satisfy machining equipment for the constant

22、 speed / constant torque requirements.Classification:With high accuracy, the number of mechanical parts of high hardness is increased, and the development of precision casting and precision forging technology, performance, variety and production grinding machines continue to improve and grow.Grinder

23、s type:(1) Cylindrical Grinder: ordinary type-based series, mainly used for grinding cylindrical grinder and conical outer surface.(2) Internal Grinder: ordinary type-based series, mainly used for grinding cylindrical and conical inner surface. In addition, there are internal and external circular g

24、rinding mill.(3) jig grinders: using precision internal grinder coordinate positioning apparatus.(4) Grinder: inadvertent use of the workpiece holder, between the pulleys and general support from the guide wheel-drive workpiece rotation carriage, is mainly used for grinding cylindrical surface grind

25、ing machines. The bearing supported shaft.(5) Surface Grinder: mainly used for grinding the workpiece surface.One. The accuracy of smaller size and higher workpiece hand-cranked grinder, the workpiece can include a variety of special-shaped arc processing, aircraft, tanks and the like.Bay mill suita

26、ble for processing large parts machining accuracy is not high, the phase difference between the hand-cranked grinder.(6) Band-grinding: grinding machine Belt grinding machine moving quickly.(7) Honing machine: mainly used for processing a variety of conical bore cylindrical holes (including the pupi

27、l, axial or radial discontinuous surface pores, through-hole, blind holes and multi-stepped bore), but also processing, oval shaped hole, trochoidal holes.(8) grinding machine: polishing a surface of a workpiece or the inner surface of the outer cylindrical grinder.(9) rail grinding machine: mainly

28、used for grinding machine tool guide surface.(10) Tool grinding machine: for grinding tools.(11) Multi-grinding machine: for grinding cylindrical, conical inner and outer surface or plane, and can follow a variety of equipment and accessories Grinding workpiece.(12) special grinder: grinding machine

29、 in some parts. Its work object, can be divided into: spline shaft grinding machines, crankshaft grinding machines, cam grinding machines, gear grinding machines, thread grinder, curve grinder.(13) surface grinder: grinding machine for grinding the gear end.Functional requirements:According to the g

30、rinding motion characteristics and electric drive and control technology requires the following requirements:(1) generally does not require rotational movement of the wheel speed may be only unidirectional rotation by three-phase asynchronous motors. Large capacity, Y- Triangle buck starts.(2) In or

31、der to ensure the accuracy and maintain stable operation, to ensure no impact for Taiwan reciprocating inertia, so the use of hydraulically driven reciprocating table movement and feed gearbox.Eight. Safety:Grinding is widely used, it is one of the main methods of machine parts precision machining.

32、However, due to the high speed grinding wheel, grinding wheel and relatively hard, brittle, can not withstand heavy impact, improper operation accident, smashed the wheel will result in very serious consequences. Therefore, polishing safety technical work is particularly important and must adopt rel

33、iable safety device, the operation does not concentrate, sure. In addition, micro-fine sand and debris flying metal shavings, will hurt workers in the eyes of the workpiece wheel if inhaled dust from the end of a large number of workers are harmful to the body in this, it should take appropriate pro

34、tective measures. Here are some issues to pay attention to safety technology when grinding.Before driving the machine should seriously carry out a comprehensive examination, including testing, electrical equipment and magnetic chuck clamps the steering mechanism. Check again after lubrication, condu

35、ct a trial run to make sure everything is fine, can be used.When the workpiece is clamped positive card, the card tight, will cause the workpiece in the workpiece during grinding flight crashed loose or injury, such as a wheel serious consequences. At the beginning of work, hand tuning mode, the whe

36、el and the workpiece slowly close the application, the feed rate began to be small, and not too much force, in order to prevent collisions wheel. When you need to use the iron control table back and forth, according to the workpiece grinding, accurate and precise, tight plug length prisons.When repl

37、acing wheels, must be visually examined whether there is injury, then stick or mallet percussion, crisp sound really need no cracks. The method must be defined and specified when installing the wheel assembly, static balance debugging, testing after installation, everything is normal, it can be used

38、.At work workers should wear protective glasses, to be carried out, the balance wheel dressing to prevent collision. Measuring the workpiece must be closed or adjusted wipe machine. When using a magnetic chuck, magnetic disk, wiper, butt, suck prison, necessary, to add iron block, prevent or flight

39、shifts. Note that the installation in high-speed rotation of the wheel or front wheel in the machine side baffle station.Routine maintenance:Grinder, there must be someone responsible for the maintenance and use, regular maintenance, ensure that the equipment is in good condition.(1). Once this work

40、 is completed, the surrounding parts, especially sliding parts, should wipe clean the oil.(2). Grinding debris removal various parts grinder.(3). The main part of the rust.(4). Before grinding, correct wheel balance.(5). The composition according to the material we have, work hardness careful select

41、ion round.(6). Spindle and wheel flange should be coated with a thin film to prevent rust.(7). Please note that the direction of rotation of the spindle.(8). Prohibit the use of air guns and machine cleaning plant.(9). Note that the oil passage is smooth window.(10). Vacuum box, stainless steel filt

42、er, cleaned once a week.(11). Check suction tube weak shavings clogging.(12). Suction pipe must be kept clean, otherwise it will cause a fire.Grinder sucker maintenancePermanent magnet or electromagnetic sucker disc cast work is based on precision grinding can be found, it should be properly maintai

43、ned and maintenance. If the accuracy of some of the work is damaged or poor disk, the disk must be desired precision grinding disc, in order to ensure accuracy of the workpiece.Grinding machine lubrication system maintenanceMonth lubricant to replace the original, later replaced every 3-6 months, there is oil pan drain plug below. And note that when the oil change, the interior of the tank and filter cleaning. Safety