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1、第六章 實(shí)用文本翻譯(1):時(shí)政文翻譯 時(shí)政翻譯是我國(guó)對(duì)外宣傳和政治文化交往中的一個(gè)重要組成部分,這一類文本大致可分為兩類,一是關(guān)乎國(guó)家大政方針的政策文件,二是國(guó)家黨政領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人的重要講話,基本屬于紐馬克劃分的“表達(dá)型文本”類型。由于“表達(dá)型”文本的功能“核心”(core)是“作者”(writer)的思想表達(dá),因而作者的“個(gè)性成分構(gòu)成了表達(dá)型文本的表達(dá)要素”(The personal components constitute the expressive element of an expressive textNewmark,1988:40.),形成了表現(xiàn)作者個(gè)人語(yǔ)言風(fēng)格的“個(gè)人習(xí)語(yǔ)”(idi
2、olect),所謂“文如其人”。例如有人講話熱情洋溢,非常地“eloquent”,有人講話簡(jiǎn)短干脆,有人講話則有點(diǎn)含混隱晦等等,多少都帶有些鮮明的個(gè)人印記;而另一方面,作為政府的文件和文告,這類文本雖沒有多少作者的個(gè)人印記,但它代表的是國(guó)家和政府,涉及到國(guó)家的大政方針、基本政策,涉及到政治影響和國(guó)家形象,因而具有極大的權(quán)威性,其內(nèi)容是不容譯者任意篡改和隨意發(fā)揮、強(qiáng)加入譯者的個(gè)人行為特點(diǎn)的。因此,翻譯中譯者應(yīng)盡可能地忠實(shí)于原文,“在語(yǔ)義、句法結(jié)構(gòu)上盡其可能地用譯文允許的形式將原文語(yǔ)境意義準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來(lái)”(Newmark,1981:39),以彰顯此類文本的“個(gè)性”(personal componen
3、ts)。 61 時(shí)政翻譯的特點(diǎn) 611 緊扣原文 我國(guó)著名翻譯家時(shí)政翻譯的前輩 程鎮(zhèn)球 先生就一直認(rèn)為,對(duì)于這一類文本,翻譯時(shí)“首先,要緊扣原文,不得任意增刪”,“緊扣原文,有時(shí)原文的詞序也要很好注意,不要輕易顛倒,避免犯政治性錯(cuò)誤”(程鎮(zhèn)球:2003)。強(qiáng)調(diào)“緊扣原文”就是要突出“語(yǔ)義翻譯”,即“盡可能地使用貼近原語(yǔ)的語(yǔ)義、句法結(jié)構(gòu)將原文語(yǔ)境意義準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來(lái)”。他在文中列舉了一些因打亂原文詞序而以詞害意,導(dǎo)致讀者強(qiáng)烈反應(yīng)的例子。例如,1982年鄧小平與當(dāng)時(shí)的英國(guó)首相撒切爾夫人在談到關(guān)于香港回歸問題時(shí)講的一句話: 例1. (我擔(dān)心在這個(gè)時(shí)期中會(huì)出現(xiàn)很大的混亂,而且這些混亂是人為的。)這當(dāng)中不光
4、有外國(guó)人,也有中國(guó)人,而主要是英國(guó)人。 最后一句開始的譯文是這樣的: (1)These would be created not just by foreigners, chiefly Britons, but also by Chinese. 譯(1)顛倒了原文語(yǔ)序,把重點(diǎn)移到了后面(not onlybut also的語(yǔ)義重心問題),把制造混亂的人變成主要是中國(guó)人了。譯者當(dāng)時(shí)可能是認(rèn)為,英國(guó)人也是外國(guó)人,把它們放在一起文字上要簡(jiǎn)潔一些,卻不知詞序一換,意義就走了樣。后來(lái)譯文改為: (2)These would be created by Chinese as well as foreigne
5、rs, chiefly by Britons. (程鎮(zhèn)球:2003) 你看,就是因?yàn)閷?duì)一個(gè)小小的“not onlybut also”與“as well as”的理解問題就導(dǎo)致了如此大的危害,足見政治文章是多么講究嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)縝密!再如: 例2. 經(jīng)驗(yàn)證明,關(guān)起門來(lái)搞建設(shè)是行不通的。中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開世界。 (1)Our experience shows that China can not rebuild itself with its door closed to the outside world and that it cannot develop without the help of othe
6、r countries. (2) Our experience shows that China can not rebuild itself behind closed doors and that it cannot develop in isolation from the rest of the world. (ibid) 譯(1)把“中國(guó)的發(fā)展離不開世界”譯成了“沒有別國(guó)幫助中國(guó)就不能發(fā)展”,嚴(yán)重歪曲了原義,譯(2)就注意了分寸,意義準(zhǔn)確得多。 因此, 程 先生指出,“政治文章上用詞嚴(yán)格”,“要仔細(xì)衡量用詞的政治含義和影響”,“緊扣原文,甚至一些小零件也不應(yīng)放過”(程鎮(zhèn)球:2003)
7、,實(shí)際上,他從另一個(gè)角度強(qiáng)調(diào)了“語(yǔ)義翻譯”在時(shí)政文體翻譯中的重要作用。 612 以“意”為重 但另一方面,時(shí)政翻譯的這種“緊扣”原文又并非死“扣”結(jié)構(gòu)而損害意義,從更多意義上說,是“緊扣”原文的內(nèi)容和作者的思想,倘若譯文貌合神離甚至以辭害義,則不可一味盲從。因此,我國(guó)另一位資深翻譯權(quán)威 王弄笙 先生也認(rèn)為:“從事外事翻譯必須結(jié)合業(yè)務(wù)熟悉政策,對(duì)重要的詞,特別是涉及到領(lǐng)土主權(quán)、重大國(guó)家利益的詞,要保持清醒的頭腦,掌握好分寸。不僅要譯出詞的表面意思,而且要表達(dá)出詞義的深刻內(nèi)涵”。在談到表達(dá)詞義內(nèi)涵時(shí),他進(jìn)一步指出,要“吃透中文的精神,以意為重,擺脫中文字面的束縛,按照英語(yǔ)的習(xí)慣,表達(dá)原文的內(nèi)涵”,
8、并強(qiáng)調(diào):“翻譯要求忠實(shí)準(zhǔn)確地表達(dá)原義,同時(shí)又要使譯文通順易懂。譯文既要扣得緊,又不能太死;既要靈活,又不能活得出格”,“譯文要精煉,語(yǔ)言要自然,用字要樸實(shí)”(王弄笙,2002)。從這個(gè)意義上說,“緊扣”原文是原則,以“意”為重是根本。所以,“緊貼原文語(yǔ)義結(jié)構(gòu)”不能以犧牲意義為代價(jià),不然會(huì)得不償失,反倒背離了原文。因此,譯文能“緊扣”則“緊扣”,不能“緊扣”則應(yīng)以“意”為重,準(zhǔn)確通順地表達(dá)原義。例如: 例1中國(guó)有兩點(diǎn)是靠得住的,一是講原則,二是說話算數(shù)。 (1)On two points China can be account. First, it upholds principle and
9、second, it keeps its words. (僅僅兩點(diǎn)) (2) China can be account on. Among other things, first, it upholds principle and second, it honors its words. (至少有兩點(diǎn)) (王弄笙,2002) 譯(1)緊扣原文詞義和結(jié)構(gòu)卻偏離了原義,譯(2)適當(dāng)變通卻更貼近原義。 例2農(nóng)民增加了對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的投資,這樣相對(duì)減少了國(guó)家對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)的直接投資。 (1)The peasants have increased their investment in agriculture. Thi
10、s has relatively reduced direct investment in agriculture by the state. (2) Increased peasant investment in agriculture means relatively less direct investment in agriculture by the state. (ibid) 譯(1)基本“字對(duì)字”,句式松散;譯(2)改變了形式調(diào)整了結(jié)構(gòu)反倒更簡(jiǎn)潔達(dá)意。 例3必須努力體現(xiàn)發(fā)展面向現(xiàn)代化、面向世界、面向未來(lái)的,民族的科學(xué)的大眾的社會(huì)主義文化的要求,促進(jìn)全民族思想道德素質(zhì)和科學(xué)文化素質(zhì)
11、的不斷提高,為我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)進(jìn)步提供精神動(dòng)力和智力支持。 We should meet the requirements of the national, scientific and popular socialist culture that develops toward(或in orientation to 或oriented to) modernization, the world and the future, enabling them to upgrade the ideological and ethical qualities and scientific and cu
12、ltural qualities of the whole nation and to provide the motive power and support culturally and intellectually. 既沒有“embody”(體現(xiàn))和“face”(面向),也沒有漢語(yǔ)的重復(fù)結(jié)構(gòu),突出了其實(shí)際意義的表達(dá)。 62 時(shí)政翻譯常用技巧和手法 621 形象用語(yǔ)的處理 漢語(yǔ)歷來(lái)有使用形象加強(qiáng)表達(dá)的傳統(tǒng),現(xiàn)實(shí)社會(huì)中人們也喜歡用些群眾所喜聞樂見的形象表達(dá)來(lái)增強(qiáng)語(yǔ)言的感染力,因此,即使在極正式的政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)又件中也不時(shí)閃現(xiàn)出這類活潑、生動(dòng)的形象表達(dá),如“豆腐渣工程”(jerry-built p
13、roject)、“一條龍服務(wù)”(a coordinated service)、“一站式服務(wù)”(one-stop services)、“一刀切”(adopt identical way and standard)、“條塊分割”(departmental and regional barriers)等等,極大地增強(qiáng)了宣傳效果。然而翻譯時(shí),由于這類帶有典型中國(guó)文化色彩的形象表達(dá)大多在英語(yǔ)中不易找到相應(yīng)的對(duì)等詞,因而直譯與意譯應(yīng)視情而定,不可脫離上下文語(yǔ)境的約束。一般而言,形象的翻譯不外乎有下面幾種情況:一 形象相同,喻義相近,這種情況下最宜采用直譯法。例如:例1做一個(gè)快樂的單身白領(lǐng)麗人。 To be
14、 a happy single“white-collar lady”.例2在治理通貨膨脹時(shí),注意保持經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),成功實(shí)現(xiàn)“軟著陸”。In dealing with inflation, we paid attention to ensuring sustained expansion of the economy and a successful “soft-landing”.例3為獲取更多的財(cái)富,他們還向政治領(lǐng)域滲透,千方百計(jì)拉攏腐蝕黨政干部,尋求“保護(hù)傘”。To gain more property, they spare no effort to draw in leaders of
15、the Party and the Government as an umbrella for their criminal activities.例4寧夏正將旅游作為新型產(chǎn)業(yè)、朝陽(yáng)產(chǎn)業(yè)和支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)來(lái)培育。 Ningxia is developing its tourism sector as a new, rising and pillar industry.例5大規(guī)模的選拔性統(tǒng)一考試是一把鋒利的“雙刃劍”,“一考定終身”的弊端也給中學(xué)教育、高等教育以及考生和全社會(huì)帶來(lái)了一系列問題。The national college entrance examination is also a doub
16、le-edged sword. A series of educational and social problems have cropped up due to various flaws in the examination system.二、源、譯語(yǔ)中都有約定俗成的形象用語(yǔ),喻義相近但本體不同,這種情況可順從譯文習(xí)慣,其最大的特點(diǎn)是,漢、英語(yǔ)各自都有形象表達(dá),且約定俗成,盡管本體不同,但都指向同一喻義,異曲同工。例如:漢:暗箱操作英:under-the-counter operations(柜底)漢:裙帶經(jīng)濟(jì)英: crony economy(密友)漢: 打白條英:to issue IO
17、Us(欠條)漢:清理“三角債”。英:To break up the“debt chain”(債鏈)漢:“拳頭”產(chǎn)品英:knocked-out products(擊倒) 再看幾個(gè)具體實(shí)例:例1加快培育一批輻射面廣、帶動(dòng)力強(qiáng)的龍頭企業(yè)。We will step up the development of a number of leading enterprises playing the role of a powerhouse over a large area. 中國(guó)翻譯,“漢英時(shí)事政經(jīng)詞語(yǔ)選登”“龍頭”變“領(lǐng)頭”,認(rèn)知角度不同,但實(shí)質(zhì)一樣,唯一的遺憾是漢、英讀者審美感受不太一樣。例2現(xiàn)實(shí)中
18、存在的一些領(lǐng)導(dǎo)在職不作為、責(zé)任心不強(qiáng)、愛做官樣文章、搞形式擺花架子以及干部隊(duì)伍建設(shè)中能上不能下、庸不讓賢等問題。Problems exist in Chinas system of bureaucracyofficials inadequate performance, their poor sense of responsibility, excessive red tape, formalism, and extreme difficulty in replacing unqualified personnel with competent people.“官樣文章”變“(捆文件的)紅帶子
19、”,不同的社會(huì)背景,各自表述,殊途同歸。例3一個(gè)人在原企業(yè)的優(yōu)秀業(yè)績(jī)可以為他今后求職提供“敲門磚”。 An employees previous outstanding performance is a very important stepping stone to his or her job hunting. “敲門”的“磚頭”變“踏腳”的“石頭”,思維角度的確大不一樣。三、原文喻義在譯文中確實(shí)無(wú)形象來(lái)設(shè)喻,此時(shí)可根據(jù)原文喻義采用釋意的方法。這種譯法的好處是意義準(zhǔn)確,不會(huì)歪曲原義,不足的是,原語(yǔ)的形象和文化色彩喪失殆盡。例如:例1不少正在讀研的學(xué)生認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)在的人才市場(chǎng)是水漲船高,越早考研
20、含金量會(huì)越高。Many postgraduate students agree that the talent market always favors those with a higher educational background, so earlier is better in this regard.原文有兩個(gè)形象用語(yǔ):“水漲船高”與“含金量”,譯文都根據(jù)上下文做了變通,若直譯為“when the river rises the boat goes up too”和“the content of gold”,用在此處定會(huì)十分滑稽,故去形留義,準(zhǔn)確而又通俗易懂。 例2決不允許擅自將耕
21、地改為非農(nóng)用地,這是一條不可逾越的“紅線”。 Conversion of cultivated land to non-agricultural land without authorization will never be allowed. This is where we draw the line.盡管譯得地道,也有“線”的形象,但已無(wú)漢語(yǔ)“警示”的“紅色”,下一例情況基本相同:例3創(chuàng)建中國(guó)企業(yè)員工“紅黑檔”主要有兩個(gè)目的:一是建立中國(guó)職業(yè)人的個(gè)人信譽(yù)認(rèn)證體制,二是為中國(guó)企業(yè)提供一個(gè)更好的員工激勵(lì)機(jī)制。The establishment of the Online Employees
22、Performance Appraisal and Assessment Management System has two objectives: First, establishing a personal credibility assessment system. Second, establishing an effective enthusiasm stimulation mechanism.例4要大力精簡(jiǎn)會(huì)議和文件,切實(shí)解決當(dāng)前嚴(yán)重存在的“文山會(huì)?!眴栴}。No effort should be spared to cut the number of meetings and of
23、ficial papers to a minimum.無(wú)“山”無(wú)“?!?,只有“山”、“?!钡挠髁x:“大量的”。例5北京商務(wù)中心區(qū)將在區(qū)域規(guī)劃、配套設(shè)施建設(shè)、政府服務(wù)、政策制定上突破現(xiàn)有框架,率先實(shí)現(xiàn)與國(guó)際接軌。 The CBD will also conform to the international practice in facilities construction, government service and policy formulation. “接軌”沒有“軌”,只有“conform to”(一致)。對(duì)于“接軌”的譯法, 王弄笙 先生建議用下述三種表達(dá)為宜:使中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)與世界接
24、軌:a. so that the economy of China will converge with that of the worldb. adopt China s economy to international practicec. make China s economy conform to international practice (王弄笙:2002) 但也有保留形象的,如下例,但卻由“軌”變成了“線”,而后一個(gè)“軌跡”則完全轉(zhuǎn)譯為“目標(biāo)”:1)“與世界接軌”,是北京改革開放20多年的基本軌跡。 To be in line with international pract
25、ices is the goal set by Beijing since China s introduction of the reform and opening policy more than 20 years ago. 但下面“接軌”和“軌”的譯法又有變化,且其中的“軟規(guī)則”則完全采用了直譯法:2)既然“雙贏”需要相互的適應(yīng)和妥協(xié),那么要來(lái)中國(guó)求“贏”的外國(guó)商家,就也得量一量中國(guó)的“軌”、摸索一下中國(guó)的“慣例”,否則即使在硬規(guī)則上贏了,也可能陷在軟規(guī)則里動(dòng)彈不得。接軌不應(yīng)該、也不可能是單向的,各做調(diào)整、相互適應(yīng),才是雙贏的基礎(chǔ)。 Since a win-win situation
26、requires mutual concession and compromise, then foreign enterprises that hope to make gains on the Chinese market should understand China s traditions and conventions, otherwise they will be trapped in the “soft rules” in China . The realization of a win-win situation should be based on mutual adapt
27、ation and adjustment, rather than one side following the other sides practices. 四去掉形象完全不譯。這種情況下,原文的形象一般只是上下文語(yǔ)氣的延伸或補(bǔ)充,意在加深印象和強(qiáng)化語(yǔ)氣,其喻義已隱含在特定的上下文中。為避免行文累贅或語(yǔ)義重復(fù),一般可省去不譯。例1發(fā)揮中心城市的集聚功能和輻射作用,以線串點(diǎn),以點(diǎn)帶面,帶動(dòng)周圍地區(qū)發(fā)展。 Major cities connected by such lines should serve as economic centers and play leading roles in
28、the development of their adjacent areas. 例2既然要以公眾人物的身份吃這碗飯,就應(yīng)該知道這碗飯不是那么好吃的,代價(jià)之一就是時(shí)刻面臨著被人拎出來(lái)說三道四的危險(xiǎn)。As a public figure, he should know that one of the costs he has to pay is the risk of being gossiped about by the general public.例3本屆高交會(huì)將為參展的國(guó)內(nèi)外企業(yè)、科研院所、高等院校、投資機(jī)構(gòu)和中介機(jī)構(gòu),提供良好的支持和服務(wù)平臺(tái)。The trade fair will s
29、erve both foreign and domestic enterprises, research institutes, institutions of higher learning, investment organizations and intermediaries.這一“平臺(tái)”其功能基本相當(dāng)于一個(gè)范疇詞,原文“提供良好的支持和服務(wù)”語(yǔ)義完全到位,若再添“platform”一詞,反倒會(huì)產(chǎn)生誤解,以為真要在會(huì)館搭建一“臺(tái)子”。622 句型結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整 課堂翻譯練習(xí)(漢譯英): 1. 大力發(fā)揚(yáng)艱苦奮斗、勵(lì)精圖治、知難而進(jìn)、自強(qiáng)不息的精神。2. 過去五年,全國(guó)各族人民在中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下
30、,團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗,開拓創(chuàng)新,各個(gè)方面取得了重大成就。 對(duì)于漢語(yǔ)“團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗,開拓創(chuàng)新”、“團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗,開拓進(jìn)取”、“艱苦奮斗、自強(qiáng)不息”、“變革創(chuàng)新、努力奮斗”甚至還有“自力更生、艱苦奮斗”等這一類四字句并列的表達(dá),究竟該如何譯?例1過去的一年全國(guó)人民團(tuán)結(jié)奮斗,開拓進(jìn)取,社會(huì)主義現(xiàn)代化事業(yè)取得重大成就。 (1) In the last year,the Chinese people united and worked hard, pioneered and forged ahead, and made great achievements in the cause of Chinas socialist
31、 modernization. 字字對(duì)應(yīng),豈不太死板? (2) With a spirit of unit, diligence and enterprise, the Chinese people strived forward and made great achievements in the cause of China s socialist modernization in the last year. 雖分了主次,但層次仍不太清楚,表達(dá)也很累贅,還是不合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。 (3)In the past,the Chinese people worked hard with a unite
32、d and pioneering spirit, achieving great success in the drive for socialist modernization. 這一譯文以“奮斗”為邏輯語(yǔ)義重心,其他動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)或句子圍繞這一主干空間搭架,全句主次分明,語(yǔ)義邏輯關(guān)系外顯,符合英語(yǔ)的文法和習(xí)慣??梢?,推不推敲原文語(yǔ)義邏輯內(nèi)涵效果大不一樣,翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)特別注意根據(jù)整體行文布局的要求行文用字,不可逐字直譯: 例2自力更生、艱苦奮斗:to work hard and self-reliantly 變革創(chuàng)新、努力奮斗:to work hard for change and innovatio
33、n. 例3我們必須解放思想、實(shí)事求是、扎實(shí)工作,開拓進(jìn)取We should emancipate our minds, seek truth from facts and work hard and creatively. 前三個(gè)四字結(jié)構(gòu)基本照字直譯,最后一個(gè)轉(zhuǎn)換為一個(gè)副詞,這是原文邏輯語(yǔ)義的要求,盡管句式結(jié)構(gòu)有了變化,卻同樣承續(xù)了原文的氣勢(shì)。 例4中國(guó)古代文明的發(fā)展,是中華民族艱苦奮斗、自強(qiáng)不息的結(jié)果。The fruits of China s ancient civilization were brought about by the tireless efforts and hard w
34、ork of the Chinese nation.注:“自強(qiáng)不息”有多種譯法:to strive constantly to become stronger;to strive constantly to strengthen oneself;to strive constantly for self-strengthening;to strive constantly for self-improvement漢、英語(yǔ)句式結(jié)構(gòu)上的差異,從形式上看,基本可用“竹型”與“樹型”之差來(lái)形容。句型越復(fù)雜,信息量越大,其差異愈加明顯。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)分析原文內(nèi)在的邏輯語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,特別要弄清漢語(yǔ)流水句各小句間的邏
35、輯主次關(guān)系,在譯文中重新謀篇布局,結(jié)構(gòu)上該分則分,該合則合,該打亂則打亂,以盡量保證譯文的規(guī)范與地道。 例1語(yǔ)言這個(gè)東西,不是隨便可以學(xué)好的,非下苦功不可。 有人不假思索照直譯為: (1) Language is something difficult to learn well and to learn it well one has to study very hard. 典型的漢式英語(yǔ),羅嗦松散,不合英語(yǔ)表達(dá)習(xí)慣。 (2)The mastery of language is not easy and requires painstaking effort. (鐘述孔,1983:99) 這
36、一譯文行文用字地道得多,結(jié)構(gòu)也更合理。 例2. 認(rèn)真貫徹“一要吃飯、二要建設(shè)”的方針,合理調(diào)整財(cái)政支出結(jié)構(gòu),區(qū)別輕重緩急,/該保的一定要保,該壓縮的要堅(jiān)決壓縮。 We must conscientiously carry out the principle of “subsistence first, development second” and rationally adjust the pattern of expenditures and do things according to the order of their importance and urgency. / Fundin
37、g must be guaranteed for what must be done and, for what is not important or urgent enough, funding must be cut.原文竹型排列五個(gè)小句根據(jù)內(nèi)在邏輯語(yǔ)義劃為兩大塊:前者為總體,后者為細(xì)節(jié)。對(duì)“該壓縮的”一句根據(jù)上下文內(nèi)容上做了增譯,意義更明確。例3中國(guó)的野生動(dòng)物,種類繁多,堪稱世界種群量(populations)最多的國(guó)家之一,擁有4,400種脊椎動(dòng)物(vertebrates),占世界分布總量的百之十強(qiáng)。(1) China is known as one of the world'
38、;s most diverse populations of wild animals for their variety of species. With 4,400 species of vertebrates, it takes more than 10 percent of the world total distributions.(2) China is home to one of the world's most diverse populations of wild animals with its 4,400 species of vertebrates, acco
39、unting for over 10 percent of the world-wide total.漢語(yǔ)以意合句,語(yǔ)氣連貫,但結(jié)構(gòu)松散,無(wú)顯性語(yǔ)義標(biāo)記。譯文(1)基本按原文結(jié)構(gòu)行文用字;譯文(2)作了必要調(diào)整,將頭三個(gè)分句用-SV主干結(jié)構(gòu)統(tǒng)一,后兩分句分別用介詞短語(yǔ)和V-ing短語(yǔ)引出,表SV主干句的伴隨和結(jié)果,化零為整,統(tǒng)一了句式。相對(duì)而言,比譯(1)更合英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣。例4北京首都國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)現(xiàn)有兩條跑道、兩個(gè)候機(jī)樓、75個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)停機(jī)位,2008年以前,機(jī)場(chǎng)將進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的擴(kuò)建,再增加條跑道、1座候機(jī)樓、55個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)停機(jī)位,使年客運(yùn)能力達(dá)到4800萬(wàn)人次。 若不推敲原文語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,一句句對(duì)照來(lái)譯,譯文可能
40、是這樣:(1) Beijing s Capital International Airport now has two runways, two terminal buildings and 75 aircraft waiting bays. Before 2008 it will expand on a large scale by adding one runway, an additional terminal building and 55 standard aircraft waiting bays to improve its annual passenger handling c
41、apacity up to 48 million people.雖很通順,但原文一、二句的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系未很好地聯(lián)系起來(lái)。若按英語(yǔ)習(xí)慣,似乎這樣更好一些:(2)Based on its two runways, two terminal buildings and 75 aircraft waiting bays, Beijing s Capital International Airport will undergo before 2008 its large-scale expansion, adding one runway, an additional terminal building a
42、nd 55 standard aircraft waiting bays for an annual passenger handling capacity up to 48 million people.但翻譯這類文本時(shí),也有根據(jù)需要一句一頓的: 例4經(jīng)過近30年的努力,中國(guó)成功地探索了一條具有本國(guó)特色的綜合治理人口問題的道路,/逐步形成了適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)要求的/人口調(diào)控體系和計(jì)劃生育工作管理體制,/人口與發(fā)展取得了舉世矚目的成就,/公民的生存權(quán)、發(fā)展權(quán)和經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化權(quán)利顯著改善。After nearly 30 years of efforts, China has successfully
43、 found its own way to have an integrated approach to the population issue with its own national characteristics./A system of regulating and adjusting the population growth with a proper family planning program management has gradually come into being./This is a system in keeping with the market econ
44、omy./Chinas population and development program has achieved universally acknowledged success./The citizens rights to subsistence and development and their rights in the socio-economic and cultural fields have been notably improved.一句一頓,斬釘截鐵,語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)烈,充滿自信,原文用逗號(hào)分開的漢語(yǔ)小句在譯文中全都改變?yōu)楠?dú)立的單句??梢?,譯文是分是合,須根據(jù)原文語(yǔ)義內(nèi)容靈活處
45、理。有時(shí),簡(jiǎn)短的句式可加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣,體現(xiàn)說話人行事果斷、說話簡(jiǎn)要的風(fēng)格,不失為一種合理的處理手法。623 解釋性翻譯 一般而言,翻譯時(shí)若能保留原文形式而不產(chǎn)生理解上的障礙,則盡可直譯。但是,由于漢、英語(yǔ)間文化差異太大,要想在各自語(yǔ)言中找到完全等同的表達(dá)形式幾乎不可能。盡管有些也可改譯或套用譯語(yǔ)相似的習(xí)語(yǔ)來(lái)表達(dá),效果雖皆大歡喜,卻失去了原味,且不符合時(shí)政翻譯“緊貼原文”的宗旨,因?yàn)檫@類表達(dá)反映了我國(guó)獨(dú)特的國(guó)情,表達(dá)的是中國(guó)的“traditional concepts”。在這種情況下,翻譯時(shí)往往用闡釋的手法來(lái)處理這類問題,以保留原語(yǔ)的文化特色。例如:例1有的地方熱衷于搞華而不實(shí)的“形象工程”、“政績(jī)工
46、程”,市政建設(shè)盲目追求高檔次、高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 “形象工程”、“政績(jī)工程”這是中國(guó)社會(huì)主義市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)特有的產(chǎn)物,如果簡(jiǎn)單照字譯為“image project”“post-achievement project”,恐怕不易理解。 Some local authorities like to build ostentatious projects designed to build their own images or show their achievements. In urban development, they indiscriminately pursue things of the high
47、est grade or standard.例2傳統(tǒng)的早婚早育、多子多福和重男輕女等觀念逐漸被晚婚晚育、少生優(yōu)生、生男生女都一樣等科學(xué)、文明、進(jìn)步的觀念所取代。 The traditional concepts of “early marriage, early childbirth”, “the more sons, the more happiness” and “men are superior to women” has been gradually replaced by the scientific and advanced concepts of “l(fā)ate marriage,
48、and later childbearing, fewer and healthier births” and “boys and girls are equal”. 例3“讀書就是掙大錢娶美女”的看法無(wú)疑并無(wú)任何新鮮之處,它無(wú)非是古話“書中自有黃金屋,書中自有顏如玉”的現(xiàn)代直譯。這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)由于其個(gè)人主義和功利主義而被現(xiàn)代教育觀念所拋棄,但也不能否認(rèn),它的確是很多人刻苦讀書的直接動(dòng)力。 The view that the purpose of study is to earn lots of money and marry a beauty is nothing more than an int
49、erpretation of the old saying “through study, one can find a gold house and a beautiful woman.” This individualist and utilitarianist thought have been discarded by modern education concepts. However, we cant deny that this idea is still the driving force for many students. 漢語(yǔ)斜體部分句子最好照直闡釋,因?yàn)樗鼈兪亲鳛橹苯右?/p>
50、語(yǔ)而用于文中的,是原作者思想的核心內(nèi)容,不可隨意篡改或刪減。當(dāng)然,作為應(yīng)用型文本,其主要功能還是表達(dá)原文信息內(nèi)容,大可不必為體現(xiàn)原古漢語(yǔ)形式而過分追求與其對(duì)應(yīng)的古英語(yǔ)譯出,那樣只會(huì)得不償失,導(dǎo)致“譯猶未譯”的結(jié)果。 例4“以人為本”的人格價(jià)值觀念同“以和為貴”、“海納百川”等和平與發(fā)展的思想主張,對(duì)中華文明與其他文明間的交流和融合產(chǎn)生著重要影響。 Chinese culture advocates such values and concepts as “People come first”, “conciliation is invaluable” and “the sea is able to take in hundreds of rive
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