《英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況》課程教案

1、英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況課程教案教學(xué)目標(biāo)或要求：Target language1。To learn geography, people and language 2. To grasp the ways of how to solve the problem especially the typical exercises.ability goalsa.Let the students write a summary of itb.Analyze the clues of how to solve the problem.Learning ability goalsa.Ena

2、ble the students to find the main idea and the details of it by reading and teach them how to write a summary.b.Help the students master the target language by doing some exercises.教學(xué)內(nèi)容（包括基本內(nèi)容、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)）：Teaching important pointsPresent a sequence of the form to introduce the functional item to the stud

3、ents.Teach the students how to read an article, and how to write summary of what they have read.Let the students know what a correct way of solve the problem.Teaching difficult pointsTeach the students how to analyze the problem and find out the way of solve the problem.I. Different Names for Britai

4、n and its Parts英國(guó)的不同名稱(chēng)及其各組成部分1. Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England地理名稱(chēng)：不列顛群島，大不列顛和英格蘭。2. Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland官方正式名稱(chēng)：大不列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián)合王國(guó)。3. The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and

5、Ireland, and hundreds of small ones.不列顛群島由兩個(gè)大島大不列顛島（較大的一個(gè)）和愛(ài)爾蘭島，及成千上萬(wàn)個(gè)小島組成。4. Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列顛島上有三個(gè)政治區(qū)：英格蘭、蘇格蘭和威爾士。(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格蘭位于大不列顛島南部，是最大

6、，人口最稠密的地區(qū)。(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh蘇格蘭位于大不列顛的北部。它有三大自然區(qū)：北部高地，中部低地及南部山陵。首府：愛(ài)丁堡。(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff威爾士位于大不列顛的西部。首府：加的夫(4) Nor

7、thern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast.北愛(ài)爾蘭是英國(guó)第四個(gè)區(qū)域。首府：貝爾法斯特。5. The Commonwealth (of nations) is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain. It was founded in 1931, and has 50 member countries until 1991.英聯(lián)邦是曾為英國(guó)殖民地的、但現(xiàn)已獨(dú)立國(guó)家所構(gòu)成的自由聯(lián)合體。它成立于19

8、31年，至1990年止已有50個(gè)成員國(guó)。II. Geographical Features 英國(guó)的地理特征1.Geographical position of Britain:英國(guó)的地理位置：Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea. It lies in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the N

9、orth Sea in the east. 英國(guó)是一個(gè)島國(guó)。它位于大西洋北部，與歐洲大陸的北海岸隔海相望。南面的英吉利海峽和東面的北海將它與歐洲其它部分隔開(kāi)。2.The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands; and the east and southeast are mostly lowlands.英國(guó)的西部和北部主要是高地，東部和東南部主要是低地。III. Rivers and Lakes 河流與湖泊Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Britain (1,343m).本尼維斯山為英國(guó)最高峰，海

10、拔1,343米。Severn River is the longest river in Britain (338km).塞文河是英國(guó)最長(zhǎng)的河流。全長(zhǎng)338公里。Thames River is the second longest and most important river in Britain. (336km).泰晤士河是英國(guó)第二大河，也是英國(guó)最重要的河。全長(zhǎng)336公里。Lough Neagh is the largest lake in Britain which is located in Northern Ireland. (396 square kilometres).訥湖（內(nèi)

11、伊湖）是英國(guó)最大的湖，位于北愛(ài)爾蘭。面積為396平方公里。River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.克萊德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。Snowdonia is the highest mountain in Wales.（1,085m）斯諾多尼亞是威爾士的最高點(diǎn)，海拔1,085米。IV. Climate 氣候1. Britain's favorable climate 英國(guó)有利的氣候條件：Britain has a maritime climate-winters are not too cold and summers are

12、 not too hot. It has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The temperature varies within a small range. 英國(guó)屬于海洋性氣候：冬季不過(guò)于寒冷，夏季不過(guò)于炎熱。全年有穩(wěn)定可靠的降雨量，氣溫變化幅度小。2.The factors influence the climate in Britain:影響英國(guó)氣候的因素：1）The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating

13、up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer;環(huán)繞四周的海水。冬天，海水可使島內(nèi)氣溫升高，夏天則使氣溫降低，從而起到平衡季節(jié)溫差的作用；2）The prevailing south-west winds or the Westerlies blow over the country all the year round bringing warm and wet air in winter and keeping the temperatures moderate;一年四季盛行的西南風(fēng)和西風(fēng)在冬季從大西洋帶來(lái)溫暖、潮濕的空氣，使氣溫適宜；

14、3）The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.北大西洋暖流經(jīng)不列顛群島西海岸，使氣候變暖。3.Rainfall 降雨量：Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000mm. There is a water surplus in the north and west, and a

15、 water deficit in the south and east.英國(guó)全年降雨量穩(wěn)定，平均降雨量超過(guò)1000毫米。 英國(guó)北部、西部雨量過(guò)多，但是南部、東部有所缺乏。V. The People 人口1.population distribution 人口分布：Britain has a population of about 57 millions and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban and only 10% is rural. The population of Britain is m

16、ade up mainly of the English (81.5%), the Scottish (9.6%), the Welsh (1.9%), the Irish (2.4%), the Northern Irish (1.8%) and other peoples (2.8%).英國(guó)人口約570萬(wàn)，分布極不均勻，90%是城市人口，只有10%是農(nóng)村人口。英國(guó)人口組成為：英格蘭人（81.5%），蘇格蘭人（9.6%），威爾士人（1.9%），愛(ài)爾蘭人、北愛(ài)爾蘭人和其他民族居民。2.The difference between the ancestors of the English and

17、 Scots, Welsh and Irish:英倫三島民族的祖先：The ancestors of the English are Anglo-Saxons, the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. 英格蘭人祖先屬于盎格魯薩克遜人，而蘇格蘭、威爾士和愛(ài)爾蘭人屬于凱爾特人。3.The difference in character個(gè)性差別：The Welsh are emotional and cheerful people. They are music lovers and are proud of their past.威爾士人感情豐富，情緒高漲，熱愛(ài)

18、音樂(lè)，為過(guò)去感到自豪。The Scots are said to be a serious, cautious and thrifty people, and they are also hospitable, generous and friendly.蘇格蘭人通常被認(rèn)為嚴(yán)肅、謹(jǐn)慎而且節(jié)儉，但是他們同樣也熱情、大方且友好。The Irish are charm and vivacity. 愛(ài)爾蘭人充滿(mǎn)魅力，生性活潑。4.The difference in speech between southern England and northern England:英格蘭南方人和北方人語(yǔ)言上的差別

19、：Southerners speak the type of English close to BBC English; In northern England, regional speech is usually "broader" than that of southern England. 南方人講的英語(yǔ)接近BBC，北英格蘭人的發(fā)音通常要比南英格蘭人寬。5.The Welsh keep their language and culture in this way: 威爾士人以這樣的方式使他們的語(yǔ)言及文化保持活力。Throughout the year they ha

20、ve festivals of song and dance and poetry called Eisteddfodau. The great event of the year is the National Eisteddfod. On these occasions competitions are held in Welsh poetry, music, singing and art.一年中他們有稱(chēng)之為“藝術(shù)年會(huì)”的唱歌、跳舞、詩(shī)歌節(jié)。一年中最重要的節(jié)日是全國(guó)詩(shī)歌音樂(lè)比賽會(huì)。在那里會(huì)舉行威爾士詩(shī)歌、音樂(lè)、唱歌和藝術(shù)比賽。6.The main problem in Northern

21、Ireland: 北愛(ài)爾蘭存在的主要問(wèn)題：The fight between the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics, who are seeking more social, political and economic opportunities. 作為統(tǒng)治者的新教徒和要求更多社會(huì)、政治及經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的羅馬天主教徒之間的斗爭(zhēng)。7.Immigrants: 移民：About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since Wo

22、rld War II.自從二戰(zhàn)以來(lái)約有三百萬(wàn)人來(lái)英國(guó)生活、工作。Step 6 Practicefinish Exx 1-3.Step 7 Summary教學(xué)手段與方法：Discussing.Reading and practicing.思考題、討論題、作業(yè)：（可另附頁(yè)）1. read the text carefully 2. underline some words and sentences they dont understand課后小結(jié)（授課心得，重點(diǎn)是需要改進(jìn)的問(wèn)題及問(wèn)題改善思路、應(yīng)該繼續(xù)發(fā)揚(yáng)優(yōu)點(diǎn)）：大部分學(xué)生能掌握所學(xué)內(nèi)容，同時(shí)能夠較好的把握語(yǔ)言點(diǎn)，做到舉一反三。少數(shù)學(xué)生對(duì)于pop

23、ulation distribution把握不好。 能較好的通過(guò)練習(xí)題中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行對(duì)比，尤其對(duì)于一些案例能夠說(shuō)出原因。討論問(wèn)題時(shí)不能夠用所學(xué)的知識(shí)進(jìn)行歸類(lèi)，今后在教學(xué)中應(yīng)該注重這方面的引導(dǎo)。 <<英語(yǔ)國(guó)家概況 課程教案授課題目（教學(xué)章節(jié)或主題）：chapter 2 history授課類(lèi)型講解課授課時(shí)間第 2 周第 3、4 節(jié)教學(xué)目標(biāo)或要求：1. Target languagea, To grasp the difference of it .b. To learn the way of how to analyze the problem.2. Abilit

24、y goalsEnable the students to understand the using of i教學(xué)內(nèi)容（包括基本內(nèi)容、重點(diǎn)、難點(diǎn)）：Teaching important and difficult point:Learn the usage of The Attributive ClauseTeaching proceduresI.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）早期的居民（公元前5000年公元前55年）1The first known settlers of Britain were the Iberians.人們所知的英國(guó)最早居民是伊比利來(lái)人。2 A

25、t about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now know as Holland and Rhineland.約公元前2000年，從現(xiàn)在的荷蘭和萊茵蘭地區(qū)來(lái)了寬口陶器人。3 The Celts began to arrive Britain about 700 BC.約公元前700年，克爾特人來(lái)到不列顛島。4 The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. 克爾特人來(lái)到不列顛有三次高潮。The first wave were the Gaels-came about 600 BC.

26、第一次高潮是約公元前600年蓋爾人的來(lái)臨。The second wave were the Brythons-came about 400 BC.第二次高潮是約公元前400年布立吞（不列顛）人的抵達(dá)。The third wave were the Belgae-came about 150 BC.第三次是約公元前150年比利其人的到達(dá)。II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)羅馬人統(tǒng)治時(shí)期的英國(guó)（公元前55年410年）1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Ju

27、lius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice. In AD 43, the Emperor Claudius invaded Britain uccessfully. For nearly 400 years, Britain was under the Roman occupation, though it was never a total occupation.有記錄的英國(guó)歷史開(kāi)始于羅馬人的入侵。公元前55年和54年，羅馬將軍朱略斯凱撒兩次入侵英國(guó)，均未成功。直到公元43年，克勞鍬才成功占領(lǐng)不列顛。將近四百年里，英國(guó)人處于羅馬人的

28、占領(lǐng)下，但這并非是完全的占領(lǐng)。2. Romans influence on Britain.The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britains natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.羅馬人修建了許多城鎮(zhèn)網(wǎng)，道路，澡堂，廟宇和其他建筑物。他們還很好地利用了英國(guó)的自然資源。羅馬人還把基督教這門(mén)新宗教帶到不列顛。3.Reasons for li

29、mited Roman influence on Britain.羅馬對(duì)不列顛的影響有限的原因。First, the Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. Second, never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. Third, the Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons.首先，羅馬人把不列顛人當(dāng)作奴隸階

30、段的屬民來(lái)對(duì)待。其次，在四世紀(jì)對(duì)羅馬人和不列顛人通婚。最后，羅馬人也未影響普通不列顛人的語(yǔ)言和文化。Summary: This is the second part of Chapter 2 (The Origins of a Nation). It introduced some important events and important people in England from 446 to 1066. These most important events are The Anglos-Saxons invasion; The Viking and Danish Invasions

31、 and The Norman Conquest.(簡(jiǎn)要：這是第二章“國(guó)家的起源”的第二部分。在這一部分里，主要是介紹了英國(guó)從公元446年到1066年所發(fā)生的重要事件及人物。這些重要事件分別是盎格魯撒克遜人的入侵，北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵及諾曼征服)。III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)盎格魯撒克遜人（公元446871年）1 Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.盎格魯薩克遜時(shí)代（奠定了英國(guó)的基礎(chǔ)）In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxon

32、s, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes.The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland, came to Britain first. A Jutish chief became the King of Kent in 449. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdom in Essex, Sussex and Wessex fro

33、m the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany and were to give their name to the English people, settled in East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. These sev

34、en principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy.五世紀(jì)中葉，朱特人、撒克遜人和盎格魯人不斷入侵不列顛。這是三支日耳曼（條頓）部落。居住在朱特蘭島（現(xiàn)丹麥南部）上從事打漁農(nóng)耕的朱特人先抵不列顛。后來(lái)從德國(guó)北部來(lái)的使用短劍的撒克遜人在埃撒克斯、蘇塞克斯和威塞克斯建立了王國(guó)，統(tǒng)治期從五世紀(jì)末至六世紀(jì)初。六世紀(jì)后半葉，同樣來(lái)自德國(guó)北部的盎格魯人，在東盎格利亞、麥西亞以及諾森伯利來(lái)定居，同時(shí)也他們也

35、把名字給了英國(guó)人。這七個(gè)主要王國(guó)（肯特、埃塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、威塞克斯、東盎格利亞、麥西亞和諾森伯利亞），合稱(chēng)為七王國(guó)。2The early Anglo-Saxons converted to Christianity.最早的盎格魯撒克遜人改信基督教。The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, except among the Celts of Cornwall, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. In 597, Pope G

36、regory I sent St. Augustine, the Prior of St. Andrews Monastery in Rome, to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. In 579 St. Augustine became the first Archbishop of Canterbury. He was remarkably successful in converting the king and the nobility, but the conversion of the common p

37、eople was largely due to the missionary activities of the monks in the north.盎格魯撒克遜人把日耳曼宗教帶到了英國(guó)。除了康瓦爾、威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛(ài)爾蘭中的克爾特人還信奉基督教外，基督教很快就消失了。公元597，教皇格里高一世把羅馬圣安德魯修道院的副院長(zhǎng)圣奧古斯丁派遣到英格蘭，其使命是使異教徒的英國(guó)人皈依基督教。公元579年圣奧古丁成為坎特伯雷大主教。在使國(guó)王和貴族皈依基督教方面，奧古斯丁特別成功。但是普通人的皈依很大程度上歸功于北部修士們的傳教活動(dòng)。3The Early Anglo-Saxons make the co

38、ntributions to the English state.早期盎格魯撒克遜人為英國(guó)做出的貢獻(xiàn)。The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farmi

39、ng system which continued to the 18th century. Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen） to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today.盎格魯撒克遜人為英國(guó)國(guó)家的形成打下了基礎(chǔ)。首先，他們把國(guó)家劃分為郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法長(zhǎng)官負(fù)責(zé)執(zhí)法。其次，他

40、們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)的窄條三圃田農(nóng)耕制延用至18世紀(jì)。此外，他們還建立了領(lǐng)地制。最后，他們還創(chuàng)立了議會(huì)(賢人會(huì)議)，向國(guó)王提供建議，這就成為了今天仍存在的樞密院的基礎(chǔ)。IVViking and Danish invasions北歐海盜和丹麥人的入侵1The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century. They became a serious problem in the 9th century, especially b

41、etween 835 and 878. They even managed to capture York, an important center of Christianity in 867. By the middle of 9th century, the Viking and the Danes were posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 入侵者是挪威人和丹麥人，從8世紀(jì)末開(kāi)始，他們不斷襲擊英格蘭的各個(gè)地方。9世紀(jì)，尤其是公元835-878年間已成為嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題。他們甚至占領(lǐng)了約克郡，公元867年時(shí)的基督教中心。到9世紀(jì)中葉，

42、北歐海盜和丹麥人威脅到撒克遜人的威撒克斯王國(guó)的安全。2King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions艾爾弗雷德國(guó)王（849-899）和他所做出的貢獻(xiàn)Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading

43、Danes into Christians.He founded a strong fleet and is known as “ the father of the British navy”. He reorganized the Saxon army, making it more efficient. He translated a Latin book into English. He also established schools and formulated a legal system. All this earns him the title “Alfred the Gre

44、at.”阿爾弗雷德是威塞克斯的國(guó)王。他打敗了丹麥人，并于公元879年與他們達(dá)成了友好協(xié)議。協(xié)議規(guī)定丹麥人控制英格蘭北部和西部（丹麥法區(qū)），而他統(tǒng)治其他地區(qū)。他還勸服一些丹麥?zhǔn)最I(lǐng)成為基督教徒。他因?yàn)榻⒘藦?qiáng)大艦隊(duì)，而以“英國(guó)海軍之父”聞名于世。他改組了“弗立德”（撒克遜軍隊(duì)），使之更為高效。他將一本拉丁語(yǔ)的書(shū)翻譯成英語(yǔ)。同時(shí)他還建立了學(xué)校，并且闡明了法律制度。所有這一切使他當(dāng)之無(wú)愧于“阿爾弗雷德大王。”的稱(chēng)號(hào)。VThe Norman Conquest (1066)諾曼征服（公元1066年）1Reasons for Williams invasion of England after Edward

45、s death. 威廉在愛(ài)德華死后入侵英國(guó)的原因。It was said that king Edward had promised the English throne to William, but theWitan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, during the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. One Christmas Day, William

46、 was crowned king of England, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.據(jù)說(shuō)，愛(ài)德華國(guó)王曾答應(yīng)把英格蘭王位傳給諾曼底公爵威廉，但是賢人會(huì)議挑選了哈羅德為國(guó)王。公元1066年10月，在哈斯丁斯附近的激烈交鋒中，威廉打敗了哈羅德軍隊(duì)，同時(shí)哈羅德也在此戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中戰(zhàn)死。2The Norman Conquest and its consequences諾曼征服及其產(chǎn)生的影響。The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history

47、. William the Conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with th

48、e Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.1066年的諾曼征服也許是英國(guó)歷史上的最著名事件。征服者威廉幾乎沒(méi)收了

49、所有土地，將其分發(fā)給他的諾曼追隨者。他用強(qiáng)有力的諾曼政府代替了軟弱的薩克遜政府。于是，封建制度在英國(guó)完全建立。開(kāi)放了與歐洲大陸的關(guān)系，文明和商業(yè)得到發(fā)展，引進(jìn)了諾曼法國(guó)文化、語(yǔ)言、舉止和建筑。教會(huì)與羅馬的聯(lián)系更為密切，教會(huì)法庭與世俗法庭分離。3The English is a mixture of nationalities of different origins. The ancestors of many English people were the ancient Angles and Saxons. Some English people are of the Norman-Fre

50、nch origin.英國(guó)是一個(gè)集不同民族于一體的國(guó)家。許多英國(guó)人的祖先是古盎格魯和撒克遜人。而還有一些英國(guó)人的是諾曼血統(tǒng)。This is one of the most difficult parts. In this part, I will introduce some Kings in English history and their reformations. Though we have to remember a lot of things in this part, we also learn more about English history.比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)

51、1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)

52、。共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影

53、的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了）Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years. （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a

54、 letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：fo

55、r, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。共同的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，動(dòng)詞一般是延續(xù)性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。 一般過(guò)去時(shí)常用的非持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, b

56、ecome, get married等。例如：I saw this film yesterday. （強(qiáng)調(diào)看的動(dòng)作發(fā)生過(guò)了）I have seen this film. （強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，電影的內(nèi)容已經(jīng)知道了）Why did you get up so early? （強(qiáng)調(diào)起床的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生過(guò)了）Who hasn't handed in his paper? （強(qiáng)調(diào)有卷子未交，疑為不公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)）He has been in the League for three years. （在團(tuán)內(nèi)的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)）He has been a League member for three years.

57、 （是團(tuán)員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)） 句子中如有過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間副詞（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）時(shí)，不能使用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，要用過(guò)去時(shí)。（錯(cuò)）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.（對(duì)）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 比較一般過(guò)去時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成時(shí) 1）一般過(guò)去時(shí)表示過(guò)去某時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或單純敘述過(guò)去的事情，強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)為過(guò)去發(fā)生的，強(qiáng)調(diào)過(guò)去的事情對(duì)現(xiàn)在的影響，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是影響。 2）一般過(guò)去時(shí)常與具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，而現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)通常與模糊的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，或無(wú)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。一般過(guò)去時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆為具體的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不確定的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。共同的時(shí)