英語國家概況知識點(絕對全)

1、1的人只講威爾士語。1536 年才被英格蘭人征服。英語國家概況知識點（絕對全）第一部分英國第一章英國地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled

2、an empire that had one fourth of the world and one fourth of the world s land area. s peo4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by th

3、e English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills

4、 running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central

5、lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.蘇格蘭有800 座島嶼，包括奧克內(nèi)群島，

6、謝特蘭群島和赫不里德群島。12. Besides, the Tweed, the Tyne, the Tees and the Thames Rivers on the east coast all face the North Sea ports on the European continent.除此以外，東海岸的鄧恩河，泰河，迪斯河和泰晤士河都面臨歐洲大陸上的XX各港口。13. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The most important river is Thames River.River Clyde is

7、the most important river in Scotland.英國最長的河流是賽文河，最重要的河流是泰晤士河?？巳R德河是蘇格蘭最重要的河流。14. Though the weather in Britain is so changeable and unpredictable, the climate is in fact a favorable one. Britain has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.雖然英國的天氣總是如此變化無常， 無法預測， 但實際上英國的天氣相當宜人。 英國全年有穩(wěn)定的降雨量

8、。15. Britain has a population of 57411000. it is a densely populated country with an average of 237 people per square kilometer, and it is very unevenly distributed. 90% of the population is urban,and only 10% is rural.英國人口為 57411000。它是一個人口稠密，分布不均的國家， 每平方公里平均 237 人，90的人生活在城鎮(zhèn)，只有 10的人居住在農(nóng)村。16. the Eng

9、lish are Anglo-Saxons, but the welsh, Scots and Irish are Celts.英格蘭人是安各魯撒克遜人。而威爾士、蘇格蘭和愛爾蘭人是凱爾特人。17. The Celts of Wales defended their freedom for 1000 years and were not conquered by the English until 1536. today about a quarter of the welsh population still speak welsh as their firstlanguage and ab

10、out one percent speak only welsh.威爾士的凱爾特人為自由戰(zhàn)斗了1000 年，直到今天有大約四分之一的威爾士人把威爾士語當作第一語言，大約18. though the Gaelic language is still heard in the Highlands and western isles, the English language is spoken all over the Scotland.盡管在高地和西部島嶼還能聽到蓋爾語，但英語卻遍及全蘇格蘭。19. Since then, there has been bitter fighting betwe

11、en the Protestants who are the dominant group, and the Roman Catholics who are seeking more social and economic opportunities.從那時起， 新教徒和羅馬天主教徒間展開了艱苦的斗爭，更多社會和經(jīng)濟機會。新教徒是統(tǒng)治者，而羅馬教徒要求20. About three million have came to live and find work since world war second. They are mainly from the West Indies, India

12、 and Pakistan.自二戰(zhàn)以來，約有三百萬人來到英國居住，他們主要來自西印度群島，印度和巴基斯坦。第二節(jié)英國的起源（歷史部分）21. The first known setters of Britain were the Iberians. More dramatic monuments were the henges, the most important of which was Stonehenge in Wiltshire.人們所知的英國最早居民是伊比例亞人。 更為引人注目的是那些圓形石結(jié)構(gòu)， 其中最重要的是在維爾特郡發(fā)現(xiàn)的巨石陣。22. The Celts may origi

13、nally have come from eastern and central Europe, they came to Britain in three main waves: the first wave was the Gaels, the second was Britons and the third was Belgae. 凱爾特人最初來自于東歐及中歐， 他們?nèi)肭钟秩胃叱保?第一次是蓋爾人； 第二次是布立吞人；第三次是比利其人。23. Julius Caesar, the great roman general, invaded Britain for the first

14、time in 55BC. For nearly400 years, Britain was under roman occupation.55 年第一次入侵英國。 將近 400 年，英國人處偉大的羅馬將軍朱略思，愷撒，于公元前于羅馬的占領(lǐng)下。24. The roman built two great walls to keep the Picts. There were the Hadrian s wall running fromCarlisle to Newcastle, and the Antonine wall linking the estuaries of the Forth a

15、nd the Clyde.羅馬人修建了 2 座長城以抵御皮特人。 一條是哈德良長城， 從卡萊爾到紐卡斯爾， 另一條是福斯河口和克萊德河口的安東尼長城。25. The Romans made use ofBritainnaturals resources, mininglead, ironand tinandmanufacturing pottery.羅馬人很好地利用了英國的自然資源，開采鉛礦、鐵礦和錫礦以及生產(chǎn)陶瓷。26. In the mid-5th centurya new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britai

16、n,they were three Teutonic tribes.五世紀中葉，朱特人，撒克遜人和安各魯人不斷入侵英國。這是三支日爾曼部落。27. These seven principalkingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex, Essex, East Anglia,Mercia andNorthumbria have given the name of Heptarch.這七個主要的王國：肯特、威塞克斯、蘇塞克斯、埃賽克斯、東安各魯，麥西亞和諾森薄利亞合稱七王國。28. At the beginning of ninth century, under their k

17、ing Egbert the West Saxons of defeated the Mercies. In 829, Egbert became an overlord of all the England.九世紀初，在國王埃格伯特的帶領(lǐng)下，西撒克遜人打敗了麥西亞人。 829 年，埃格伯特成了整個英國的最高君主。29. In 597, pope Gregory I sent st.Augustine to England to convert the heathen English to Christianity. Augustine was remarkably successfully

18、in converting the king and the nobility.597 年，教皇格里高利派遣圣奧古斯廷去英格蘭，使異教徒的英國人皈依基督教。在使國王和貴族皈依基督教方面，圣奧古斯廷特別成功。30. Alferd, king of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the Danes. He is known as the“ faBritain navy”.威塞克斯的國王阿爾佛雷德非常強大，打敗了丹麥人，他以“英國海軍之父”聞名于史。31. When Ethebred s death left no strong Saxon successo

19、r, the Witan chose Canute the Danishleader, as king in 1016.埃塞爾雷德死后沒有留下有實力的撒克遜繼承人， 于是賢人會議選擇了丹麥首領(lǐng)克努特為國王。32. King Edward seemed more concerned with building Westminster Abbey than with affairs of state. He was far more Norman than Saxon.愛德華國王對國事的關(guān)心遠不及對威斯敏斯特大教堂的修建，他更像諾曼人而非撒克遜人。33. Anglo- Saxon England

20、perished with Harold s death. William was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop of York.隨著哈羅德德死亡，安各魯撒克遜人的英國消失了，在威斯敏斯特大教堂，約克大主教加冕威廉為英格蘭國王。34. The Norman conquest of England is perhaps the best-known event in English history. Under William, the feudal system in England was com

21、pletely established.諾曼征服或許是英國歷史上最著名的事件，至此，英格蘭的封建制度被完全建立起來。第三節(jié)英國的形成35. William replaced the witan , the council of the Anglo-Saxon kings, with the Grand Council of his new tenants-in-chief.威廉用由他的土地承租人組成的大議會取代了安各魯撒克遜國王的顧問團賢人會議。36. The Doomsday Book, completed in 1086, was the result of general survey

22、of England made in1085, and stated the extent , value, the population, state of cultivation and ownership.末日審判書 完成于 1086 年，它記錄了 1085 年進行的英國總調(diào)查結(jié)果。 此冊陳述了土地的X圍、價值、人口、耕種情況和所有權(quán)。37. William s policy towards the church was to keep it completely under his con trol, but at the same time to uphold its power.威

23、廉對教會的政策是完全控制的同時，贊成它擁有權(quán)利。38. Henry was the first king of the House of Plantagenet. He took measures to bring thedisorders of king Stephen reign to an end.亨利二世是金雀花王朝的首位國王。他采取措施結(jié)束了史蒂芬森國王統(tǒng)治時期的混亂局面。39. Henry greatly strengthened the King Courts and extended with its judicialwork. Heinsisted that all cler

24、ks charged with criminal offences should be tried in the Kingof in the Bishop s Court.亨利二世大大加強了王室法庭的力量并擴展了司法工作。他堅持被控刑事犯罪的教士都應在國王法庭受審而不是在主教法庭受審。 s Cou40. It was these exceptional privileges enjoyed by the clergy that brought King Henry into collision with Tomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury.正是

25、神職人員享有的特權(quán)導致了亨利國王和坎特伯雷大主教托馬斯貝克特之間的沖突。41. Geoffrey Chaucer best known work is the Canterbury Tales which describes a group ofpilgrims traveling to Canterbury to visitTomas Becket s tomb.杰佛利喬叟的名著 坎特伯雷故事集 描述了一群朝圣者到坎特伯雷參觀托馬斯貝克特墳墓的旅行。42. The baron s charter, or Magna Carta, as it came to be known was pres

26、ented by a delegation of their class to the king and his advisers in the summer of 1215.1215 年夏天，貴族代表團把他們的憲章后以大憲章聞名遞交給國王和他的顧問團們。43. A committee of 24 barons plus the Mayor of London was chosen to help the king carry out the Charter, with the right of declaring war on him should he break its provisio

27、ns.由 24 名貴族和倫敦市市長組成的委員會幫助國王執(zhí)行大憲章，若國王違反規(guī)定，他們有權(quán)對國王宣戰(zhàn)。44. Magna Carta was a statement of feudal and legal relationship between the crown and the barons, a guarantee of the freedom of the church and a limitation of the power of the king.大憲章陳述的是國王與貴族間的封建和法律關(guān)系，保證了教會自由和限制了王權(quán)。45. While the king Henry and Pr

28、ince Edward were keep in prison, Simon de Montfort summoned in 1265 the great council to meet at Westminster which developed later into the Lords and the Commons known as a parliament.1265 年當亨利三世國王和愛德華王子被關(guān)入監(jiān)獄，西蒙德孟福爾在威斯敏斯特召集大議會，大議會發(fā)展到后來演變?yōu)樽h會，分為上議院和下議院。46. The statute of Wales in 1284 placed the count

29、ry under English law and Edward presented his new-born-son to the Welsh people as the Prince of Wales, a title held by the heir to the throne ever since.1284 年的威爾士法，使威爾士處于英國法律之下，愛德華一世將他新出生的兒子贈與威爾士人民，封他為威爾士王子。此后，該稱號一直由該王位的繼承人沿用至今。47. When Edward claimed the French Crown by the right of his mother Isa

30、bella, the French refused to recognize the claim because the Salic Law debarred females from the succession. In1337 Edward declared a war that was to last a hundred years.愛德華三世通過他母親伊莎貝拉的關(guān)系宣布繼承法國王位，但法國人民拒絕承認，因為薩利法典規(guī)定女子不得繼承王位，于是在1337 年，愛德華對法宣戰(zhàn)，戰(zhàn)爭持續(xù)了一百年。48. Black Death swept through England in the summ

31、er of 1348 without warning. It killed between one half and one third of the population of England.1348 年夏天，黑死病橫掃全英國，沒有任何征兆，它奪去了三分之一到一半的英國人口。49. In 1351 the government issued a statute of Laborers which made it a crime for peasant to ask for more wage or for their employers to pay more than the rates

32、 laid down by the Justice of the Peace.1351 年政府頒布“勞工法令 ”。規(guī)定農(nóng)民們漲工資的要求或者雇主支付比地方官制定的工資水平高的工資都是犯罪。50. Although the Peasant Uprising of 1381, was brutally suppressed, it had far-reaching significance in English history. It dealt a telling blow to villeinage and a new class of yeomenfarmers emerged, pavin

33、g the way for the development of capitalism.盡管 1381 年的農(nóng)民起義被血腥鎮(zhèn)壓了，但在英國歷史上留下了深遠的影響。它沉重打擊了封建農(nóng)奴制度，產(chǎn)生了全新的自耕農(nóng)階級，為資本主義發(fā)展鋪設了道路第四節(jié)過渡時期的英國51. The name the Wars of Roses was referring to the battles between the great house of Lancaster, symbolized by the red rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white.玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭

34、這個詞是指兩個家族間的戰(zhàn)爭， 以紅玫瑰為標志的藍凱斯特家族和以白玫瑰為標志的約克家族。52. In 1455, after Henry hand completely lost his reason, war broke out between the Yorkists and the Lancastrians. In 1461, the Duke of York son Edward, emerged the victor and wasproclaimed as Edward .1455 年，當亨利六世再也沒有理由（將國家交給攝政者管理時），戰(zhàn)爭在約克家族成員和藍凱斯特家族成員中爆發(fā)了。1

35、461 年，約克公爵的兒子愛德華戰(zhàn)勝成功成為愛德華四世。53. On August 22, 1458, the last battle of the Wars of Roses was fought between Richard andHenry Tudor.1458 年 8 月 22 日，玫瑰戰(zhàn)爭的最后一次戰(zhàn)役在理查德三世和亨利都鐸之間展開。54. The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and end in freedom from the Papacy. Henrywanted to divorce Catherine of Arago

36、n. But Pope Clement refused to annul his marriage toCatherine.改革以爭取離婚開始， 以脫離教皇而告終， 亨利八世想與阿拉貢的公主凱瑟琳離婚，但教皇克萊蒙拒絕取消凱瑟琳和亨利八世之間的婚姻。55. Henry s reform was to get rid of the English Church s connection with the Pope, and make anindependent Church of England.亨利改革的目的是拜托英國教會與教皇的聯(lián)系，成立獨立的英格蘭教會。56. The laws (e.g.

37、 the Act of Succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535) made hisreform possible stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry s positi 使改革可行的法律（如 1534 年的繼承法案和 1535 年的至尊法案）強調(diào)了君主的權(quán)利并自然加強了亨利的地位。57. When Mary Tudor became Queen after Edward, she attempted to forcibly recove

38、rt England toRoman Catholicism. People call her“ Blood。 Mary”瑪麗都鐸再愛德華后當上女王，她試圖強迫人們重新皈依羅馬天主教。人們叫她 “血腥瑪麗 ”。58. Elizabeth reigns was a time of confident English national and of great achievements in literature and other acts, in exploration and in battle.伊麗莎白統(tǒng)治時期， 人民自信， 民族主義高漲，在文學和其它藝術(shù)方面，在探險和對外作戰(zhàn)方面都取得了

39、巨大成功。59. Elizabeth s religious reform was a compromise viewof s. She broke Mary s ties with Romeand restored her father s independent Church of England.伊麗莎白的XX改革是各種觀點的妥協(xié)，她中斷瑪麗與羅馬的關(guān)系，恢復父王獨立的英格蘭教會。60. For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played against each other the two great Catholic powers, F

40、rance and Spain.將近 30 年來，伊麗莎白成功地令兩大天主教強國法國和西班牙互相爭斗，從而免于英國卷入任何主要的歐洲國的沖突。61. The destruction of Spanish Armada showed Englan d s superiority as a naval power. It enabled England to become a great trading and colonizing country in the years to come.西班牙無敵艦隊的滅亡表明英國海上強國的優(yōu)勢， 使英國在隨后的幾年能成為強大的貿(mào)易和殖民國。62. Renai

41、ssance was the transitional period between the Middle Ages and modern times, covering the years c1350-c1650. In England, the Renaissance was usually thought of as the beginning withthe accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.文藝復興處于中世紀向現(xiàn)代的過渡時期。 覆蓋 1350-1650 年。英國的文藝復興通常被認為開始于 1485 年都鐸家族的

42、繼位。63. English Renaissance achieved its first expression in the so-called Elizabethan drama. Its first exponents were Christopher Marlowe, Ben Jonson, and William Shakespeare.英國文藝復興最好的表達方式是所謂的伊麗莎白戲劇。 最好的代表任務是克里斯托夫。 馬洛；本。瓊生和威廉。莎士比亞。64. English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic, rather than

43、 philosophical scholarly.英國文藝復興時的文學主要是藝術(shù)的，而非哲學及學術(shù)的。65. William Shakespeare wrote 37 plays, including the following tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Harmlet, king Lear, Othello, and Cymbeline.威廉莎士比亞共寫了 37 個劇本。悲劇包括：羅密歐與朱莉葉；朱略斯愷撒；麥克白；哈姆雷特；李爾王；奧賽羅和辛白林。66. The most famous of the Catho

44、lic compiracies was the Gunpowder plot of 1605. on November 5, 1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to blow King James and his ministers up in the Houseof Parliament where Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gunpowder in the cellars.最著名的天主教陰謀是 1605 年的火藥陰謀案。 1605 年 11 月 5 日，幾個狂熱的天主教徒企圖在議會大廈炸死國王和大臣

45、，蓋伊?？怂挂言诘亟逊帕苏ㄋ幫?。67.James , a firm believer in the Divine Right of Kings, would have preferred on Parliament atall and actually did without one for seven years.7 年從未召集過。詹姆斯一世堅決相信 “君權(quán)神授 ”，他根本不想要議會，而且連續(xù)68.It was at this Parliament that the king was forced to accept the Petition of Right regarded as the

46、second Magna Carta.正式這屆議會迫使國王接受情愿書 被視為第二個大憲章。69.On August 22, 1642, the First Civil War began. The king s men were called Cavaliers, and thesupporters of Parliament were called Roundheads.1642.8.22，第一次內(nèi)戰(zhàn)爆發(fā)，支持國王者被成為“騎士派 ”，支持議會者被成為“圓顱派 ”。70. Charles was tried by a High Court of Justice, found guilty o

47、f have levied war against his kingdom and the Parliament, condemned to death, and executed on a scaffold outside theBanqueting House at Whitehall on January 30, 1649.查爾斯在一級高級法院受審，犯有對王國和議會發(fā)動戰(zhàn)爭之罪，被判死刑，并于 1649.1.30 在宴會宮窗外的絞刑架上絞死。71. The English CivilWar not only overthrew feudal system in England but a

48、lso shocked thefoundation of the feudal rule in Europe.英國內(nèi)戰(zhàn)不僅推翻叻英國的封建制度，而且動搖叻歐洲封建統(tǒng)治的基礎。72. Meanwhile, Oliver Cromwell and the “ Rump”declared England a commonwealth. In December 1653,by an Instrument of Government, he became Lord Protector of the commonwealthof England.克倫威爾用“小議會 ”取代 “殘余國會 ”，1653.12，

49、根據(jù)施政文件，他成了英格蘭XX國護國會。73. The Parliament thus elected in 1660 resolved the crisis by asking the late kingfrom his long exile in France as king Charles . The Restoration as it was called, was relativelysmooth. s son1660年選出的議會要求上任國王的兒子從長期流亡的法國回國做查爾斯二世，從而解決叻危機，所謂王權(quán)復辟相對平和。74. Te Eglish politicians rejecte

50、d James , and appealed to a protestant king, William of Orangeto invade and take the English throne. This take-over became known as the Glorious Revolution.英國政客反對詹姆斯二世。他們呼吁新教的國王，奧蘭治親王威廉入侵英國奪取王位。這就是“光榮革命 ”。75. Williamand Maryjointlyaccepted the Billof Rights whichconfirmed the principleofparliamentar

51、y supremacy. Thus the age of constitutioned monarchy of a monarchy.威廉和瑪麗共同接受了權(quán)利法案 ，此法案確立了議會權(quán)利至高無上的原則，議會限制王權(quán)的君主立憲制時代開始了。76. It was during Anne s reign that the name great Britain came into being when in 1707, the Act of Union united England and Scotland.正是安妮統(tǒng)治的1707 年，大不列顛這個名稱產(chǎn)生，聯(lián)合法 把英格蘭和蘇格蘭統(tǒng)一起來。第五節(jié)英帝

52、國的興衰77、 The Whigs were those who opposed absolute monarchy and supported the right to religious freedom for nonconformists. The Tories were traditionalists who wanted to preserve the powers of the monarchy and the church of England. 輝格黨人是指哪些反對絕對主權(quán)，支持新教徒XX自由權(quán)利的人，托利黨人是指那些支持世襲王權(quán)的人。78. During the late 1

53、9th and early 19th centuries the open-field system ended when the Enclosure acts enabled weal their landowner to seize any land to which tenants could prove no legal title.18 世紀末， 19 世紀初， 圈地法地頒布使較富有的土地主攝取佃農(nóng)不能證明合法的土地，因此 “開放田地 ”結(jié)束。79.The industrial revolution refers to the mechanization of industry an

54、d the consequent change in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.工業(yè)革命指 17 世紀末， 18 世紀初英國工業(yè)的機械化，以及因此而導致的社會結(jié)構(gòu)和經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。80.The limited monarchy which resulted from the powerful economic interests in the community could exert their influence on Government po

55、licy.君主權(quán)利的限制，使得強大的經(jīng)濟利益集團能對議會政策施加影響。81 The first steam engine was devised by Thomas newcomer at the end of 17th century, and the Scottish inventor james watt modified and improved the design in 1765.十七世紀末，托馬斯。紐卡墨設計了第一臺蒸氣機，蘇格蘭發(fā)明家詹姆斯。 華特修改并改良了設計方案（ 1765 ）。82 As a result of the industrial revolution, Britain was by 1830 the 作為工業(yè)革命的結(jié)果，英國到 1830 年止成為“世界工場 ”?！?workshop of the world83 In the 18th and 19th centuries, the lords had far more influence than it has today and the commons were also really gentry on the edge of aristocracy.18 世紀和 19 世紀，上議院比今日的影響大的多， 并且下議院處于貴族