不定式及主動形式表示被動意義

1、 Revision of Infinitive不定式由“”構(gòu)成,其否定形式是“”,不定式可以帶賓語或狀語構(gòu)成不定式短語,沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化,但有時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。不定式可以作主語、賓語、狀語、表語和定語，但不能單獨(dú)作謂語。不定式的邏輯主語有時用“”構(gòu)成。不定式不定式結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu) : to do (否定否定) not/never to do 二二. 時態(tài)與語態(tài)時態(tài)與語態(tài)主動語態(tài)主動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)被動語態(tài)一般式一般式進(jìn)行式進(jìn)行式完成式完成式完成進(jìn)行式完成進(jìn)行式不定式不定式 to do to be done to be doing to have done to have been done to hav

2、e been doing-(1).They pretended not to see us.(2). He pretended to be sleeping. (3).She pretended to have known it before.( (一般式表示與謂語的動作同時一般式表示與謂語的動作同時/ /幾乎幾乎/ /發(fā)生在發(fā)生在它之后它之后.).)( (在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時在謂語動詞發(fā)生的同時, ,不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行不定式的動作也正在進(jìn)行) )( (完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前完成式表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前) )(4).Were happy to have been workin

3、g with you. ( (完成進(jìn)行式表示謂語動作發(fā)生之前完成進(jìn)行式表示謂語動作發(fā)生之前, ,不定式的不定式的動作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù)動作一直在進(jìn)行而且可能之后也繼續(xù)) )動詞不定式的作用動詞不定式的作用 Functions of Infinitive 主語主語 (subject) 賓語賓語 (object) 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ) (object complement) 定語定語 (attribute) 狀語狀語 (adverbial) 表語表語 (predicative) 做獨(dú)立成分（做獨(dú)立成分（independent component） 與疑問詞等連用與疑問詞等連用To see is to

4、 believe.Its important to learn English well .(1). 主語主語單個不定式作主語時單個不定式作主語時, ,謂語動詞用單數(shù)謂語動詞用單數(shù)若不定式太長若不定式太長, ,往往用往往用it it作形式主語作形式主語, ,不定式置后不定式置后. .My job to help the patient.Your task to clean the classroom.(2). 表語表語I want to go home.The workers demanded to get better pay.I found it necessary to talk to

5、him again.(3) 賓語賓語think/ consider/ find it + adj.+ to do 常用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有：常用動詞不定式作賓語的動詞有：hope, refuse, learn, set outchoose, decide, agree, manage, pretend, plan. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.I expect you to give me some help.(4). 賓補(bǔ)賓補(bǔ)五看五看 watch see look at observe notice三三使使 let make h

6、ave 二聽二聽 listen to hear一感覺一感覺: feelwarn, tell, allow, help, ask, force等等e.g. I made him do his work.He was made to do his work (by me).1 help 后面的后面的“to”可省去可省去e.g. They often help the grandma (to) carry water.2 see, hear, watch, feel, notice, look at等表示等表示 感覺和感覺和let, make, have等表示使役的動詞后等表示使役的動詞后 面，不定

7、式作賓語時要省面，不定式作賓語時要省“to” 3 不定式用在介詞不定式用在介詞but, except, besides后時后時,如果這些介詞前有行為動詞如果這些介詞前有行為動詞do的的各種形式各種形式,那么介詞后的不定式不帶那么介詞后的不定式不帶to,相反則帶相反則帶to.(1). She could do nothing but cry.(2). I have no choice but to go.(3).What do you like to do besides sleep.I have something to say.He has a lot of homework to do .

8、He is looking for a room to live in .There is nothing to worry about.(5). 定定語語(如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞如果不定式中的動詞是不及物動詞,則不定式中要有介詞則不定式中要有介詞.)請給我一支寫字的筆請給我一支寫字的筆.Please give me a pen to write with.不定式作定語時，應(yīng)放在不定式作定語時，應(yīng)放在被修飾詞的后面被修飾詞的后面，而，而且放在其他后置定語之后。且放在其他后置定語之后。1. 不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有不定式做定語與所修飾的詞之間有三種三種關(guān)系：關(guān)系：(1)動賓關(guān)系動賓

9、關(guān)系 I have a lot of work to do.我有很多工作要做。我有很多工作要做。 (2)主謂關(guān)系主謂關(guān)系 He is always the first to come.他總是第一個來。他總是第一個來。 (3)同位關(guān)系同位關(guān)系 We all have a chance to go to college. 我們都有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會。我們都有上大學(xué)的機(jī)會。2. 作定語的不定式如果是作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞不及物動詞，或，或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點(diǎn)工具等，不定式后面須有作的地點(diǎn)工具等，不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的相應(yīng)的介詞介詞。3. 不

10、定式所修飾的名詞如果是不定式所修飾的名詞如果是time, place或或way，不定式后面的不定式后面的介詞習(xí)慣上要省去介詞習(xí)慣上要省去。 e.g. He is looking for a room to live in. 他在找一個房間住。他在找一個房間住。e.g. He had no money and no place to live. 他沒錢沒地方住。他沒錢沒地方住。4. something, anything, nothing, everything等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式等復(fù)合不定代詞常用不定式做后置定語。做后置定語。e.g. Do you have anything e.g. D

11、o you have anything to sendto send ? ? 你有什么東西要寄嗎？你有什么東西要寄嗎？ Do you have anything Do you have anything to be sentto be sent ? ? 你有什么東西要被寄嗎？你有什么東西要被寄嗎？I came here to see you.He got up early to catch the train.(6) 狀語狀語（表示目的，結(jié)果，原因或條件）（表示目的，結(jié)果，原因或條件）in order to , so as to ,enough to ,only to , too.to.,在一

12、些短語中也有體現(xiàn)在一些短語中也有體現(xiàn)(7).獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)to be frank, to be honest,To tell the truth, I dont agree with you.類似的結(jié)構(gòu)類似的結(jié)構(gòu)(8)(8)不定式與疑問詞不定式與疑問詞who,which, when, how, what等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、等連用，在句中起名詞作用，可充當(dāng)主語、表語表語、賓語等。、賓語等。He didnt know what to say. .他不知道說什么。他不知道說什么。( (賓語賓語) ) How to solve the problem is very importa

13、nt. .如何解決這個問題很重要。如何解決這個問題很重要。( (主語主語) ) My question is when to start. .我的問題是什么時我的問題是什么時候開始。候開始。( (表語表語) )：在與在與why連用時，只用于連用時，只用于why或或why not開頭的開頭的簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶簡短疑問句中，后面緊跟的動詞不定式不帶to。 Why not have a rest?關(guān)于不定式中的小品詞關(guān)于不定式中的小品詞to (1).不定式中的不定式中的動詞動詞上文已出現(xiàn)過上文已出現(xiàn)過,下文要下文要 省略該動詞省略該動詞. eg: Would you like t

14、o go with me ? Id like to .(2). 不定式是不定式是to be 結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu), be 不可省不可省. eg: Would you like to be a teacher? Id like to be.不定式的主動形式表示被動不定式的主動形式表示被動1在在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：例如：There is a lot of homework to do(也可用也可用to be done) There is no time to lose (to be lost).2在在“npron + be + adj + to do”結(jié)結(jié)構(gòu)中。常用的形容詞有構(gòu)中。常用的形容

15、詞有easy，difficult，hard，impossible，nice，pleasant，light，heavy，interesting，important，expensive，cheap， fit， dangerous等等。例如：例如：He is hard to convince(說服說服).He is an impossible person to work with3.在在“tooto do; enoughto”結(jié)構(gòu)結(jié)構(gòu)中。中。如：如：The problem is too difficult to work out (to be worked out)The house is big

16、 enough to live in.4在在“with+n+to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中。結(jié)構(gòu)中。例如：例如：With nothing to do，he lay in bedWith so many exercises to do，I cant go to the cinema5當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語在句中出現(xiàn)時。當(dāng)不定式的邏輯主語在句中出現(xiàn)時。 例如：例如： I have a letter to type today (I是是to type的邏輯主語的邏輯主語) Do you have anything to say? (you是是to say的邏輯主語的邏輯主語)6當(dāng)不定式隱含在當(dāng)不定式隱含在for s

17、b to do結(jié)構(gòu)中結(jié)構(gòu)中 時。時。例如：例如：This is the best book to read (=for usyou to read)The important thing to do is to lock the door when we leave the house7一些作表語用的不定式的主動形式。一些作表語用的不定式的主動形式。 常見的這類動詞有常見的這類動詞有l(wèi)et(出租出租)，rent， hire，blame等。等。例如：例如： The house is to let I felt l was to blame. My teacher was made _ his t

18、eaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the Atlantic. having been B. to have beenC. to be D. being4.The Emperor ordered th

19、e wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn6.The light in the office is still on. - Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having t

20、urned it off7. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned8.We find it impossible for the work _ ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished9.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change? to

21、try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go My teacher was made _ his teaching because of poor health. giving up B. to give up C. give up D. given up2.The sentence wants _ once more. explained B. to explain C. being explained D. explaining3.The Arctic is considered _ the northern part of the

22、 Atlantic. having been B. to have beenC. to be D. being4.The Emperor ordered the wonderful cloth _ for him without delay. to have woven B. to be wovenC. to be weaving D. to weave5.I found the German language hard _. learned B. learning C. to be learned D. to learn6.The light in the office is still o

23、n. - Oh, I forgot _. turning it off B. turn it offC. to turn it off D. having turned it off幾對易混淆的詞組：7.-How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? -The key _ the problem is to meet the demand _ by the customers. to solving, making B. to solving, madeC. to solve, maki

24、ng D. to solve, made8. -What do you think of the school? -It is a very good _. school to study in B. school for children to studyC. studying school D. school to study9. -Did you get a job? - No, I _ , but its no use. expected B. tried to C. managed to D. planned10.We find it impossible for the work

25、_ ahead of time. to finish B. finishing C. being finished D. to be finished11.-I usually go to Shanghai by train. -Why not _ there by boat for a change? to try to go B. try going C. to try going D. try to go 12._ a living, she had to work from morning till night. To make B. MadeC. Making D. To have

26、made13. I would rather starve to death than _ for food. beg B. begging C. begged D. to beg14.The boy pretended _ when his mother entered. reading B. to read C. to be reading D. being read1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be stud

27、ying D. to have been studying2. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects4. Having a trip abroa

28、d is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it6. The mother didnt

29、 know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to hav

30、e met9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to1. Robert is said _ abroad, but I dont know what country he studied in. to have studied B. to study C. to be studying D. to have been studying2. The purpose of new tec

31、hnologies is to make life easier, _ it more difficult. not make B. not to make C. not making D. dont make3. Ive worked with children before, so I know what _ in my new job. expected B. to expect C. to be expecting D. expects4. Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains

32、 _ whether they will enjoy it. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. see5. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows _. it what to do with B. what to do with it C. what to do it with D. to do what with it6. The mother didnt know _ to blame for the broken glass as it happened w

33、hile she was out.A. who B. when C. how D. why 7. Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning8. We agreed _ here but so far she hasnt turned up yet. A. having met B. meeting C. to meet D. to have met9. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not do