牛津初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法總復(fù)習(xí)精講課學(xué)案

1、牛津初中英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖一名詞I. 名詞的種類：專有名詞普通名詞國(guó)名.地名.人名，團(tuán)體.機(jī)構(gòu)名稱可數(shù)名詞不可數(shù)名詞個(gè)體名詞集體名詞抽象名詞物質(zhì)名詞II. 名詞的數(shù)：1. 規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式，一般在單數(shù)形式后面加-s或-es。現(xiàn)將構(gòu)成方法與讀音規(guī)則列表如下：規(guī)則例詞1一般情況在詞尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh結(jié)尾的名詞后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe結(jié)尾的詞變-f和-fe為v再加-esleaf-lea

2、ves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，變y為i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞，或?qū)Ｓ忻~以y結(jié)尾的，加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以輔音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞

3、一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外來(lái)詞加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos兩者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o結(jié)尾的名詞加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th結(jié)尾的名詞加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path

4、-paths,2. 不規(guī)則名詞復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)里有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式是不規(guī)則的，現(xiàn)歸納如下：規(guī)則例詞1改變名詞中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2單復(fù)數(shù)相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有復(fù)數(shù)形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4一些集體名詞總是用作復(fù)數(shù)people, police, cattle

5、, staff5部分集體名詞既可以作單數(shù)（整體）也可以作復(fù)數(shù)（成員）audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6復(fù)數(shù)形式表示特別含義customs(海關(guān)), forces(軍隊(duì)), times(時(shí)代), spirits(情緒), drinks(飲料), sands(沙灘), papers(文件報(bào)紙), manners(禮貌), looks(外表), brains(頭腦智力), greens(青菜), ruins

6、(廢墟)7表示“某國(guó)人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans單復(fù)數(shù)同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman結(jié)尾的改為-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名詞將主體名詞變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends無(wú)主體名詞時(shí)將最后一部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches將兩部分變?yōu)閺?fù)數(shù)

7、women singers, men servantsIII. 名詞的所有格：名詞在句中表示所有關(guān)系的語(yǔ)法形式叫做名詞所有格。所有格分兩種：一是名詞詞尾加s構(gòu)成，二是由介詞of加名詞構(gòu)成。前者多表示有生命的東西，后者多表示無(wú)生命的東西。1. s所有格的構(gòu)成：?jiǎn)螖?shù)名詞在末尾加sthe boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo,復(fù)數(shù)名詞一般在末尾加the teachers room, the twins mother, 不規(guī)則復(fù)數(shù)名詞后加sthe childrens toys, womens rights, 以s結(jié)尾的人名所有格加s或者Dicke

8、ns novels, Charless job, the Smiths house表示各自的所有關(guān)系時(shí),各名詞末尾均須加sJapans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes表示共有的所有關(guān)系時(shí)在最后一詞末加sJapan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father表示某人家店鋪，所有格后名詞省略the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles2. s所有格的用法：表示時(shí)間todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2表示自

9、然現(xiàn)象the earths atmosphere, the trees branches3表示國(guó)家城市等地方的名詞the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas industry4表示工作群體the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory5表示度量衡及價(jià)值a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples6與人類活動(dòng)有特殊關(guān)系的名詞the lifes time, the plays plot7某些固定詞組a birds eye view, a stone

10、s throw, at ones wits end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法：用于無(wú)生命的東西：the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的東西，尤其是有較長(zhǎng)定語(yǔ)時(shí)：the classrooms of the first-year students用于名詞化的詞：the struggle of the oppressed  二冠詞冠詞分為不定冠詞（a, an），定冠詞（the），和零冠詞。I. 不定冠詞的用法：1指一類人或事，相當(dāng)于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can f

11、ly.2第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表示“每一”相當(dāng)于every，oneWe study eight hours a day.4表示“相同”相當(dāng)于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前，表示不認(rèn)識(shí)此人或與某名人有類似性質(zhì)的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定詞組中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a

12、walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容詞之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠詞的用法：1表示某一類人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物名詞前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表示說(shuō)話雙方都了解的或上文提到過(guò)的人或事Would you mi

13、nd opening the door? 4用于樂(lè)器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容詞和分詞前表示一類人the reach, the living, the wounded6表示“一家人”或“夫婦”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序數(shù)詞和形容詞副詞比較級(jí)最高級(jí)前He is the taller of the two children.8用于國(guó)家黨派等以及江河湖海，山川群島的名詞前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表示發(fā)明物的單數(shù)名詞前The c

14、ompass was invented in China.10在逢十的復(fù)數(shù)數(shù)詞之前，指世紀(jì)的某個(gè)年代in the 1990s11用于表示單位的名詞前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名詞，身體部位名詞，及表示時(shí)間的詞組前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠詞的用法：1專有名詞，物質(zhì)名詞，抽象名詞，人名地名等名詞前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名詞前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, no

15、t that one. /  Whose purse is this?3季節(jié)，月份，星期，節(jié)假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表示職位，身份，頭銜的名詞前Lincoln was made President of America.5學(xué)科，語(yǔ)言，球類，棋類名詞前He likes playing football/chess.6與by連用表示交通工具的名詞前by train, by air, by land7以and連接的兩個(gè)相對(duì)的名詞并用時(shí)husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night

16、8 表示泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前Horses are useful animals.    三代詞：I. 代詞可以分為以下七大類：1人稱代詞主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they賓格me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them2物主代詞形容詞性my, your, his, her, its, our, their名詞性mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs3反身代詞myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselve

17、s, yourselves, themselves4指示代詞this, that, these, those, such, some5疑問(wèn)代詞who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever6關(guān)系代詞that, which, who, whom, whose, as7不定代詞one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.

18、不定代詞用法注意點(diǎn)：1. one, some與any:1) one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，復(fù)數(shù)為ones。some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask. 2) some可用于疑問(wèn)句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答復(fù)，或者表示建議，請(qǐng)求等。Would you like some bananas?   Could you give me some

19、 money?3) some 和any修飾可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，some表示某個(gè)，any表示任何一個(gè)。I have read this article in some magazine.    Please correct the mistakes, if any.4) some和數(shù)詞連用表示“大約”，any可與比較級(jí)連用表示程度。There are some 3,000 students in this school.    Do you feel any better today?2. each和every:each強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)別，代表的數(shù)可

20、以是兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上，而every強(qiáng)調(diào)整體，所指的數(shù)必須是三個(gè)或三個(gè)以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none和no：no等于not any，作定語(yǔ)。none作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，代替不可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)用單數(shù)，代替可數(shù)名詞，謂語(yǔ)單復(fù)數(shù)皆可以。There is n

21、o water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other和another:  1) other泛指“另外的，別的”常與其他詞連用，如：the other day, every other week, some other reason, no other way, the other特指兩者中的另外一個(gè)，復(fù)數(shù)為the others。如：He held a book in one hand

22、and his notes in the other.Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.  2) another指“又一個(gè)，另一個(gè)”無(wú)所指，復(fù)數(shù)形式是others，泛指“別的人或事”如：I dont like this shirt, please show me another (one).  The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, w

23、hile others like basketball.5. all和both, neither和either  all表示不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。both和all加否定詞表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.  All of the books are not written in English. / Not all of the books are written in English.  Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us

24、is a teacher.  四形容詞和副詞I. 形容詞：1. 形容詞的位置：1) 形容詞作定語(yǔ)通常前置，但在下列情況后置：1修飾some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等構(gòu)成的復(fù)合不定代詞時(shí)nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible結(jié)尾的形容詞可置于有最高級(jí)或only修飾的名詞之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等可以后置the only pers

25、on awake4和空間、時(shí)間、單位連用時(shí)a bridge 50 meters long5成對(duì)的形容詞可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容詞短語(yǔ)一般后置a man difficult to get on with2) 多個(gè)形容詞修飾同一個(gè)名詞的順序：代詞數(shù)詞性狀形容詞冠詞前的形容詞冠詞指示代詞不定代詞代詞所有格序數(shù)詞基數(shù)詞性質(zhì)狀態(tài)大小長(zhǎng)短形狀新舊溫度顏色國(guó)籍產(chǎn)地材料質(zhì)地名詞allbothsuchtheathisanotheryoursecondnextonefourbeautifulgoodpoorlargeshortsquarenewcoolblac

26、kyellowChineseLondonsilkstone3) 復(fù)合形容詞的構(gòu)成：1形容詞+名詞+edkind-hearted6名詞+形容詞world-famous2形容詞+形容詞dark-blue7名詞+現(xiàn)在分詞peace-loving3形容詞+現(xiàn)在分詞ordinary-looking8名詞+過(guò)去分詞snow-covered4副詞+現(xiàn)在分詞hard-working9數(shù)詞+名詞+edthree-egged5副詞+過(guò)去分詞newly-built10數(shù)詞+名詞twenty-yearII. 副詞副詞的分類：1時(shí)間副詞soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5

27、頻度副詞always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地點(diǎn)副詞here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑問(wèn)副詞how, where, when, why3方式副詞hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7連接副詞how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副詞almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8關(guān)系副詞when, where, whyIII. 形容詞和副詞比較等級(jí)：

28、形容詞和副詞的比較等級(jí)分為原級(jí)，比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)的構(gòu)成一般是在形容詞和副詞后加-er和-est，多音節(jié)和一些雙音節(jié)詞前加more 和most。1. 同級(jí)比較時(shí)常常用 asas以及not so(as)as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2. 可以修飾比較級(jí)的詞有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal。3. 表示一方隨另一方變化時(shí)用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you w

29、ork, the more progress you will make.4. 用比較級(jí)來(lái)表達(dá)最高級(jí)的意思。如：I have never spent a more worrying day.5. 表示倍數(shù)的比較級(jí)有如下幾種句型：Our school is three times larger than yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours. 6. 表示“最高程度“的形容詞沒有最高級(jí)和比較級(jí)。如：favourite, excellent, extr

30、eme, perfect。   五介詞I. 介詞分類：1簡(jiǎn)單介詞about, across, after, against, among, around, at, below, beyond, during, in, on2合成介詞inside, into, onto, out of, outside, throughout, upon, within, without3短語(yǔ)介詞according to, because of, instead of, up to, due to, owing to, thanks to4雙重介詞from among, from

31、behind, from under, till after, in between 5分詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞considering(就而論), including6形容詞轉(zhuǎn)化成的介詞like, unlike, near, next, oppositeII. 常用介詞區(qū)別：1表示時(shí)間的in, on, atat表示片刻的時(shí)間，in表示一段的時(shí)間，on總是與日子有關(guān)2表示時(shí)間的since, fromsince 指從過(guò)去到現(xiàn)在的一段時(shí)間，和完成時(shí)連用，from指從時(shí)間的某一點(diǎn)開始3表示時(shí)間的in, afterin指在一段時(shí)間之后，after表示某一具體時(shí)間點(diǎn)之后或用在過(guò)去時(shí)的一段時(shí)間中4表示地理位置的in

32、, on, toin表示在某范圍內(nèi)，on指與什么毗鄰，to指在某環(huán)境范圍之外5表示“在上”的on, inon只表示在某物的表面上，in表示占去某物一部分6表示“穿過(guò)”的through, acrossthrough表示從內(nèi)部通過(guò)，與in有關(guān)，across表示在表面上通過(guò)，與on有關(guān)7表示“關(guān)于”的about, onabout指涉及到，on指專門論述8between與among的區(qū)別between表示在兩者之間，among用于三者或三者以上的中間9besides與except的區(qū)別besides指“除了還有再加上”，except指“除了，減去什么”，不放在句首10表示“用”的in, withwit

33、h表示具體的工具，in表示材料，方式，方法，度量，單位，語(yǔ)言，聲音11as與like的區(qū)別as意為“作為，以地位或身份”，like為“象一樣”，指情形相似12in與into區(qū)別in通常表示位置（靜態(tài)），into表示動(dòng)向，不表示目的地或位置  六動(dòng)詞I. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)：1. 動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)一共有16種，以ask為例，將其各種時(shí)態(tài)的構(gòu)成形式列表如下： 現(xiàn)在時(shí)過(guò)去時(shí)將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)一般ask / asksaskedshall/will askshould/would ask進(jìn)行am/is/are askingwas/were askingshall/will be askin

34、gshould/would be asking完成have/has askedhad askedshall/will have askedshould/would have asked完成進(jìn)行have/has been askinghad been askingshall/will have been askingshould/would have been asking2. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與一般過(guò)去時(shí)的區(qū)別：1) 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀況，但和現(xiàn)在有聯(lián)系，強(qiáng)調(diào)的是對(duì)現(xiàn)在造成的影響或結(jié)果，它不能同表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“已經(jīng)”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，利用過(guò)去，說(shuō)明現(xiàn)在。如：I

35、have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已經(jīng)看過(guò)，且了解這本書的內(nèi)容)2) 一般過(guò)去時(shí)只表示過(guò)去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)，和現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)，它可和表示過(guò)去的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用，漢譯英時(shí)可加“過(guò)”，“了”等詞。簡(jiǎn)言之，僅談過(guò)去，不關(guān)現(xiàn)在。如：I read the novel last month. (只說(shuō)明上個(gè)月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)I lived in Beijing for ten years.（只說(shuō)明在北京住過(guò)十年，與現(xiàn)在無(wú)關(guān)）3. 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)與現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)的區(qū)別：兩者都可以表示“從過(guò)去開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在”，在含義

36、上如著重表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果時(shí)，多用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，如著重表示動(dòng)作一直在進(jìn)行，即動(dòng)作的延續(xù)性時(shí)，則多用現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)的動(dòng)詞也不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)。I have read that book.我讀過(guò)那本書了。I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直在讀那本書。4. 一般將來(lái)時(shí)的表達(dá)方式： 將來(lái)時(shí)用法例句1will/shall+動(dòng)詞原形表示將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)My sister will be ten next year.2be going to+動(dòng)詞原形含有“打算，計(jì)劃，即將”做某事，或表示很有可能要發(fā)生

37、某事Its going to clear up.Were going to have a party tonight.3be + doing 進(jìn)行時(shí)表示將來(lái)go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進(jìn)行時(shí)表示按計(jì)劃即將發(fā)生的動(dòng)作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 4be about to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示安排或計(jì)劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作，后面一般不跟時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to

38、close.5be to + 動(dòng)詞原形表示按計(jì)劃進(jìn)行或征求對(duì)方意見Were to meet at the school gate at noon.6一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)時(shí)刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示將來(lái)The meeting starts at five oclock.The plane leaves at ten this evening. II. 動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成 常用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)構(gòu)成1一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)am/is/are asked6過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)was/were being asked2一般過(guò)去時(shí)was/were asked7現(xiàn)在完

39、成時(shí)have/has been asked3一般將來(lái)時(shí)shall/will be asked8過(guò)去完成時(shí)had been asked4過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)should/would be asked9將來(lái)完成時(shí)will/would have been asked5現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)am/is/are being asked10含有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的can/must/may be asked注 意 事 項(xiàng)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的否定式是在第一個(gè)助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞后加not，短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。固定結(jié)構(gòu)begoing to, used to, have to, had better變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)時(shí)，

40、只需將其后的動(dòng)詞變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)態(tài)。 如：Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語(yǔ)有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語(yǔ)，在英語(yǔ)中一般可用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表示。如：It is believed that            It is generally considered that&#

41、160;          It is said thatIt is well known that         It must be pointed out that              It is supposed thatIt is reported that  

42、          It must be admitted that                It is hoped that下面主動(dòng)形式常表示被動(dòng)意義：如：The window wants/needs/requires repairing.          T

43、he book is worth reading twice.The door wont shut. / The play wont act.            The clothes washes well. / The book sells well.The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold.下面詞或短語(yǔ)沒有被動(dòng)態(tài)：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, c

44、ontain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等  七情態(tài)動(dòng)詞I. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞基本用法：情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用法否定式疑問(wèn)式與簡(jiǎn)答can能力（體力，智力，技能）允許或許可（口語(yǔ)中常用）可能性（表猜測(cè)，用于否定句或疑問(wèn)句中）can not / cannot /cant doCando?Yes,can.No,can

45、t.couldcouldnt domay可以（問(wèn)句中表示請(qǐng)求）可能，或許（表推測(cè)）祝愿（用于倒裝句中）may not do Maydo? Yes,may.No,mustnt/cant.mightmight not doMightdo? Yes,mightNo,might not.must必須，應(yīng)該（表主觀要求）肯定，想必（肯定句中表推測(cè)）must not/mustnt doMustdo? Yes,must.No,neednt/dont have to.have to只好，不得不（客觀的必須，有時(shí)態(tài)人稱變化）dont have to doDohave to do?Yes,do.  No

46、,dont.ought to應(yīng)當(dāng)（表示義務(wù)責(zé)任，口語(yǔ)中多用shouldought not to/oughtnt to doOughtto do?Yes,ought. No,oughtnt.shall將要，會(huì)用于一三人稱征求對(duì)方意見用于二三人稱表示許諾、命令、警告、威脅等shall not/shant doShalldo?Yes,shall.  No,shant.should應(yīng)當(dāng)，應(yīng)該（表義務(wù)責(zé)任）本該（含有責(zé)備意味）should not/shouldnt doShoulddo?will意愿，決心請(qǐng)求，建議，用在問(wèn)句中would比較委婉will not/wont doWilldo?Ye

47、s,will.  No,wont.wouldwould not/wouldnt dodare敢（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）dare not/darent doDaredo?Yes,dare. No,darent.need需要必須（常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句中）need not/neednt doNeeddo?Yes,must. No,neednt.used to過(guò)去常常（現(xiàn)在已不再）used not/usednt/usent to dodidnt use to doUsedto do?Yes,used.  No,use(d)nt.Diduse to do?Yes,did. 

48、; No,didnt.II. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞must, may, might, could, can表示推測(cè)：以must為例。must + do(be)是推測(cè)現(xiàn)在存在的一般狀態(tài)進(jìn)行；must + be doing 推測(cè)可能正在進(jìn)行的事情；must +have done是推測(cè)可能已經(jīng)發(fā)生過(guò)的事情。1. must“肯定，一定”語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，只用于肯定句中。He must be a man from America. / He must be talking with his friend. / He must have already arrived there.2. may和might“也許”，后者語(yǔ)氣弱，

49、更沒有把握。可用于肯定句和否定句。He may not be at home. / They might have finished their task. 3. can和could“可能”，could表示可疑的可能性，不及cant語(yǔ)氣強(qiáng)，用于肯定、否定、疑問(wèn)句中。The weather in that city could be cold now.We could have walked there; it was so near.（推測(cè)某事本來(lái)可能發(fā)生，但實(shí)際上沒有發(fā)生）Can he be in the office now? No, he cant be there, for I saw

50、 him in the library just now.(語(yǔ)氣很強(qiáng)，常用于疑問(wèn)句和否定句中)III. 情態(tài)動(dòng)詞注意點(diǎn)：1. can和be able to: 都可以表示能力。但be able to可以表達(dá)“某事終于成功”，而can無(wú)法表達(dá)此意。Be able to有更多的時(shí)態(tài)。另外，兩者不能重疊使用。2. used to和would:  used to表示過(guò)去常常做現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)不再有的習(xí)慣，而would只表示過(guò)去的習(xí)慣或喜好，不涉及現(xiàn)在。3. need和dare作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的區(qū)別：兩者作情態(tài)動(dòng)詞時(shí)常用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：neednt/darent do；Need/dare

51、do?做實(shí)義動(dòng)詞時(shí)可用于肯定句，否定句和疑問(wèn)句。其形式為：need(needs/needed)/dare(dares/dared) to do, dont(doesnt/didnt) need/dare to do  八非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞I. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的分類、意義及構(gòu)成：非謂語(yǔ)形式構(gòu)成特征和作用時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)否定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式to doto be doing to have doneto be doneto have been done在非謂語(yǔ)前加notfor sb. to do sth.具有名詞，副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定、表和狀語(yǔ)分詞現(xiàn)在分詞doinghaving d

52、onebeing donehaving been done 具有副詞和形容詞的作用在句中做定、表、賓補(bǔ)和狀語(yǔ)過(guò)去分詞done 動(dòng)名詞doinghaving donebeing donehaving been donesbs doing具有名詞的作用在句中做主、賓、定和表語(yǔ) II. 做賓語(yǔ)的非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞比較：情況常用動(dòng)詞只接不定式做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happe

53、n只接動(dòng)名詞做賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞或短語(yǔ)mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, considercant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set abou

54、t, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動(dòng)作，接動(dòng)名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（接動(dòng)名詞主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動(dòng)形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中事，去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同rememb

55、er/forget/regret to do（指動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動(dòng)作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意識(shí)是，意味著）cant help to do（不能幫忙做） cant help doing（忍不住要做）III.非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 常見動(dòng)詞與賓語(yǔ)的邏輯關(guān)系及時(shí)間概念例句不定式ask, beg, expect,

56、get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系。強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過(guò)去分詞動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。動(dòng)作已經(jīng)完成，多強(qiáng)調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞做定語(yǔ)的區(qū)別： 區(qū)別舉例不定式與被修飾詞往往有動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來(lái)，進(jìn)行