從中歐對比看中國沼氣工程的發(fā)展與挑戰(zhàn)

1、COMPARISON OF AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS INDUSTRY BETWEEN CHINA AND GERMANY從中歐對比看中國沼氣工程的發(fā)展與挑戰(zhàn)從中歐對比看中國沼氣工程的發(fā)展與挑戰(zhàn)目錄目錄CONTENT2022-4-30國際原油價(jià)格國際原油價(jià)格波動(dòng)波動(dòng)沼氣工程：環(huán)保優(yōu)先？沼氣工程：環(huán)保優(yōu)先？能源與環(huán)保是社會(huì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)能源與環(huán)保是社會(huì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)沼氣工程面臨的挑戰(zhàn)沼氣工程面臨的挑戰(zhàn)城鎮(zhèn)化城鎮(zhèn)化-沼氣工程發(fā)展的新機(jī)遇沼氣工程發(fā)展的新機(jī)遇沼氣工程研究和推廣：合作沼氣工程研究和推廣：合作UNCERTAINTY OF INTERNATIONAL PETROPRICEBIOGAS

2、 PLANTS: ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION 1?ENERGY/ENVIR. FOR DEVELOPMENTCHALLENGES FOR BIOGAS PLANTSURBANIZATION: NEW OPPORTUNITY FOR BPCOOPERATION FOR BIOGAS RESEARCH AND EXTENSION.tw/oil102/oil1022010/A03/A0304/A030401.asp國際原油價(jià)格國際原油價(jià)格波動(dòng)波動(dòng)PETROLEUM PRICE UNCERTAINTY布倫特原油價(jià)格布倫特原油價(jià)格國際原油價(jià)

3、格與德國沼氣工程國際原油價(jià)格與德國沼氣工程PETROPRICE AND BPS2022-4-30沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼EEG-2000沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼補(bǔ)貼力度增加補(bǔ)貼力度增加能源作物補(bǔ)貼能源作物補(bǔ)貼增加小型工程補(bǔ)貼增加小型工程補(bǔ)貼增大能源作物補(bǔ)貼增大能源作物補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼增大禽畜糞便補(bǔ)貼增大禽畜糞便補(bǔ)貼增加小型工程補(bǔ)貼增加小型工程補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼沼氣工程發(fā)電補(bǔ)貼EEG-2004EEG-2009EEG-2012EEG-2014沼氣工程政策的巨大影響沼氣工程政策的巨大影響POLICY IMPACTS ON BPS DEVELOPMENT2022-

4、4-30Nadjia Rensberg, Jaqueline Daniel-Gromke. Biogas Progress II, 2014, Stuttgart, Germany沼氣工程作用是什么沼氣工程作用是什么（德國）（德國） ？CONTRIBUTION OF BPS IN GERMANY2022-4-30根據(jù)路線圖的調(diào)研，美國現(xiàn)有2000多個(gè)沼氣工程，如果按照路線圖的規(guī)劃發(fā)展，將來還會(huì)再建超過11000個(gè)沼氣工程。到2030年，將能為300萬個(gè)美國家庭提供清潔燃?xì)?，減排溫室氣體5400萬m3。美國沼氣工程發(fā)展方向沼氣工程用于處理廢物；提升沼氣利用水平，降低沼氣利用的成本；全面系統(tǒng)的分析

5、沼氣工程在運(yùn)行效率上存在的問題，提出優(yōu)化方法；完善市場機(jī)制和商業(yè)模式，從政策和途徑上使沼氣工程能夠盈利；1. 成立國家層面的專家組，形成智囊機(jī)構(gòu)。沼氣工程作用是什么（美國）？沼氣工程作用是什么（美國）？WHAT BIOGAS PLANTS FOR (US)? 2022-4-30歐洲沼氣工程現(xiàn)狀歐洲沼氣工程現(xiàn)狀BIOGAS INDUSTRY IN EUROPE2022-4-308德國沼氣工程數(shù)量和裝機(jī)容量的發(fā)展德國沼氣工程數(shù)量和裝機(jī)容量的發(fā)展（截至（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）歐洲各國的沼氣工程數(shù)量（截至歐洲各國的沼氣工程數(shù)量（截至2014年年12月月31日）日）Source： Euro

6、pean Biogas Association沼氣工程沼氣工程的的作用作用THE ROLE OF BIOGAS PLANTS2022-4-30環(huán)保價(jià)值不可或缺能源價(jià)值或隱或現(xiàn)改善民生核心理念沼氣工程：環(huán)保優(yōu)先？沼氣工程：環(huán)保優(yōu)先？BIOGAS PLANTS: ENVPROTECT 1？2022-4-302010年全國畜禽養(yǎng)殖COD、NH3排放分別達(dá)1184萬噸、65萬噸，占全國排放總量的45%、25%，占農(nóng)業(yè)源排放量的95%、79%。農(nóng)村城鎮(zhèn)化人口聚集導(dǎo)致生活垃圾快速堆積和生活污水的大量排放，是農(nóng)村環(huán)境另一主要污染源。國家高度重視農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)廢棄物的處理工作，到2020年我國農(nóng)業(yè)基本實(shí)現(xiàn)畜禽糞污資

7、源化利用，病死畜禽全部實(shí)現(xiàn)無害化處理；基本實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)作物秸稈資源化利用，秸稈露天焚燒現(xiàn)象得到有效控制。類別 Waste數(shù)量,億噸/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽糞便 Livestock manure31.6濕基, wet2農(nóng)作物秸稈 Crops residue6.89濕基, wet3工業(yè)源生物質(zhì)廢物 Industry waste2.0濕基, wet4家庭廚余垃圾, Household food waste0.9濕基, wet5城市糞便, Municipal nightsoil0.25濕基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26濕基, wet7餐飲業(yè)餐廚垃

8、圾, Restaurant waste0.15濕基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12濕基, wet合計(jì) Total42.17濕基, wet城市生物質(zhì)燃?xì)饴?lián)盟統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù),2009Statistical Data from the Alliance on Technological Innovation of Urban Biomass Gas Industry,2009能源效益能源效益ENERGY VALUE2022-4-30Agriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Residues 玉米秸

9、稈Maize Straw0.4-1.0 稻米秸稈Rice Straw0.55-0.62 干草Hay0.5 花生殼Peanut Husk0.318-0.344 CH4-m3/kg-VS 糖渣Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) CH4-m3/kg-VSFood Waste 咖啡渣 Coffee Grounds0.259 CH4-m3/kg-VS 紅茶渣Tea Residues0.175 CH4-m3/kg-VS 白酒糟 White Spirit Residues0.02 biogas m3/kg-wet residue 稻米渣Rice Residues0.6 啤酒糟Beer Disti

10、llation0.5-0.6 蘋果渣Apple Residues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure 豬糞Pig Manure0.356 CH4-m3/kg-VS 牛糞Cattle Manure0.148 CH4-m3/kg-VS 奶牛糞Dairy Cattle manure0.328 CH4-m3/kg-VSVegetable Waste 香蕉Banana Waste0.270 -0.305 CH4-m3/kg-VS 芒果Mango Waste0.361-0.385 CH4-m3/kg-VS 土豆Potato0.250-0.284 CH4-m3/kg-VSSource： :Di

11、eter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, WILEY-VCH,2011 中國沼氣產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀報(bào)告，輕工業(yè)環(huán)境保護(hù)研究所 (Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry),2009有機(jī)廢棄物的沼氣轉(zhuǎn)化潛能有機(jī)廢棄物的沼氣轉(zhuǎn)化潛能 (Biogas Yield Potential from Organic Waste)能源與環(huán)保是社會(huì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)能源與環(huán)保是社會(huì)發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)ENERGY/ENVIR. FOR D

12、EVELOPMENT2022-4-3012WHY WE DO?Non-fossil energy in 2030 would account for 20% of the total energy consumption.-Sino-US joint statement on climate change, APEC 2014Animal manure, Corn Straw and Farmland Mulch have to be recycled at the end of 2020. -MOA, 2015WHY WE DO?政策導(dǎo)向政策導(dǎo)向POLICY ORIENTATION農(nóng)業(yè)源有機(jī)

13、廢棄物產(chǎn)量農(nóng)業(yè)源有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)量ORGANIC RESIDUES FROM AGRICULTURE類別 Waste數(shù)量,億噸/年, Amount (108 tons/a)1畜禽糞便 Livestock manure31.6濕基, wet2農(nóng)作物秸稈 Crops residue6.89濕基, wet3工業(yè)源生物質(zhì)廢物 Industry waste2.0濕基, wet4家庭廚余垃圾, Household food waste0.9濕基, wet5城市糞便, Municipal nightsoil0.25濕基, wet6城市污泥. Municipal sludge0.26濕基, wet7餐飲業(yè)餐廚垃圾

14、, Restaurant waste0.15濕基, wet8集市果蔬垃圾, Vegetable waste0.12濕基, wet合計(jì) Total42.17濕基, wet全國有機(jī)廢物產(chǎn)生量National organic WasteWHY WE DO?Source: 城市生物質(zhì)燃?xì)猱a(chǎn)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略聯(lián)盟, 2012換個(gè)角度看污染換個(gè)角度看污染HOW DO WE VIEW WASTESN、P、K-Recoverable Nutrients 肥料C- Renewable Energy 能源H-O-Reusable Water 水ReNEWWHY WE DO?Source: Poeschl M, S W

15、ard & P Owende. 2010. Prospects for expanded biogas utilization in Germany. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews: In ReviewSpecific CO2 Emission Associated with Energy Generation沼氣工程的溫室氣體減排效益沼氣工程的溫室氣體減排效益BIOGAS FERMENTATION: THE ONLY TECH NEGATIVE GHGS EMISSION BY NOW?WHY WE DO?常見有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)氣量常

16、見有機(jī)廢棄物產(chǎn)氣量 COMMON ORGANIC RESIDUES BIOGAS VALUEAgriculture WasteBiogas Yield(m3/kg-VS) -Methane YieldCrop Residues Maize Straw0.4-1.0Rice Straw0.55-0.62Hay0.5Peanut Husk0.318-0.344Sugar beet0.231 (0.008) Food Waste Coffee Grounds0.259Tea Residues0.175Rice Residues0.6Beer Distillation0.5-0.6Apple Resi

17、dues0.56-0.68Livestock Manure Pig Manure0.356Cattle Manure0.148Dairy Cattle manure0.328Vegetable Waste Banana Waste0.270 -0.305Mango Waste0.361-0.385Potato0.250-0.284Radish Leaves0.233-0.249WHY WE DO?Source:Dieter Deublein, Angelika Steinhauser. Biogas from waste and renewable resource. Second Versi

18、on. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.KGaA.2011中德沼氣工程對比中德沼氣工程對比BIOGAS IN CHINA AND GERMANYSource：中國農(nóng)村能源年鑒China Rural Energy Yearbook (200020013)WHAT WE HAVESource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013PretreatmentPretreatmentBiogas Biogas reactorreactorBiogas Clean

19、ing, Storage, Biogas Cleaning, Storage, DistributionDistributionBiogas UtilizationBiogas UtilizationDigestate Digestate TreatmentTreatmentTechnology of Qingdao Tianren Company, China大中型沼氣工程的主要組成大中型沼氣工程的主要組成MAIN COMPONENTS OF M/L BIOGAS PLANTWHAT WE HAVE案例一：雞糞沼氣發(fā)電和供應(yīng)農(nóng)戶案例一：雞糞沼氣發(fā)電和供應(yīng)農(nóng)戶CASE I: CHICKEN M

20、ANURE BIOGAS FOR POWER AND GAS DISTRIBUTION INTO HOUSEHOLDS ManureSewageCSTRBiogasDigestateFertilizerCompressElectricityHouseholdPlantTianmen, Hubei ProvenceFeedstockChicken Manure, 212 tons/dMunicipal Sewage, 300 tons/dReactorCSTR，total 12000m3Investment60.0 million RMBAnnual Biogas700104m3Biogas U

21、tilizationHouseholdElectricity, 140 million kWh/a案例二：山東雞糞沼氣發(fā)電與案例二：山東雞糞沼氣發(fā)電與CDM項(xiàng)目項(xiàng)目 CASE II: CHICKEN MANURE BIOGAS POWER AND CDM1. 雞糞Chicken manure: 500 t/d, TS 20%2. 規(guī)模 volume: 3,200 m383. 設(shè)計(jì)沼氣產(chǎn)量 planned biogas production 30,000 m3/d (1,000萬m3/年)。4. 設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)電量 Expected power 60,000 kWh/d (2,000萬kWh/年)。5.

22、 年減排溫室氣體 GHGs reduction: 67,000 tCO2e/a6. 聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約（UNFCCC）批準(zhǔn)，與世界銀行CDM交易成功。 Successful CDM with World Bank挑戰(zhàn)挑戰(zhàn)I：發(fā)酵原料的差異：發(fā)酵原料的差異CHALLENGE I: DIFFERENT SUBSTRATES22Most of the agricultural biogas plants in China are operated with animal manure.At the moment, we have to consider to use the crop resid

23、ues rather than the energy crop used in Germany.OUR CHALLENGESSource: Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR), Biogas-an introduction 2013Challenges:Storage for the year-round substrate supply is the challenge for biogas production in major grain producing areasComplex characteristics (cellul

24、ose, lignin, water content et al.)High Dry matter loss (could be as high as 30%）科技：秸稈濕儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)科技：秸稈濕儲(chǔ)存技術(shù)WET STORAGE OF CROP RESIDUES WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIESD i f f e r e n t substrate 產(chǎn)氣量產(chǎn)氣量B0R2新鮮秸稈新鮮秸稈537.849.951.830.98青貯秸稈青貯秸稈531.748.631.390.99干黃秸稈干黃秸稈376.4830.571.280.97Supported by: the twelfth fiv

25、e-year National science and technology support project (2015BAD21B04) WHAT WE ARE DOING?固形物含量對于青貯過程乳酸產(chǎn)量的影響尿素添加對于青貯過程乳酸產(chǎn)量的影響WHAT WE ARE DOING?研究進(jìn)展研究進(jìn)展PROCESS CONTROL DURING WET STORAGESource: From Liu Shan，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2015.挑戰(zhàn)挑戰(zhàn)II：運(yùn)行與發(fā)酵效率差別：運(yùn)行與發(fā)酵效率差別CHALLENGE II: D

26、IFFERENT OPERATIONDemand driven operation mode in ChinaMesophilic or ambient temperatureAdditional heat is needed (coal, biogas)Relative Low OLRsNo buffer capacity monitoringGas supply oriented Combination of Heat and Power mode in Germany Mesophilic fermentation using surplus heat High OLRs Relativ

27、e stable operation Highest biogas production orientedOUR CHALLENGESSource：biogas-an introduction. FNR，2009中國中國德國沼氣工程德國沼氣工程* *( (糞便和能源作物原料糞便和能源作物原料) )rangeaverageODM degradation (%)68-73%59-8976CH4 production(m3 CH4/m3.d)0.20.3-3.21.1Retention time (day)3529-10858OLR (kg oDM/m3.d)0.2-0.52.1-9.84.5Tem

28、perature (oC)23-2637-39-*:Biogas-Messprogramm II -61 Biogasanlagen im Vergleich. ISBN:978-3-9803927-8-5中國中型農(nóng)業(yè)沼氣工程發(fā)酵效率中國中型農(nóng)業(yè)沼氣工程發(fā)酵效率PERFORMANCE OF CHINESE MEDIUM SIZE AGRICULTURAL BIOGAS PLANTSupported by: Sino-German cooperative project (BMBF: 0330847D, MOST: 2009DFA32710) WHAT WE ARE DOING?發(fā)酵過程控制技術(shù)

29、發(fā)酵過程控制技術(shù)PROCESS STABILITY MONITORING AND IMPROVEMENT WHAT WE ARE DOING?Development of automatic titration equipment1-交流轉(zhuǎn)直流穩(wěn)壓電源，2-計(jì)算機(jī)，3-運(yùn)動(dòng)控制器，4-驅(qū)動(dòng)器，5-電控平移臺(tái)，6-數(shù)據(jù)采集卡，7-變送器，8-活塞推桿，9-電信號傳輸方向，10-傳感器卡盤，11-pH電極，12-升降桿，13-電控升降機(jī)，14-磁力攪拌器，15-滴定管柱塞，16-滴定管內(nèi)保護(hù)套，17-滴定管，18-滴定管外保護(hù)套，19-三通電磁換向閥，20-輸液管，21-滴液液流方向，22-滴頭，

30、23-滴定池，24-樣品，25-吸液液流方向，26-透氣管，27-補(bǔ)液瓶橡膠塞，28-補(bǔ)液瓶，29-滴定液。發(fā)酵液循環(huán)提高產(chǎn)氣率和穩(wěn)定性發(fā)酵液循環(huán)提高產(chǎn)氣率和穩(wěn)定性RECIRCULATION IMPROVES BIOGAS PRODUCTIVITY AND STABILITYWHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Zuo Zhuang，PhD dissertation, China Agricultural University, 2014.R1: Fe, Co, Ni; R2: Fe, Co, Ni, Se, Mo, W; R3: No trace elements微量

31、金屬元素制劑微量金屬元素制劑SEMI-CONTINUOUS AD WITH TRACE ELEMENTS WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: From Lang Qianqian，Master thesis, China Agricultural University, 2013.挑戰(zhàn)挑戰(zhàn)III：沼液的處理和利用：沼液的處理和利用CHALLENGE III: DIGESTATE APPLICATION30OUR CHALLENGESThere is no limitation on the amount of manure application in China. Limit

32、ation of manure application in Europe： Nitrate Directive in EU (EEC/91/676 from 1991) DV (2006) Germany 硝酸鹽施用指南Max. 170 kg N ha-1 yr-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1yr-1最多施用最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 /公頃公頃*年年 = 2 個(gè)生命單元個(gè)生命單元/公頃公頃*年年= 14頭生豬頭生豬1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7.7 pig places = 15 fattened pigs一個(gè)生命單元= 5

33、00公斤 動(dòng)物體重= 7.7頭豬 = 15頭育肥豬N APPLICATION AND NO3 IN GROUNDWATER 氮肥施用和地下水硝酸鹽含量氮肥施用和地下水硝酸鹽含量Location地點(diǎn)地點(diǎn)N applied氮肥施用量氮肥施用量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公頃*年N uptakeN 吸收量吸收量kg/(ha*a)公斤/公頃*年NO3 in groundwater地下水硝酸鹽含量地下水硝酸鹽含量mg/l 毫克/升Xishuiying5,580480500Fangzhuang1,894383180Qiuandushu1,64943375Xidian1,17338475Sijiqing7784

34、44150OUR CHALLENGESSource: Prof. Schuchardt, Sino-German project Workshop in 2009 Limitation of NO350 mg L-189 mg L-125 mg L-1EXAMPLE例子例子nFattening pig farm with 10,000 placesn一個(gè)存欄量萬頭的養(yǎng)豬場nProduction 20,000 pigs yr.-1n每年出欄2萬頭生豬n20,000 pigs 2,860 LUn約合2860個(gè)LUnLimitation 2 LU pigs ha-1 a-1n采用同樣標(biāo)準(zhǔn)nArea

35、demand 1,430 han總共需要1430公頃土地nwithout correction factorsn未考慮其他因素未考慮其他因素OUR CHALLENGESMax. 170 kg N ha-1 a-1 by manure = 2 LU ha-1每公頃每年最多施用每公頃每年最多施用 170 公斤氮公斤氮 = 2 個(gè)生命單元個(gè)生命單元/公頃公頃*年年1 LU (Living Unit) = 500 kg animal = 7 pigs一個(gè)生命單元= 500公斤 動(dòng)物體總= 7頭豬Model Farm: 15 LU/haConsequence: Export of nutrientsNu

36、trient overloading!OUR CHALLENGESWHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣的綜合循環(huán)利用沼液沼渣的綜合循環(huán)利用DIGESTATES MULTIPLE RECYCLING/ UTILIZATION ON LIVESTOCK FARM Source：created by BEST不同施肥處理下土壤剖面中NH4-N隨時(shí)間的變化不同施肥處理下土壤剖面中NO3-N隨時(shí)間的變化在硝化反應(yīng)的作用下，肥料施用導(dǎo)入土壤中的大量NH4-N隨時(shí)間的持續(xù)濃度逐漸降低，而土壤NO3-N濃度不斷升高，并在第28 d達(dá)到峰值Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD diss

37、ertation, China agricultural University, 2015WHAT WE ARE DOING?沼液沼渣農(nóng)田施用后氮遷移轉(zhuǎn)化沼液沼渣農(nóng)田施用后氮遷移轉(zhuǎn)化SOIL N AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION沼液沼渣農(nóng)田施用后氮遷移轉(zhuǎn)化長期預(yù)測沼液沼渣農(nóng)田施用后氮遷移轉(zhuǎn)化長期預(yù)測LONG-TERM PREDICTION OF N TRANSPORTATION IN SOIL AFTER DIGESTATES APPLICATION利用2010年周年的降雨數(shù)據(jù)，預(yù)測了從2011年至2050年使用不同沼液的農(nóng)田土壤中氮?dú)埩袅亢蜐B濾流失量。發(fā)現(xiàn)農(nóng)田施用沼液與化肥等氮的條件下，農(nóng)田1 m深地下水中硝酸鹽的流失量逐年增加，在施用10年時(shí)間后會(huì)穿透1 m土層。此模型還不成熟，未充分考慮長期沼液農(nóng)田施用后土壤結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)及土壤微生物功能相應(yīng)，需要進(jìn)一步開發(fā)及驗(yàn)證。WHAT WE ARE DOING?Source: Xiaoqian Zhang. PhD dissertatio