商業(yè)銀行的結(jié)構(gòu)、監(jiān)管與績效

1、Slide 1Commercial Banking Commercial Banking Structure, Regulation Structure, Regulation and Performanceand PerformanceChapter 15 2003 South-Western/Thomson LearningSlide 2Learning ObjectivesLearning ObjectivesWho regulates whom in banking system and whyWhat a bank holding company is and why virtual

2、ly all large banks are now organized as holding companiesWhat is a financial holding company Nature of and reasons for the recent wave of bank mergersProfitability of the banking system in recent yearsSlide 3Banking Regulatory StructureBanking Regulatory StructureGlass-Steagall Act of 1933 Banking l

3、egislation Enacted in response to Great Depression Established Regulation Q interest rate ceilings Separated commercial and investment banking Created the FDICRegulation Q Interest rate ceilings on deposits at commercial banks Established during the Great Depression Phased out after 1980Slide 4Banki

4、ng Regulatory StructureBanking Regulatory StructureFederal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal agency Insures the deposits of banks and savings associationsComptroller of Currency Federal agency Charters national banksSlide 5Banking Regulatory StructureBanking Regulatory StructureChartered

5、Given permission to engage in business of commercial banking Banks must obtain charter before opening Commercial banks in U.S. are charteredNational Bank Bank that has received charter from Comptroller of Currency (federal government)Dual Banking System System whereby a bank may have either a nation

6、al or state charterSlide 6Regulatory ResponsibilitiesRegulatory ResponsibilitiesFDIC regulates: State-chartered, insured non-Fed members Insured branches of foreign banksComptroller of Currency regulates: National banks that are not bank holding companies Federally chartered branches of foreign bank

7、sSlide 7Regulatory ResponsibilitiesRegulatory ResponsibilitiesFed regulates: State-chartered, insured members of the Fed All bank holding companies All financial holding companies Branches of foreign banking organizations operating in U.S. and their parent bankStates regulate: State-chartered, non-F

8、DIC-insured banks that are not Fed membersSlide 8Structure of Commercial Structure of Commercial Banking SystemBanking SystemRegulators Interested in monitoring, influencing, controlling structure of market for banking services Control entry into market Control mergers among existing firms Control b

9、ranching in effort to maintain many small firmsSlide 9Structure of Commercial Structure of Commercial Banking SystemBanking SystemMcFadden Act - 1927 Outlawed interstate branching Made national banks conform to the intrastate branching laws of states in which they were locatedInterstate Banking and

10、Branching Efficiency Act (IBBEA) Signed into law in September 1994 by Congress Allows unimpeded, nationwide branchingSlide 10Bank Holding CompaniesBank Holding CompaniesBank Holding Company Corporation that owns several firms - at least one is a bank Owns one - one-bank holding company Owns more tha

11、n one multi-bank holding company Many banks organize into holding companies to: Circumvent restrictions on branching, thus seek out sources and uses of funds in other geographical markets Diversify into other product areas, thus providing public with a wider array of financial services, while reduci

12、ng risk associated with limiting operations to traditional banking servicesSlide 11Exhibit 155Allowable Activities for Bank Holding Companies (Federal Reserve Regulation Y, Revised January 1, 2001)Slide 12Bank Holding CompaniesBank Holding Companies Organizing into holding company allows banks to: C

13、ircumvent prohibitions on intrastate and interstate branching (which now have been virtually eliminated) Participate in activities that otherwise would be barred such as: Data processing Leasing Investment counseling Servicing out-of-state loans Almost all large banks are owned by holding companiesS

14、lide 13Financial Holding CompaniesFinancial Holding CompaniesFinancial Holding Companies Engage in broader array of financial-related activities than bank holding companies Securities underwriting & dealing Insurance agency and underwriting activities Merchant banking activities Other activities tha

15、t Fed determines to be financial or incidental to financial activities Any non-financial activity that Fed determines is complementary to financial activity and doesnt pose a substantial riskSlide 14Bank Holding Companies and Bank Holding Companies and Financial Holding CompaniesFinancial Holding Co

16、mpaniesMerchant Banking Direct equity investment (purchasing of stock) by a bank in a start-up or growing companySlide 15Ongoing Changes in Structure Ongoing Changes in Structure of Banking Industryof Banking IndustryIncreased competition in financial services industryConsiderable erosion in domain

17、and effectiveness of many long-standing financial regulationsSignificant increase in share of total bank assets controlled by largest banksPace and dollar volume of mergers increased significantlySlide 16Slide 17Evolution of International Evolution of International BankingBankingIncrease in internat

18、ional borrowing and lending by domestic banksMany foreign banks made significant inroads into U.S. markets by the 1980s.Agency of a Foreign Bank U.S. Banking office of foreign bank Can borrow funds only in wholesale and money markets Not allowed to accept retail depositsSlide 18Bank Management: Mana

19、ging Bank Management: Managing Risk and ProfitsRisk and ProfitsPrimary function of a bank loan officer is to evaluate or assess the default risk associated with lending to particular borrowers firms individuals domestic and foreign governmentsSlide 19Managing Risk and ProfitsManaging Risk and ProfitsAsymmetric Information Potential borrower knows more about the risks and returns of an investment project than bank loan officerAdverse Selection Problem When least desirable borrowers pursue a loan most diligentlySlide 20Man