完整版土木工程專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、承重骨架loadcarryingframe結(jié)構(gòu)工程structuralengineering鋼筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete穩(wěn)定性stability巖土工程geotechnicalengineering樓板、平板slab結(jié)構(gòu)性能structuralbehavior測(cè)量Survey均勻沉降uniformsettlement澆筑pour測(cè)量是指為收集數(shù)據(jù)，以便在水平面內(nèi)畫出地球表面點(diǎn)的相應(yīng)位置圖的一種技術(shù)Surveyingisdefinedanartofcollectingdataformappingtherelativepositionsofpointsonthesurfaceof

2、earthinahorizontalplane.摩天大廈的存在歸功于19世紀(jì)的兩大發(fā)明：鋼結(jié)構(gòu)和載人電梯Theskyscraperowesitisexistencetotwodevelopmentsofthe19thcentury:steelskeletonconstructionandthepassengerelevator.一個(gè)項(xiàng)目開始的時(shí)候，土木工程師要對(duì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行測(cè)繪，定位有用的布置，如地下水、下水道和電力線Whenaprojectbegins,thesiteissurveyedandmappedbycivilengineerswholocateutilityplacementwater

3、,sewer,andpowerlines.I.excavate2.Structuralengineering3. waterandsewagesystems4. settlement5. heatingandcoolingsystems6. cantileverbeam7. balustrade8. decoration9. span10. pour11. blankwall12. budget13. plan14. partition15. lintel16. skin17. allocate18. bearingwall開挖結(jié)構(gòu)工程給排水工程沉降供暖、制冷系統(tǒng)懸臂梁欄桿裝飾跨度澆筑圍墻、擋

4、墻預(yù)算計(jì)劃、方案、規(guī)劃隔墻過梁外墻分配承重墻上部結(jié)構(gòu)19. superstructure20. substructure21. mechanicalandelectricalsystems22. slab-columnsystem23. time-dependent24. outline25. Parlance26. Depth27. reservoir28. high-risebuilding29. tubeintube30. spillway31. water-to-cementratio32. asphalt33. predominate34. hydroelectric35. .ten

5、sion36. .compression37. simplysupportedbeamF部結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)電系統(tǒng)板柱系統(tǒng)截止日期外觀術(shù)語進(jìn)深水庫高層建筑筒中筒泄洪道水灰比瀝青主導(dǎo)水電應(yīng)力壓縮簡(jiǎn)單支撐梁電梯38. elevator39.reinforcedconcrete鋼筋混凝土40. truss桁架41. rigidframes剛性框架42. maintenance養(yǎng)護(hù)43. Archbridge拱橋44. bridgepiers橋墩45. abutment橋臺(tái)46. auxiliary附加的47. embankment壩48. .permeability滲透性49. archdam拱壩50. sha

6、ft軸1 .工程管理Engineeringmanagement2 .動(dòng)力廠（發(fā)電廠）powerplant;powerstation3 .連續(xù)梁continuousbeam4 .力force5 .混凝土concrete6 .公路工程highwayengineering7 .支配的，統(tǒng)治的，占優(yōu)勢(shì)dominant8 .說法，術(shù)語parlance9 .隱蔽處，躲避處，避難所shelter10 .抗剪強(qiáng)度shearingstrength11 .建筑物building12 .建筑學(xué)architecture13 .建筑的組成componentsofabuilding14 .承重框架load-carryin

7、gframe/load-bearingframe15 .直升電梯elevator/lift16 .石專石、砌體masonry17 .桁架truss18 .粉土silt19 .不均勻沉降unevensettlement20 .均勻沉降uniformsettlement21 .基礎(chǔ)foundation22 .過梁柱postandlintel/postandbeam23 .鋼筋混凝土reinforcedconcrete24 .荷載load25 .剪力墻shearwall26 .筒中筒tubeintube27 .剛梁橋rigidbeambridge28 .懸索橋suspensionbridges29

8、.公路工程highwayengineering30 .土石壩earthandrockfilldam31 .混凝土壩concretedam32 .堤壩embankment1 .Civilengineering,theoldestofengineeringspecialties,istheplanning,design,construction,andmanagementofthebuiltenvironment.Thisenvironmentincludesallstructuresbuiltaccordingtoscientificprinciples,fromirrigationanddra

9、inagesystemtorocket-launchingfacilities.土木工程學(xué)作為最老的工程技術(shù)學(xué)科，是指規(guī)劃，設(shè)計(jì)，施工及對(duì)建筑環(huán)境的管理。此處的環(huán)境包括建筑符合科學(xué)規(guī)范的所有結(jié)構(gòu)，從灌溉和排水系統(tǒng)到火箭發(fā)射設(shè)施。2 .Thistextmainlyintroducedtherelationshipbetweentheformofbuildingandtheenvironment,theaspectofarchitecture,andtherelationshipbetweenbuildingandarchiteture.Italsointroducedsomebuildingma

10、terials,suchaswood,steel,stone.本文主要介紹建筑形式與環(huán)境的關(guān)系，建筑學(xué)方面以及建筑與建筑學(xué)的關(guān)系。它還介紹了一些建筑材料，如木材，鋼材，石材。3 .Theskinofabuildingconsistofbothtransparentelements(windows)andopaqueelements(walls).Windowsaretraditionallyglass,althoughplasticsarebeingused,especiallyinschoolswherebreakagecreatesamaintenanceproblem.Thewallel

11、ements,whichareusedtocoverthestructureandaresupportedbyit,arebuiltofavarietyofmaterials:brick,precastconcrete,stone,opaqueglass,plastics,steel,andaluminum.Woodisusedmainlyinhouseconstruction;itisnotgenerallyusedforcommercial,industrial,orpublicbuildingsbecauseofthefirehazard.建筑物的外殼由透明元素（窗）和不透明元素（墻）所

12、組成。盡管塑料正在被使用，窗傳統(tǒng)上還是使用玻璃，特別是在學(xué)校，破損產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)維護(hù)問題。用于覆蓋結(jié)構(gòu)并由結(jié)構(gòu)支撐的墻元素由多種材料建造：傳，預(yù)制構(gòu)件，混凝土，石，不透明玻璃，塑料，鋼和鋁。木主用于房屋建筑，由于有火災(zāi)的危險(xiǎn)，它通常不用于商業(yè)，工業(yè)和公用建筑。4 .Waterresourcesengineering.Civilengineersinthisspecialtydealwithallaspectofthephysicalcontrolofwater.Theirprojectshelppreventfloods,supplywaterforcitiesandforirrigation,m

13、anageandcontrolriversandwaterrunoff,andmaintainbeachesandotherwaterfrontfacilities.Inaddition,theydesignandmaintainharbors,canals,andlocks,buildhugehydroelectricdamsandsmallerdamsandwaterimpoundmentsofallkinds,helpdesignoffshorestructure,anddeterminethelocationofstructureaffectingnavigation.土木工程師在這一

14、領(lǐng)域主要處理水的物理控制方面的種種問題。他們的項(xiàng)目用于幫助預(yù)防洪水災(zāi)害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水,管理控制河流和水流物，維護(hù)河灘及其他濱水設(shè)施。止匕外，他們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)和維護(hù)海港，運(yùn)河與水閘，建造大型水利大壩與小型壩，以及各種類型的圍堰，幫助設(shè)計(jì)海上結(jié)構(gòu)并且確定結(jié)構(gòu)的位置對(duì)航行影響。5 .Thepurposeofabuildingistoprovideashelterfortheperformanceofhumanactivities.Fromthetimeofthecavedwellerstothepresent,oneofthefirstneedsofmanhasashelterfromtheele

15、ments.Inamoregeneralsense,theartofbuildingencompassesallofman'seffortsoMrolitsenvironmentanddirectnaturalforcestohisownneeds.Thisartincludes,inadditiontobuildings,allthecivilengineeringstructuressuchasdams,tunnels,aqueducts,andbridges.建筑物的目的是給人類的活動(dòng)提供一個(gè)遮風(fēng)擋雨的地方。從穴居時(shí)代到現(xiàn)在，人類的第一需要最基本的就是有一個(gè)可以遮風(fēng)避雨之所。一般

16、而言，建筑物的藝術(shù)包含人類試圖控制環(huán)境和按照人們需求改造自然。這種藝術(shù)包括，除建筑物外，所有土木工程結(jié)構(gòu)比如大壩，隧道，溝渠和橋。6 .Therigidbeaminthistypeofbridgemaybeashapedwoodenbeam,agirderofsteelorconcrete,orevenacomplextruss.Thespanofarigidbeamtypeofbridgecanbeincreasedbybuildingintermediatepiersandbridgingthegapsbetweenthepierswithseveralbeams.Thematerials

17、usedforrigidbeamsmustbeabletowithstandbothcompressionandtension.Thedoublerequirementstemsfromthefactthatwhenaloadisplacedonarigidbeam,thebeambendsinspiteofitsname.Asaresultofbendingtheupperpartofthebeamiscompressedandthelowerhalfisstretched.Ifitscompressivestrengthistoolow,itwillbuckle；ifitstensiles

18、trengthistoolow,itwillbreak.這種類型的橋梁中的剛性梁可以是成形的木梁，鋼或混凝土梁,或者甚至是復(fù)雜的桁架。通過建造中間橋墩和用幾根梁橋接橋墩之間的間隙，可以增加剛性梁橋的跨度。剛梁橋的材料必須能夠承擔(dān)壓力和拉力。盡管它的名字叫曲梁，但實(shí)際上這種具有雙重要求的桿能用于剛架橋上。結(jié)果，梁彎曲較高的部分的壓力比直的部分低一半以上，如果他的受壓承載力太弱，它將會(huì)成扣環(huán)，如果受拉承載力太弱，他將會(huì)破壞。7 .Materialsandstructuralformsarecombinedtomakeupthevariouspartsofabuilding,includingthe

19、load-carryingframe,skin,floors,andpartitions.Thebuildingalsohasmechanicalandelectricalsystems,suchaselevators,heatingandcoolingsystems,andlightingsystems.Thesuperstructureisthatpartofabuildingaboveground,andthesubstructureandfoundationisthatpartofabuildingbelowground.材料和不同的結(jié)構(gòu)形式聯(lián)合組成建筑物的各種不同部分，包括承重框架，

20、外墻，樓板和隔墻。建筑物也有像升降機(jī)，供暖和制冷，照明這樣的機(jī)電系統(tǒng)。上部結(jié)構(gòu)是建筑物地面以上的部分，而下部結(jié)構(gòu)和基礎(chǔ)則是建筑物地面以下的部分。8 .Thistextmainlyintroducedthepurposeofbridgesandtheearlydevelopmentofbridges.Indifferentregions,therearedifferentbuildingmaterialsthatcouldbeobtained.Sothetypeofbridgesmainlydependedonmaterialsinancienttimes.Italsotoldustherearefourstructuraltypesofbridges:rigidbeam,cantilever,suspension,arch.本文主要介紹橋梁的目的和橋梁的早期發(fā)展。在不同的地區(qū)，可以獲得不同的建筑材料。所以橋梁的類型主要取決于古代的材料。它還