汽車(chē)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)3AUTOMOTIVELUBRICATIONSYSTEM

1、Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEMu 背景知識(shí)背景知識(shí) 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，很多傳動(dòng)零件都是在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，很多傳動(dòng)零件都是在很小的間隙很小的間隙下作高速相下作高速相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的，如對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)的，如曲軸主軸頸曲軸主軸頸與與主軸承主軸承，曲柄銷(xiāo)曲柄銷(xiāo)與與連桿軸承連桿軸承，凸輪軸凸輪軸頸與凸輪軸承頸與凸輪軸承，活塞、活塞環(huán)與氣缸壁面活塞、活塞環(huán)與氣缸壁面，配氣機(jī)構(gòu)各運(yùn)動(dòng)副配氣機(jī)構(gòu)各運(yùn)動(dòng)副及及傳動(dòng)齒輪副傳動(dòng)齒輪副等。盡管這些零件的工作表面都經(jīng)過(guò)精細(xì)的加工，但等。盡管這些零件的工作表面都經(jīng)過(guò)精細(xì)的加工，但放大來(lái)看這些表面卻是凹凸不平的。放大來(lái)看這些表面卻是凹凸不平的。若不

2、對(duì)這些表面進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑，它們之間將發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的摩擦。金若不對(duì)這些表面進(jìn)行潤(rùn)滑，它們之間將發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈的摩擦。金屬表面之間的干摩擦不僅增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率消耗，加速零件工作屬表面之間的干摩擦不僅增加發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的功率消耗，加速零件工作表面的磨損，而且還可能由于摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱將零件工作表面燒損表面的磨損，而且還可能由于摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱將零件工作表面燒損，致使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)無(wú)法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。，致使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)無(wú)法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。 Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM潤(rùn)滑方式潤(rùn)滑方式 由于由于發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)件的工作條件不盡相同，因此，對(duì)負(fù)荷及相對(duì)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)傳動(dòng)件的工作條件不盡相同，因此，對(duì)負(fù)荷及相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)速度不同的傳動(dòng)件采用不

3、同的潤(rùn)滑方式。運(yùn)動(dòng)速度不同的傳動(dòng)件采用不同的潤(rùn)滑方式。 1)壓力潤(rùn)滑壓力潤(rùn)滑壓力潤(rùn)滑是以一定的壓力把機(jī)油供入摩擦表面的潤(rùn)滑方式。這種方壓力潤(rùn)滑是以一定的壓力把機(jī)油供入摩擦表面的潤(rùn)滑方式。這種方式主要用于主軸承、連桿軸承及凸輪軸承等負(fù)荷較大的摩擦表面的式主要用于主軸承、連桿軸承及凸輪軸承等負(fù)荷較大的摩擦表面的潤(rùn)滑。潤(rùn)滑。 2)飛濺潤(rùn)滑飛濺潤(rùn)滑利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)件濺潑起來(lái)的油滴或油霧潤(rùn)滑摩擦表面的潤(rùn)利用發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)運(yùn)動(dòng)件濺潑起來(lái)的油滴或油霧潤(rùn)滑摩擦表面的潤(rùn)滑方式，稱(chēng)飛濺潤(rùn)滑。該力式主要用來(lái)潤(rùn)滑負(fù)荷較輕的氣缸壁面和滑方式，稱(chēng)飛濺潤(rùn)滑。該力式主要用來(lái)潤(rùn)滑負(fù)荷較輕的氣缸壁面和配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的凸輪、挺柱、氣門(mén)

4、桿以及搖臂等零件的工作表面。配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的凸輪、挺柱、氣門(mén)桿以及搖臂等零件的工作表面。 3)潤(rùn)滑脂潤(rùn)滑潤(rùn)滑脂潤(rùn)滑通過(guò)潤(rùn)滑脂嘴定期加注潤(rùn)滑脂來(lái)潤(rùn)滑零什的工作表面，如水泵及發(fā)通過(guò)潤(rùn)滑脂嘴定期加注潤(rùn)滑脂來(lái)潤(rùn)滑零什的工作表面，如水泵及發(fā)電機(jī)軸承等。電機(jī)軸承等。 Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM New Wordsresidual rzdu:ladj.剩余的，殘留的剩余的，殘留的varnish v:nin.清漆，積碳清漆，積碳buildupn.組合組合,集結(jié)集結(jié),累積累積,形成形成adhesion dhi:nn.粘著，附著，粘連粘著，附著，粘連cleanser

5、klenzn.清潔劑清潔劑sludgesldn.油泥油泥grime gramn.污垢，塵垢，煙灰污垢，塵垢，煙灰clogklv.填塞，塞滿填塞，塞滿gummvt.粘合粘合troughtr:f,trfn.槽，水槽，飼料槽，水盆，任何槽形物槽，水槽，飼料槽，水盆，任何槽形物bafflebfln.阻板，隔板阻板，隔板sumpsmpn.油底殼油底殼crankcasekrkkeisn.曲軸箱曲軸箱 New Wordsporosityp:rsitin.多孔性多孔性,有孔性有孔性peripheryprfri:n.外圍外圍syntheticsinetikadj.合成的，人造的，綜合的合成的，人造的，綜合的Ad

6、ditiveditivn.添加劑；添加劑；adj.添加的，附加的，加法的添加的，附加的，加法的antiscuffn.磨損磨損overhaulvh:l,vh:lvt.徹底檢查，大修徹底檢查，大修neutralizenu:trlaz,nju:-vt.使無(wú)效，抵消，使中和使無(wú)效，抵消，使中和agitationdtenn.激動(dòng)，興奮，煽動(dòng)，攪動(dòng)激動(dòng)，興奮，煽動(dòng)，攪動(dòng) PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSstart-up起（啟）動(dòng)起（啟）動(dòng)engineblock發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸體發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸體dry-sump干油底殼干油底殼wet-sump濕油底殼濕油底殼Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LU

7、BRICATION SYSTEM PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSpickuptube機(jī)油吸油管機(jī)油吸油管filterscreen濾網(wǎng)濾網(wǎng)full-flowfilteringsystem全流式濾清器全流式濾清器pressure-reliefvalve安全閥，泄壓閥安全閥，泄壓閥bypassvalve旁通閥旁通閥geartypeoilpump齒輪式機(jī)油泵，齒輪泵齒輪式機(jī)油泵，齒輪泵jockeypulley張緊輪，導(dǎo)向輪張緊輪，導(dǎo)向輪corrosioninhibitor阻蝕劑，腐蝕抑制劑阻蝕劑，腐蝕抑制劑detergent-dispersant清潔分散劑清潔分散劑viscosityi

8、ndex粘度指數(shù)粘度指數(shù)foaminhibitor泡沫抑制劑泡沫抑制劑Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEM Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power is the primary job a lubrication system must perform. Residual oil on engine parts also provides lubrication for engine start-up.3.1 Lubrication Principles譯文：譯文：減小摩擦，降低磨損和動(dòng)

9、力損失是潤(rùn)滑系減小摩擦，降低磨損和動(dòng)力損失是潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)必須完成的主要工作。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件上的殘油也統(tǒng)必須完成的主要工作。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件上的殘油也可為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)提供潤(rùn)滑。可為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)起動(dòng)提供潤(rùn)滑。Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEMThe engine oil forms a seal between the pistons, rings, and cylinders. It also helps to cool en-gine parts. Without the cleaning action of the lubricating system, carbon

10、and varnish buildup would be excessive. The engine oil also absorbs the shock and dampens the noise of moving parts.譯文：譯文：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油在活塞、活塞環(huán)和氣缸間形成密封。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油在活塞、活塞環(huán)和氣缸間形成密封。它也有助于冷卻發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件。如果沒(méi)有潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)的清潔它也有助于冷卻發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件。如果沒(méi)有潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)的清潔作用，積碳會(huì)過(guò)量集結(jié)。機(jī)油還可減震和消弱（抑制）作用，積碳會(huì)過(guò)量集結(jié)。機(jī)油還可減震和消弱（抑制）運(yùn)動(dòng)部件噪聲。運(yùn)動(dòng)部件噪聲。How successful the lubrica

11、tion system is in performing all these functions depends on a number of factors and conditions. There must be an adequate supply of good-quality lubricant delivered to all moving engine parts under sufficient pressure to provide hydrodynamic lubrication for rotating parts and oil adhesion to surface

12、 subject to sliding friction.譯文：譯文：潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)在執(zhí)行這些功能時(shí)的成功程度由許多因潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)在執(zhí)行這些功能時(shí)的成功程度由許多因素和條件所決定。充足的優(yōu)質(zhì)潤(rùn)滑油在壓力作用下輸送素和條件所決定。充足的優(yōu)質(zhì)潤(rùn)滑油在壓力作用下輸送到各運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件，以此來(lái)為所有轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件提供流體到各運(yùn)動(dòng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件，以此來(lái)為所有轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)部件提供流體動(dòng)力潤(rùn)滑，機(jī)油附著在滑動(dòng)摩擦的部件表面。動(dòng)力潤(rùn)滑，機(jī)油附著在滑動(dòng)摩擦的部件表面。3.2.1 oil pan The oil pan bolts under the engine block, where it seals off the bottom o

13、f engine. Shaped like a trough, this sheet-metal pan serves as the reservoir for about 5 quarts of oil. As oil flows from the engine, it drains downward into the oil pan. 3.2 Parts of the Pressure-Lubrication Systemes譯文：譯文：油底殼用螺栓固定在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸體下方，油底殼用螺栓固定在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)氣缸體下方，封閉發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的底部。它的形狀像一個(gè)溝槽，由薄封閉發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的底部。它的形狀像一個(gè)溝槽，由

14、薄鋼板制成，可儲(chǔ)存大約鋼板制成，可儲(chǔ)存大約5 5夸脫的機(jī)油。當(dāng)機(jī)油從發(fā)夸脫的機(jī)油。當(dāng)機(jī)油從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)流出時(shí)，它將向下排入到油底殼中動(dòng)機(jī)流出時(shí)，它將向下排入到油底殼中。Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEMThe oil pump sucks oil from the lowest part of the oil pan, the oil sump. Many oil pans have baffles, which are thin metal partitions. These keep the oil in the sump when the car c

15、orners hard or brakes suddenly. A drain plug at the bottom of the sump allows oil to be drained from the engine. The oil-pan gasket fits between the oil pan and the bottom of the engine block.譯文：譯文：油泵從油底殼的最低處抽油。許多油底殼帶有薄油泵從油底殼的最低處抽油。許多油底殼帶有薄金屬隔板。它們可在汽車(chē)急轉(zhuǎn)彎或突然剎車(chē)時(shí)將機(jī)油保金屬隔板。它們可在汽車(chē)急轉(zhuǎn)彎或突然剎車(chē)時(shí)將機(jī)油保持在油底殼中。放油塞位于

16、油底殼底部，可通過(guò)它將機(jī)持在油底殼中。放油塞位于油底殼底部，可通過(guò)它將機(jī)油從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出。油底殼襯墊裝在油底殼和氣缸體底端油從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出。油底殼襯墊裝在油底殼和氣缸體底端之間。之間。In most engines, the oil circulates in the engine, and then returns to the pan. It stays in the pan until drawn back into the engine by the oil pump. During operation, the sump usually holds 2 to 3 quarts of oi

17、l. The rest of the oil moves through the passageways of the lubrication system. 譯文：譯文：在大多數(shù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上，機(jī)油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)循環(huán)后要回在大多數(shù)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)上，機(jī)油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)循環(huán)后要回到油底殼中。然后一直在那里存放，直到被油泵抽回到到油底殼中。然后一直在那里存放，直到被油泵抽回到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。在這個(gè)運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，油底殼只有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。在這個(gè)運(yùn)行過(guò)程中，油底殼只有2 23 3夸脫機(jī)夸脫機(jī)油，其余的潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)通道內(nèi)流動(dòng)。油，其余的潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)通道內(nèi)流動(dòng)。With the engine off, the pan holds about four

18、quarts of oil. The fifth quart is in the oil filter. Because a pool of oil always rests in the sump, the type of lubrication system is called a wet-sump oiling sys-tem.譯文：譯文：發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火（停轉(zhuǎn)）時(shí)，油底殼有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)熄火（停轉(zhuǎn)）時(shí)，油底殼有4 4夸脫機(jī)油夸脫機(jī)油，另外一夸脫的機(jī)油留在機(jī)油濾清器里。因?yàn)闄C(jī)油一直，另外一夸脫的機(jī)油留在機(jī)油濾清器里。因?yàn)闄C(jī)油一直保持在油底殼中，所以這種類(lèi)型的潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)也稱(chēng)為濕式保持在油底殼中，所以這種類(lèi)

19、型的潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)也稱(chēng)為濕式油底殼潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)。油底殼潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)。A dry-sump oil system is used in many racing engines. This system has a separate storage tank for the oil. A second oil pump draws oil from the oil pan as soon as the oil drains from the engine. As a result, a dry-sump system can circulate more oil through the engine than

20、a wet-sump system.譯文：譯文：干式油底殼潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)在許多賽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中采用。干式油底殼潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)在許多賽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中采用。這個(gè)系統(tǒng)有單獨(dú)的存儲(chǔ)油箱。只要機(jī)油從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出，就這個(gè)系統(tǒng)有單獨(dú)的存儲(chǔ)油箱。只要機(jī)油從發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)排出，就立即被第二個(gè)油泵從油底殼中抽出。因此，干式油底殼系立即被第二個(gè)油泵從油底殼中抽出。因此，干式油底殼系統(tǒng)要比濕式油底殼系統(tǒng)在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)循環(huán)更多的機(jī)油。統(tǒng)要比濕式油底殼系統(tǒng)在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)循環(huán)更多的機(jī)油。3.2.2 Oil Pump In most cars, the oil pump is in the crankcase above the sump. It draws oil

21、 through a tube that extends downward into the sump. This tube, called the oil-pump pickup tube, has a filter screen over its bottom end. The screen keeps large pieces of sludge and dirt from being drawn into the pump. 譯文：譯文：在多數(shù)汽車(chē)上，油泵位于油底殼上方的曲在多數(shù)汽車(chē)上，油泵位于油底殼上方的曲軸箱中。它通過(guò)延伸到油底殼中的油管把機(jī)油抽軸箱中。它通過(guò)延伸到油底殼中的油管把

22、機(jī)油抽出。這個(gè)管稱(chēng)為油泵吸油管，在它的底端帶有一出。這個(gè)管稱(chēng)為油泵吸油管，在它的底端帶有一個(gè)濾網(wǎng)。濾網(wǎng)可防止將大塊的油泥和污垢抽到油個(gè)濾網(wǎng)。濾網(wǎng)可防止將大塊的油泥和污垢抽到油泵中。泵中。The tube may be hinged on the pump end so that it can move up and down as the oil level changes in the sump. Thus, the pump always draws oil from the top of the sump, not from the bot-tom where the dirt and

23、sludge tend to settle. Modern cars use one of two common types of oil pumpsthe gear-type and rotor-type.譯文：譯文：吸油管用鉸鏈接合在油泵末端，以便它能吸油管用鉸鏈接合在油泵末端，以便它能夠隨油底殼內(nèi)的油面變化而上下浮動(dòng)。因此，油夠隨油底殼內(nèi)的油面變化而上下浮動(dòng)。因此，油泵是從油底殼上面抽油，而不是從其底部油泥和泵是從油底殼上面抽油，而不是從其底部油泥和污垢沉積的地方抽油。油泵有兩種類(lèi)型，污垢沉積的地方抽油。油泵有兩種類(lèi)型，齒輪式齒輪式和轉(zhuǎn)子式和轉(zhuǎn)子式。現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)一般可采用其中的一種?，F(xiàn)代汽車(chē)

24、一般可采用其中的一種。3.2.3 Oil Filters A modern engine uses a full-flow filtering system (Figure 3-1) . In this system, the output of the oil pump flows through the oil filter before moving through the engine. In other words, the oil is filtered and cleaned before each trip through the engine. 譯文：譯文：現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)采用全流式

25、過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)。在這個(gè)系現(xiàn)代汽車(chē)采用全流式過(guò)濾系統(tǒng)。在這個(gè)系統(tǒng)中，油泵輸出機(jī)油要先流過(guò)機(jī)油濾清器，然后統(tǒng)中，油泵輸出機(jī)油要先流過(guò)機(jī)油濾清器，然后才穿過(guò)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。換句話說(shuō)，機(jī)油在到達(dá)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)各才穿過(guò)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。換句話說(shuō)，機(jī)油在到達(dá)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)各處之前被過(guò)濾和凈化。處之前被過(guò)濾和凈化。When an engine runs at 3,000 rpm, its entire five quarts of oil pass through the filter at least once every minute. Thus the oil filter ensures that only clean oil enter

26、s the engine.譯文：譯文：當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速在當(dāng)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)速在3000rpm3000rpm時(shí)，時(shí)，5 5夸脫機(jī)油夸脫機(jī)油每分鐘至少穿過(guò)濾清器一次。因而機(jī)油濾清器可每分鐘至少穿過(guò)濾清器一次。因而機(jī)油濾清器可確保只有潔凈的機(jī)油才能進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。確保只有潔凈的機(jī)油才能進(jìn)入發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。Modern engines use replaceable oil filters. When dirty, such a screw-on filter is replaced with a new one. Inside the steel outer casing of the unit, a special pa

27、per acts as a filter. Folded and tightly packed, this paper has just the right porosity. These tiny holes in the paper allow oil to pass through, but filter out dirt and sludge. The paper is treated to protect it from acid or water in the oil.譯文：譯文：現(xiàn)代發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用可更換的機(jī)油濾清器?，F(xiàn)代發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)使用可更換的機(jī)油濾清器。當(dāng)它布滿污垢時(shí)，這種螺紋連接濾清器

28、就可被換當(dāng)它布滿污垢時(shí)，這種螺紋連接濾清器就可被換成新的。在濾清器的鐵外殼內(nèi)有一層特殊的紙作成新的。在濾清器的鐵外殼內(nèi)有一層特殊的紙作為濾芯。這種紙?jiān)诒徽郫B和緊密壓縮后，就具有為濾芯。這種紙?jiān)诒徽郫B和緊密壓縮后，就具有了多孔性。紙上的這些小孔能夠?yàn)V除機(jī)油中的油了多孔性。紙上的這些小孔能夠?yàn)V除機(jī)油中的油泥和污垢。這種紙經(jīng)過(guò)（酚醛樹(shù)脂）處理后，在泥和污垢。這種紙經(jīng)過(guò)（酚醛樹(shù)脂）處理后，在油中具有抗酸性和抗水濕性。油中具有抗酸性和抗水濕性。Normally, oil enters the oil filter from the outside. Oil enters the filter aroun

29、d the outer edge of the base. The oil flows through the paper to the center of the container. It then flows out to the en-gine. Most filters also have a pressure-relief valve, or bypass valve. Such a valve allows oil to flow to the engine without going through the filter. 譯文：譯文：通常，機(jī)油是從外面進(jìn)入機(jī)油濾清器。通常，機(jī)

30、油是從外面進(jìn)入機(jī)油濾清器。繞底座外圍進(jìn)入濾清器。機(jī)油流過(guò)紙濾芯到達(dá)容繞底座外圍進(jìn)入濾清器。機(jī)油流過(guò)紙濾芯到達(dá)容器中心，然后流出到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。大部分濾清器還帶器中心，然后流出到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)。大部分濾清器還帶有一個(gè)卸壓閥，或稱(chēng)為旁通閥。它可使機(jī)油直接有一個(gè)卸壓閥，或稱(chēng)為旁通閥。它可使機(jī)油直接流到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)而不需要穿過(guò)濾清器。流到發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)而不需要穿過(guò)濾清器。This is necessary when the filter becomes too clogged for oil to pass through it. Thus, a plugged filter allows dirty oil to circul

31、ate through the engine. To prevent this, the oil and oil filter should be changed regularity.譯文：譯文：這在濾清器被嚴(yán)重堵塞，機(jī)油不能通過(guò)這在濾清器被嚴(yán)重堵塞，機(jī)油不能通過(guò)濾芯時(shí)是十分必要的。因而，被堵塞的濾清器會(huì)濾芯時(shí)是十分必要的。因而，被堵塞的濾清器會(huì)造成污油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)循環(huán)。為了避免出現(xiàn)這種情造成污油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)內(nèi)循環(huán)。為了避免出現(xiàn)這種情況，機(jī)油和機(jī)油濾清器應(yīng)該定期更換。況，機(jī)油和機(jī)油濾清器應(yīng)該定期更換。An internal combustion engine would not run for e

32、ven a few minutes if the moving parts were allowed to make metal-to-metal contact. The heat generated due to the tremendous amounts of fric-tion would melt the metals, leading to the destruction of the engine. 3.3 Engine Lubrication譯文：譯文：如果允許運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間金屬接觸，內(nèi)燃機(jī)如果允許運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間金屬接觸，內(nèi)燃機(jī)運(yùn)行不了幾分鐘。大量摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量會(huì)把金屬運(yùn)行不了幾

33、分鐘。大量摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量會(huì)把金屬熔化，導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的損壞。熔化，導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的損壞。Chapter 3 AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEMTo prevent this, all moving parts ride on a thin film of oil that is pumped between all the moving parts of the engine. Once be-tween the moving parts, the oil serves two purposes. One purpose is to lubricate the bearing

34、sur-faces. 譯文：譯文：為防止這樣，所有運(yùn)動(dòng)部件浮在一層薄為防止這樣，所有運(yùn)動(dòng)部件浮在一層薄油膜上，這層油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)各個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間傳送油膜上，這層油在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)各個(gè)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間傳送。運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的機(jī)油有兩個(gè)作用，一是潤(rùn)滑軸。運(yùn)動(dòng)部件之間的機(jī)油有兩個(gè)作用，一是潤(rùn)滑軸承承面面The other purpose is to cool the bearings by absorbing the friction-generated heat. The flow of oil to the moving parts is accomplished by the engines internal l

35、ubricating system. Figure 3-2 shows a engines lube oil circuit schematic.譯文：譯文：另另一個(gè)是通過(guò)吸收摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量來(lái)冷一個(gè)是通過(guò)吸收摩擦產(chǎn)生的熱量來(lái)冷卻軸承。（到達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的）機(jī)油流動(dòng)是由發(fā)動(dòng)卻軸承。（到達(dá)運(yùn)動(dòng)部件的）機(jī)油流動(dòng)是由發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的內(nèi)部潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。圖機(jī)的內(nèi)部潤(rùn)滑系統(tǒng)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的。圖3 32 2是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的是發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的潤(rùn)滑油路簡(jiǎn)圖。潤(rùn)滑油路簡(jiǎn)圖。The oil pump is of the gear type, consisting essentially of two gears in mesh and requi

36、res no at-tention or adjustment. It is housed in the sump, being driven by a shaft and skew gearing from the camshaft.譯文：譯文：齒輪式油泵主要由兩個(gè)嚙合齒輪構(gòu)成，齒輪式油泵主要由兩個(gè)嚙合齒輪構(gòu)成，不需要保養(yǎng)或調(diào)整。它放在油底殼中，由軸和凸不需要保養(yǎng)或調(diào)整。它放在油底殼中，由軸和凸輪軸的斜齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。輪軸的斜齒輪驅(qū)動(dòng)。Oil from the sump is delivered at full pressure to all main bearings and camshaft

37、bearings through gallery pipes and drillings in the cylinder block. The big-end bearings are fed from the main bearings via passages in the crankshaft.譯文：譯文：油底殼機(jī)油通過(guò)氣缸體中的油道和鉆孔油底殼機(jī)油通過(guò)氣缸體中的油道和鉆孔全壓傳送到所有（曲軸）主軸承和凸輪軸軸承。全壓傳送到所有（曲軸）主軸承和凸輪軸軸承。（連桿）大端軸承潤(rùn)滑油由主軸承通過(guò)曲軸中的（連桿）大端軸承潤(rùn)滑油由主軸承通過(guò)曲軸中的油道提供。油道提供。Lubrication for

38、 the timing chain is supplied at two points; by a feed from the front camshaft bearing into the periphery of the camshaft chain wheel and also by oil fed through the hollow shaft on which the timing chain jockey pulley is mounted arid thence through holes in the circumference of the jockey pulley.譯文

39、：譯文：正時(shí)鏈條的潤(rùn)滑由兩路供給，一是從前正時(shí)鏈條的潤(rùn)滑由兩路供給，一是從前凸輪軸軸承到其鏈輪外圍。另一路是先通過(guò)正時(shí)凸輪軸軸承到其鏈輪外圍。另一路是先通過(guò)正時(shí)鏈條導(dǎo)輪的空心軸，然后再通過(guò)導(dǎo)向輪輪周上的鏈條導(dǎo)輪的空心軸，然后再通過(guò)導(dǎo)向輪輪周上的孔。孔。The inlet (upper) and exhaust( lower) rocker shafts are hollow, the inlet shaft being fed with oil from the rear end of the main gallery pipe via an external pipeline, whilst

40、 that for the exhaust rockers and inlet followers is supplied via drillings from the center camshaft bearings. 譯文：譯文：進(jìn)氣和排氣搖臂軸是空心的，進(jìn)氣軸由進(jìn)氣和排氣搖臂軸是空心的，進(jìn)氣軸由主軸承潤(rùn)滑油管后端通過(guò)一個(gè)外部管道供油，而主軸承潤(rùn)滑油管后端通過(guò)一個(gè)外部管道供油，而排氣軸和進(jìn)氣軸從動(dòng)件潤(rùn)滑油通過(guò)中心凸輪軸軸排氣軸和進(jìn)氣軸從動(dòng)件潤(rùn)滑油通過(guò)中心凸輪軸軸承鉆孔提供。承鉆孔提供。 Each rocker and follower receives its oil through sm

41、all holes drilled in the rocker shafts and in turn they are them-selves also drilled, so that the oil finds its way through them and thence out again to lubricate the points of contact with the valves, push-rods and camshaft. The distributor drive shaft is lubricated with oil fed from the exhaust ro

42、cker shaft via a hollow bolt.譯文：譯文：每個(gè)搖臂和挺桿從搖臂軸上所鉆的小孔每個(gè)搖臂和挺桿從搖臂軸上所鉆的小孔得到潤(rùn)滑油，然后機(jī)油進(jìn)入它們本身帶有的孔道得到潤(rùn)滑油，然后機(jī)油進(jìn)入它們本身帶有的孔道，從這些孔道出來(lái)后，再去潤(rùn)滑與之相連的氣門(mén)，從這些孔道出來(lái)后，再去潤(rùn)滑與之相連的氣門(mén)、推桿和凸輪軸。分電器傳動(dòng)軸由排氣搖臂軸通、推桿和凸輪軸。分電器傳動(dòng)軸由排氣搖臂軸通過(guò)一個(gè)空心螺栓供油。過(guò)一個(gè)空心螺栓供油。Surplus oil from the inlet valve gear returns through the cylinder casting and that f

43、rom the ex-haust valve gear direct to the sump.譯文：譯文：來(lái)自進(jìn)氣門(mén)配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的殘油通過(guò)氣缸體來(lái)自進(jìn)氣門(mén)配氣機(jī)構(gòu)的殘油通過(guò)氣缸體回流，而回流，而排氣門(mén)配氣機(jī)構(gòu)殘油則直接落到油底殼排氣門(mén)配氣機(jī)構(gòu)殘油則直接落到油底殼中中。Motor oils for automobile engines fall into two basic categories: petroleum-based oils and synthetic oils. Petroleum- based oils, however, contain a variety of additive

44、s; so in fact they, too, are partly synthetic . Some of the major additives include those described here .3.4 Lubrication Oils譯文：譯文：汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油有兩種類(lèi)型：從石油汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)潤(rùn)滑油有兩種類(lèi)型：從石油中提煉出的潤(rùn)滑油和合成潤(rùn)滑油。從石油中提煉中提煉出的潤(rùn)滑油和合成潤(rùn)滑油。從石油中提煉出的潤(rùn)滑油含有多種添加劑，因此，實(shí)際上也是出的潤(rùn)滑油含有多種添加劑，因此，實(shí)際上也是部分合成的。其主要的添加劑包括以下幾點(diǎn)：部分合成的。其主要的添加劑包括以下幾點(diǎn)：Chapter 3

45、AUTOMOTIVE LUBRICATION SYSTEMCorrosion inhibitors reduce the formation of harmful acids by attacking the acid-forming ingredi-ents. Combustion produces a number of by-products, including acids and water. Corrosion inhibitors neutralize these combustion by-products before they can do any harm to the

46、engine. A cold engine, rich fuel mixtures, a poorly tuned engine; and much short trip, cold-weather driving increases the amount of acids produced.譯文：譯文：防腐劑可通過(guò)破壞酸性成分來(lái)減少有害酸防腐劑可通過(guò)破壞酸性成分來(lái)減少有害酸性物質(zhì)的形成。燃燒會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的副產(chǎn)品，包括酸性物質(zhì)的形成。燃燒會(huì)產(chǎn)生大量的副產(chǎn)品，包括酸和水。防腐劑可在它們損害發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)之前中和這些副和水。防腐劑可在它們損害發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)之前中和這些副產(chǎn)品。在冷機(jī)、濃可燃混合氣、調(diào)試不好的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)產(chǎn)

47、品。在冷機(jī)、濃可燃混合氣、調(diào)試不好的發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)以及短程、寒冷的天氣下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)都會(huì)增加酸性物質(zhì)。以及短程、寒冷的天氣下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)都會(huì)增加酸性物質(zhì)。Antiscuff additives help to polish moving parts, including cams, pistons , and cylinder walls . This is particularly important during new engine break-in and after an engine overhaul. Since heat is the prime enemy of antiscuff additive

48、s, operating conditions that produce excessively high engine temperatures reduce the life expectancy of these additives. This type of operation requires more fre-quent oil changes than does normal operation.譯文：譯文：防擦傷（拋光）添加劑有助于拋光（磨光防擦傷（拋光）添加劑有助于拋光（磨光）運(yùn)動(dòng)部件，如：凸輪，活塞和氣缸壁。這在新發(fā)）運(yùn)動(dòng)部件，如：凸輪，活塞和氣缸壁。這在新發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)磨合期間或

49、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)大修后是非常重要的。因?yàn)閯?dòng)機(jī)磨合期間或發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)大修后是非常重要的。因?yàn)闊崃渴菕伖馓砑觿┑淖畲笪：?，所以發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高溫運(yùn)熱量是拋光添加劑的最大危害，所以發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)高溫運(yùn)行時(shí)會(huì)減小這些添加劑的預(yù)期壽命。高溫條件下比行時(shí)會(huì)減小這些添加劑的預(yù)期壽命。高溫條件下比正常工作，潤(rùn)滑油更換要更頻繁一些。正常工作，潤(rùn)滑油更換要更頻繁一些。Detergent- dispersants clean engine parts during operation and keep these contaminants in sus-pension in the oil. As the oil is force through

50、 the filter, the majority of these contaminants are trapped by the filter.譯文：譯文：清潔分散劑可在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，清潔發(fā)動(dòng)清潔分散劑可在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作時(shí)，清潔發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件，并使那些污染物懸浮在機(jī)油中。當(dāng)機(jī)油通機(jī)部件，并使那些污染物懸浮在機(jī)油中。當(dāng)機(jī)油通過(guò)濾清器時(shí)，大部分污染物就可被濾清器過(guò)濾掉。過(guò)濾清器時(shí)，大部分污染物就可被濾清器過(guò)濾掉。Viscosity index improvers tend to stabilize or improve the viscosity of engine oils at various t

51、em-peratures. They tend to give the oil more body when the oil is cold. In other words, they improve the body and fluidity of the oil. The ability of the oil to carry a load at high temperature is improved by this additive, and the ability of the oil to flow when cold is also improved.譯文：譯文：粘度指數(shù)提高劑可

52、穩(wěn)定或提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油粘度指數(shù)提高劑可穩(wěn)定或提高發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油在各種溫度條件下的粘度。在機(jī)油溫度低時(shí)，會(huì)增在各種溫度條件下的粘度。在機(jī)油溫度低時(shí)，會(huì)增加機(jī)油的濃度。換句話說(shuō)，它可提高機(jī)油的粘度和加機(jī)油的濃度。換句話說(shuō)，它可提高機(jī)油的粘度和流動(dòng)性。這種添加劑可提高機(jī)油在高溫時(shí)攜帶負(fù)載流動(dòng)性。這種添加劑可提高機(jī)油在高溫時(shí)攜帶負(fù)載的能力以及在低溫時(shí)的流動(dòng)性。的能力以及在低溫時(shí)的流動(dòng)性。Foam inhibitors reduce the tendency of oil to foam. Heat and agitation mix the oil with air to create foam. Oil

53、foam reduces the lubricating ability of the oil and causes oil starvation and failure of engine parts. Loss of oil pressure due to foaming increases this problem.譯文：譯文：泡沫抑制劑可減小機(jī)油起泡沫。把機(jī)油和泡沫抑制劑可減小機(jī)油起泡沫。把機(jī)油和空氣混合在一起熱攪拌會(huì)產(chǎn)生泡沫。機(jī)油泡沫會(huì)降空氣混合在一起熱攪拌會(huì)產(chǎn)生泡沫。機(jī)油泡沫會(huì)降低機(jī)油的潤(rùn)滑能力，并造成缺油和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件損壞低機(jī)油的潤(rùn)滑能力，并造成缺油和發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)部件損壞。由于起泡所引起

54、的油壓降低會(huì)使這種情況增多。由于起泡所引起的油壓降低會(huì)使這種情況增多。I. Answer the following questions:1. What is the purpose of automobile lubrication system?Reducing friction to minimize wear and loss of power.2. How does internal engine leakage affect oil pressure?3. Explain what the function of oil is.The engine oil forms a seal

55、 between the pistons, rings, and cylinders. It also helps to cool en-gine parts. Without the cleaning action of the lubricating system, carbon and varnish buildup would be excessive. The engine oil also absorbs the shock and dampens the noise of moving parts.4 Name at least three common additives us

56、ed in compounding motor oils. 5. Describe how oil pumps and engine lubrication work .The oil pump is in the crankcase above the sump and draws oil through a tube that extends downward into the sump. The oil is pumped between all the moving parts of the engine . the oil serves two purposes. One purpose is to lubricate the bearing sur-faces. The other purpose is to cool the bearings by